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WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE




             Liceo Scientifico Ven. A. Luzzago
                     Anno scolastico 2010/2011
The play beginswith a sonnet, spokenasprologue, where the private emotionof
  the twolovers are explored in isolation and in relation totheir social context,
  ideasof            love,             destiny            and              death.

  FIRST                                                                        ACT
  The first actopens in Verona street and covers a wholeday, the first offivedays in
  whose the play takesplace. Iscomposedof a seriesofdialoguesabout the courtly
  love, linkedto the melancholy, holydevotion and idealizationof the
  objectofdesire. Itendswith the scene of the masque and the metingof the
  twomaincharacters: Romeo, the sonof Lord Montague, the head of a family
  thatisgripped in a bloodyfeudwith the Capulets, and Juliet the daughterof Lord
                                      Capulets.

SECOND                                                                    ACT
  Isconcentrates on the developmentof the relationshipbetween the twolovers.
  Itendswith a ceremony: the secret weddingof the twocharacters, celebrated in
  the                         chapelbyFriar                         Laurence.
THIRD                                                                   ACT
  The centralact; the longestonethat can bedivided in twoparts: the public
  events, concentrated in the first scene , full ofactionanmovement, and the
  private                               events                             .

  FOURTH                                                                   ACT
  The preparatoryactto the finaltragedy. The deviationof information creates a
  divisionof the characters in twoparts, each living a different story. OnlyFiar
  Lawrence             and             Juliet            share            both.

  FIFTH                                                                     ACT
                             Composedbythreescenes.
  The first breaks the unityofplace, movingfrom Verona toMatua, where Romeo
  hasgoneafter the banishmentfrom Verona forkillingTybalt, Juliet’scousin. In the
  last scene Romeo findsJuliet’s sleeping body in the family
  tombaftershehasdrunk       a    potion    and   hebelievesthatsheis       dead.
  Hedecidestokillhimself, thenJulietwakes up fromhersleep. Out offear and love
  sheinsert a daggerintoherheartwith the famousline " Oh happy dagger”. The
  deathof the coupleends the feudbetweentheirfamilies
Romeo, the young heir of the Montagues,
  attends the great ball of the Capulets
  and falls in love with Juliet, the
  daughter of the house, at first sight.
  Romeo turns out to be the prototype of
  the platonic lover.

              THE LIGHT
 Love isoneof the mostimportantaspect
  in Romeo and Juliet. In The
  Masquewhehe        first     seesJuliet,
  hecomparesherto the brilliant light of
  the       tourchesthat       illuminate
  Capulet’sgreat hall. Julietis the light
  thatfreeshimfrom                    the
  darknessofhisperpetualmelancholy .
In the BalconyScene associates Juliet with the sunlight, the daylight
 and the light emanating from angels. In turn, Juliet compares their
 new found love to the lightning, mainly to reveal the speed at which
 their romance is moving, but also to suggest that, as the lightning is
 a break in the blackness sky, so their love is a flash in a dark world.
 In the second act the darkness becomes one of the central images.
 The final indication that darkness has triumphed over light comes
 from the last act when Romeo finds his love lying in the tomb.


                              ROMEO
Romeo is the synonymous of lover and in the play he loves in a pure
and passionate way, but Romeo’s character is not just a lover he’s far
more complex. We can see that Romeo’s love matures during the
play, from the simple desire to and intense passion. Romeo lacks of
capacity of moderation: love compels him to risk his life entering
the garden just to see Juliet; desperation compels him to suicide
when he hears about Juliet’s death. Besides he’s clever, loyal and
unafraid of danger.
JULIET
We meet Juliet as thirteen years old girls, obedient, sheltered and
  not mature yet. We can understand from his indecision about
  who she really loves, how childish she is at the beginning of the
  play. She has no friend of her own so it’s not easy for her to talk
  about sex. During the play she turns into adult and shows great
  determination and strength. Even if she is deeply in love she
  doesn’t follow Romeo blindly. She becomes a loyal, capable and
  mature woman. When she wakes in the tomb and find Romeo
  dead, she demonstrates much more courage than him.
“…Shakespearian scholar, A.C. Bradley, went so far as to neglect the play
  entirely in his well-known collection of lectures on the great tragedies,
  Shakespearian Tragedies.”

