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Turbo Codes,[object Object],Prasanta Kumar Barik,[object Object],Computer Science & Engg.,[object Object],Regd No-0701106246,[object Object]
Agenda,[object Object],Project objectives and motivations,[object Object],Channel Coding,[object Object],Turbo Codes Technology,[object Object],Turbo Codes Performance,[object Object],Turbo Coding Application,[object Object],Conclusion,[object Object]
Communication System ,[object Object],Structural modular approach,[object Object],Various components,[object Object],Of defined functions,[object Object],Channel,[object Object],Coding,[object Object],Source ,[object Object],Coding,[object Object],Modulation,[object Object],Formatting,[object Object],Digitization,[object Object],Multiplexing,[object Object],Access,[object Object],techniques,[object Object],send,[object Object],receive,[object Object]
Channel Coding,[object Object],To encode the information sent over a communication,[object Object],    channel in such a way that in the presence of channel noise, errors can be  detected and/or corrected.,[object Object],Can be categorized  into,[object Object],Backward error correction (BEC),[object Object],Forward error correction (FEC ),[object Object],Objective: provide coded signals with better distance properties ,[object Object]
Types of coding,[object Object],Block coding,[object Object],Convolutional coding: codes differ from block    codes in the sense that they do not break the message stream into fixed-size blocks. Instead   redundancy is added continuously to the whole stream. The encoder keeps M previous input bits in memory. Each output bit of the encoder then depends on the current input bit as well as the M stored bits.,[object Object]
Structured  Redundency,[object Object],Channel,[object Object], encoder,[object Object],Input word,[object Object],Output word,[object Object],n-bit,[object Object],k-bit,[object Object],codeword,[object Object],Code sequence,[object Object],Redundancy = (n-k),[object Object],Code rate = k/n,[object Object]
A Need for Better Codes,[object Object],Energy efficiency vs Bandwidth efficiency,[object Object],Codes with lower rate (i.e. bigger redundancy)     correctmore errors.then communication system can operate with a lower transmit power, transmit over longer distances, tolerate more interference, use smaller antennas and transmit at a higher data rate. These properties make the code energy efficient.,[object Object],low-rate codes have a large overhead and are hence more heavy on bandwidth consumption. Also, decoding complexity grows exponentially with code length.,[object Object]
Shannon Theory ,[object Object],For every combination of bandwidth (W), channel type, signal power (S) and received noise power (N), there is a theoretical upper limit on the data transmission rate R, for which error-free data transmission is possible. This limit is called channel capacity or also Shannon capacity.,[object Object],sets a limit to the energy efficiency of a code.,[object Object]
A decibel is a relative measure. If E is the actual energy and Eref is the theoretical lower bound, then the relative energy increase in decibels is ,[object Object], ,[object Object],. ,[object Object],            Since,  ,[object Object],       A twofold relative energy increase equals 3dB.,[object Object], ,[object Object]
Turbo codes ,[object Object],Turbo codes are a class of error correcting codes codes introduced in 1993 that come closer to approaching Shannon’s limit than any other class of error correcting codes.,[object Object],Turbo codes achieve their remarkable performance with relatively low complexity encoding and decoding algorithms.,[object Object]
Turbo Encoder ,[object Object],RSC,[object Object],Input ,[object Object],Interleaver,[object Object],random,[object Object],Systematic codeword,[object Object],RSC,[object Object],X,[object Object],Y1,[object Object],Y2,[object Object]
Recursive Systematic Coders,[object Object],Copy of the data in natural order,[object Object],Systematic ,[object Object],Recursive,[object Object],S1,[object Object],S2,[object Object],S3,[object Object],Data stream,[object Object],Calculated parity bits,[object Object]
Interleaver,[object Object],The interleaver’s function is to permute low weight code words in one encoder into high weight code words for the other encoder.,[object Object],A “row-column” interleaver: data is written row-wise and read columnwise.While very simple, it also provides little randomness.,[object Object],A “helical” interleaver: data is written row-wise and read diagonally.,[object Object], An “odd-even” interleaver: first, the bits are left uninterleaved and encoded,but only the odd-positioned coded bits are stored. Then, the bits arescrambled and encoded, but now only the even-positioned coded bits arestored. Odd-even encoders can be used, when the second encoder producesone output bit per one input bit.,[object Object]
Turbo codes.ppt
Turbo codes.ppt
Turbo codes.ppt
Turbo Decoding,[object Object],Criterion,[object Object],For n probabilistic processors working together to estimate common symbols, all of them should agree on the symbols with the probabilities as a single decoder could do,[object Object]
Turbo Decoder,[object Object]
Turbo Decoder,[object Object],[object Object]
LLR value for the symbol d is defined ( Berrou) as ,[object Object]
The updated LLR is fed into the other decoder and which calculates the z and updates the LLR for several iterations
After several iterations , both decoders converge to a value for that symbol. ,[object Object]
                How Do they Work (© IEEE spectrum),[object Object]
How Do they Work (© IEEE spectrum),[object Object]
Turbo Codes Performance,[object Object]
Turbo Codes Applications,[object Object],Deep space exploration,[object Object],Mobile 3G systems,[object Object],In use in Japan ,[object Object],UMTS ,[object Object]
Conclusion : End of Search,[object Object],Turbo codes achieved the theorical limits with small gap,[object Object],Give rise to new codes : Low Density Parity Check (LDPC),[object Object],Need,[object Object],Improvements in decoding delay,[object Object]
Reference,[object Object],http://www.google.com,[object Object],[2] University of South Australia, Institute for Telecommunications Research,Turbo coding research group. http://www.itr.unisa.edu.au/~steven/turbo/.,[object Object],[3] S.A. Barbulescu and S.S. Pietrobon. Turbo codes: A tutorial on a new class of powerful error correction coding schemes. Part I: Code structures and interleaverdesign. J. Elec. and Electron.Eng., Australia, 19:129–142, September 1999.,[object Object]

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Turbo codes.ppt

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