Romeo and Juliet is characterised by elements both of comedy and tragedy:
       It begins as a comedy (the instant attraction of the two lovers, the
        masked ball, the comic servants). It’s different from conventional
        comedies because in the end knowledge is not for everybody, but
        only for the characters who has suffered and, even then, not
        completely.
       It is a tragedy because of the role of chances; the heroes of the
        play must fight against external forces that make their
        relationships difficult, but unlike the great tragic heroes they lack
        inner struggle.
THE LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
                 CREATES THE TRAGIC FINALE
The       lackofknowledge,       whichnecessarilyderivesfrom    bad
 communication, is a maintheme. Romeo and Julietis a
 tragedyofnotknowing and unawarness; itcannotbesummed up as the
 tragedyofoldhator         young         love,        since      the
 tragicfinaldestructionresultsfrom              a            pattern
 whcichincluedeselementspf         chance      and       the   more
 pervadingoneofmisinformation.
This is the famous Balcony Scene,
  where the two lovers declare their
  love to each other. While Romeo
  praises Juliet’s beauty with images
  in the style of the courtly tradition,
  Juliet turns out to be an
  unconventional character.


          CURIOSITIES
 Envious moon (line 4) the goddess
  of virginity, Diana (the moon
  personified), is envious of the fair
  Juliet. Romeo implores Juliet not to
  be in Diana’s service; thus, not to
  remain virgin.
 Sick and green (line 8) some scholars read this passage as pale and
  green (a common expression in the play) and claimed that it should
  be referred to the uniform worn by Henry VIII’s court jester –white
  and green. Thus, her vestal livery is the garb of a fool and therefore
  this interpretation would also explain the reference to fools in the
  line below.
 The brightness of her cheek…it were not night (line 19-22) it is one of
  the most glorious comparison of Juliet as light. We find the imagery
  of Juliet’s eyes pouring forth brilliant cosmic beams of light that
  burst through the clouds and fool the birds into believing it is day.

           IMPORTANCE OF NAMES AND LANGUAGE
                “Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?
                   Deny thy father and refuse thy name,
                  Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,
                       And I’ll no longer be a Capulet”

Leaning out of the window, unaware that Romeo is below in the
  orchard, she asks why Romeo must be Romeo –Why he must be a
  Montague, the son of her family’s greatest enemy. She asks him to
  deny his family for her love. She adds, however, that if he will not,
  she will deny her family in order to be with him if he merely tells
  her that he loves her.
 `Tis but thy name that is my enemy…belonging to a man (line 27-
  30)A major theme is the tension between social and family
  identity. Juliet believes the feud between the houses is the result
  of a superficial identity, based only on names, for this reason she
  thinks this name can be denied and that her love overrides her
  family’s hatred for the Montague name.
 What’s in a name? That which we call a rose…take all myself (line
  31-37) She says that if Romeo were not called Romeo or
  Montague, he would still be the person she loves. Therefore she
  reflects upon the relationship between a name and what it stands
  for.
             JULIET’S TENDENCY TO REALISM
 She shows a tendency to realism in her use of language. Though
  she is set within the courtly love convention, she belongs to no
  idealisation: she is a real woman. She’s aware of loving Romeo
  and finds an obstacle in his name, therefore she reflects upon the
  symbolical order of language and links to realty in order to face
  and overcome it.
Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of
  time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them. From the
  very beginning, the lovers are designated as star-cross’dreferring to
  an astrologic belief associated with time. Stars were thought to
  control the fates of humanity, and as time passed, stars would move
  along their course in the sky, also charting the course of human lives
  below.
 Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever. In the end,
  the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes
  them immortal through art.
 Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark. In
  Shakespeare's day, plays were often performed at noon in broad
  daylight. This forced the playwright to use words to create the
  illusion of day and night in his plays. Shakespeare uses references to
  the night and day, the stars, the moon, and the sun to create this
  illusion. All in all, no fewer than 103 references to time are found in
  the play, adding to the illusion of its passage.

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Romeo and juliet

  • 1. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Liceo Scientifico Ven. A. Luzzago Anno scolastico 2010/2011
  • 2. The play beginswith a sonnet, spokenasprologue, where the private emotionof the twolovers are explored in isolation and in relation totheir social context, ideasof love, destiny and death. FIRST ACT The first actopens in Verona street and covers a wholeday, the first offivedays in whose the play takesplace. Iscomposedof a seriesofdialoguesabout the courtly love, linkedto the melancholy, holydevotion and idealizationof the objectofdesire. Itendswith the scene of the masque and the metingof the twomaincharacters: Romeo, the sonof Lord Montague, the head of a family thatisgripped in a bloodyfeudwith the Capulets, and Juliet the daughterof Lord Capulets. SECOND ACT Isconcentrates on the developmentof the relationshipbetween the twolovers. Itendswith a ceremony: the secret weddingof the twocharacters, celebrated in the chapelbyFriar Laurence.
  • 3. THIRD ACT The centralact; the longestonethat can bedivided in twoparts: the public events, concentrated in the first scene , full ofactionanmovement, and the private events . FOURTH ACT The preparatoryactto the finaltragedy. The deviationof information creates a divisionof the characters in twoparts, each living a different story. OnlyFiar Lawrence and Juliet share both. FIFTH ACT Composedbythreescenes. The first breaks the unityofplace, movingfrom Verona toMatua, where Romeo hasgoneafter the banishmentfrom Verona forkillingTybalt, Juliet’scousin. In the last scene Romeo findsJuliet’s sleeping body in the family tombaftershehasdrunk a potion and hebelievesthatsheis dead. Hedecidestokillhimself, thenJulietwakes up fromhersleep. Out offear and love sheinsert a daggerintoherheartwith the famousline " Oh happy dagger”. The deathof the coupleends the feudbetweentheirfamilies
  • 4. Romeo, the young heir of the Montagues, attends the great ball of the Capulets and falls in love with Juliet, the daughter of the house, at first sight. Romeo turns out to be the prototype of the platonic lover. THE LIGHT Love isoneof the mostimportantaspect in Romeo and Juliet. In The Masquewhehe first seesJuliet, hecomparesherto the brilliant light of the tourchesthat illuminate Capulet’sgreat hall. Julietis the light thatfreeshimfrom the darknessofhisperpetualmelancholy .
  • 5. In the BalconyScene associates Juliet with the sunlight, the daylight and the light emanating from angels. In turn, Juliet compares their new found love to the lightning, mainly to reveal the speed at which their romance is moving, but also to suggest that, as the lightning is a break in the blackness sky, so their love is a flash in a dark world. In the second act the darkness becomes one of the central images. The final indication that darkness has triumphed over light comes from the last act when Romeo finds his love lying in the tomb. ROMEO Romeo is the synonymous of lover and in the play he loves in a pure and passionate way, but Romeo’s character is not just a lover he’s far more complex. We can see that Romeo’s love matures during the play, from the simple desire to and intense passion. Romeo lacks of capacity of moderation: love compels him to risk his life entering the garden just to see Juliet; desperation compels him to suicide when he hears about Juliet’s death. Besides he’s clever, loyal and unafraid of danger.
  • 6. JULIET We meet Juliet as thirteen years old girls, obedient, sheltered and not mature yet. We can understand from his indecision about who she really loves, how childish she is at the beginning of the play. She has no friend of her own so it’s not easy for her to talk about sex. During the play she turns into adult and shows great determination and strength. Even if she is deeply in love she doesn’t follow Romeo blindly. She becomes a loyal, capable and mature woman. When she wakes in the tomb and find Romeo dead, she demonstrates much more courage than him.
  • 7. “…Shakespearian scholar, A.C. Bradley, went so far as to neglect the play entirely in his well-known collection of lectures on the great tragedies, Shakespearian Tragedies.” Romeo and Juliet is characterised by elements both of comedy and tragedy:  It begins as a comedy (the instant attraction of the two lovers, the masked ball, the comic servants). It’s different from conventional comedies because in the end knowledge is not for everybody, but only for the characters who has suffered and, even then, not completely.  It is a tragedy because of the role of chances; the heroes of the play must fight against external forces that make their relationships difficult, but unlike the great tragic heroes they lack inner struggle.
  • 8. THE LACK OF KNOWLEDGE CREATES THE TRAGIC FINALE The lackofknowledge, whichnecessarilyderivesfrom bad communication, is a maintheme. Romeo and Julietis a tragedyofnotknowing and unawarness; itcannotbesummed up as the tragedyofoldhator young love, since the tragicfinaldestructionresultsfrom a pattern whcichincluedeselementspf chance and the more pervadingoneofmisinformation.
  • 9. This is the famous Balcony Scene, where the two lovers declare their love to each other. While Romeo praises Juliet’s beauty with images in the style of the courtly tradition, Juliet turns out to be an unconventional character. CURIOSITIES  Envious moon (line 4) the goddess of virginity, Diana (the moon personified), is envious of the fair Juliet. Romeo implores Juliet not to be in Diana’s service; thus, not to remain virgin.
  • 10.  Sick and green (line 8) some scholars read this passage as pale and green (a common expression in the play) and claimed that it should be referred to the uniform worn by Henry VIII’s court jester –white and green. Thus, her vestal livery is the garb of a fool and therefore this interpretation would also explain the reference to fools in the line below.  The brightness of her cheek…it were not night (line 19-22) it is one of the most glorious comparison of Juliet as light. We find the imagery of Juliet’s eyes pouring forth brilliant cosmic beams of light that burst through the clouds and fool the birds into believing it is day. IMPORTANCE OF NAMES AND LANGUAGE “Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name, Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I’ll no longer be a Capulet” Leaning out of the window, unaware that Romeo is below in the orchard, she asks why Romeo must be Romeo –Why he must be a Montague, the son of her family’s greatest enemy. She asks him to deny his family for her love. She adds, however, that if he will not, she will deny her family in order to be with him if he merely tells her that he loves her.
  • 11.  `Tis but thy name that is my enemy…belonging to a man (line 27- 30)A major theme is the tension between social and family identity. Juliet believes the feud between the houses is the result of a superficial identity, based only on names, for this reason she thinks this name can be denied and that her love overrides her family’s hatred for the Montague name.  What’s in a name? That which we call a rose…take all myself (line 31-37) She says that if Romeo were not called Romeo or Montague, he would still be the person she loves. Therefore she reflects upon the relationship between a name and what it stands for. JULIET’S TENDENCY TO REALISM She shows a tendency to realism in her use of language. Though she is set within the courtly love convention, she belongs to no idealisation: she is a real woman. She’s aware of loving Romeo and finds an obstacle in his name, therefore she reflects upon the symbolical order of language and links to realty in order to face and overcome it.
  • 12. Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them. From the very beginning, the lovers are designated as star-cross’dreferring to an astrologic belief associated with time. Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity, and as time passed, stars would move along their course in the sky, also charting the course of human lives below. Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever. In the end, the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art. Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark. In Shakespeare's day, plays were often performed at noon in broad daylight. This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays. Shakespeare uses references to the night and day, the stars, the moon, and the sun to create this illusion. All in all, no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play, adding to the illusion of its passage.