Cyberbullying 2010: What the Research Tells Us
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An updated look at the research and definitions around bullying and cyberbullying. Presented to the Youth Online Safety Working Group assembled by NCMEC, this talk unpacks both what current research can tell us about cyberbullying as well as where the gaps our understanding of this issue lie.
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Cyberbullying 2010: What the Research Tells Us
- 1. Cyberbullying What the research is telling us… Amanda Lenhart Youth Online Safety Working Group May 6, 2010 Washington, DC
- 13. Frequency of bullying victimization among 11-16 year olds ( n =1,193) (Ybarra, 2009)
- 15. Frequency of bullying victimization among 11-16 year olds by environment ( n =1,193) (Ybarra, 2009)
- 19. Overlap of cyberbullying & internet victimization (Ybarra, 2010)
- 29. THANK YOU Amanda Lenhart Pew Internet & American Life Project http://www.pewinternet.org Twitter: @amanda_lenhart
Editor's Notes
- In order for us to create the most effective and targeted solutions, we have to know the exact nature of the problem.
- Patchwork of research – different definitions of cyberbullying make cross-study comparisons difficult. Methods vary considerably – each has something to tell us.
- Library access and CELL PHONE ACCESS is particularly important to African American, and to a lesser extent English-Speaking Hispanic students. One quarter of low income teens (HHI under $30K) and 25% of African American teens say they go online most often from school, compared to 15% of online teens overall. Fewer low SES and African American teens go online daily 53% of af-am, vs 67% of white teens 75% of high income teens go online daily, compared to 39% of low SES teens. Slight decrease in teens going online from home since we first asked – broader use/access and also wide variety of access points/mobile access.
- Not just email, IM, but social networks, mobile devices and gaming platforms are all used to connect, talk and interact with others. And thus also may become platforms for bullying, too. This is where teens are - particularly outside of school - online, connected to each other by various means at all times.
- Online safety concerns breakdown roughly into two parts – concerns over harmful contact and concern over harmful content. What we’re focusing on here today is online CONTACT, rather than content and specifically, online bullying aka cyberbullying.
- Definition of bullying downloaded from http://olweus.org/public/bullying.page on May 12, 2009 and is also contained in Dan Olweus’ 1993 book “Bullying at School”: Olweus D. Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Blackwell Publishing: Hoboken, NJ, 1993
- Source: Willard, N. Cyberbullying & Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Electronic Aggression. Center for Safe and Responsible Internet use: Eugene, OR. 2006. Retrieved from http://www.csriu.org on May 11, 2009. Online – identity can be shrouded. Youth who are physically bullied can/do retaliate online. Can be hard to determine who instigated and where. These are the “bully-victims” and the “instigator-victims.” Other definitions of cyberbullying used in major research projects on the topic: “willful use of the Internet as a technological medium through which harm or discomfort is intentionally and repeatedly inflicted through indirect aggression that targets a specific person or group of persons.” (Williams and Guerra, 2007) “an overt, intentional act of aggression towards another person online” (19% of young and regular internet users reported experiencing this) (Ybarra, & Mitchell, 2004) “Willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.” (Patchin & Hinduja, 2006)
- Invasive – computer and the internet bring the bullying into the sphere of the home, and cell phones, which are generally personal devices carried everywhere, mean that the bullying never stops.
- Pew data is measuring online harassment, as our questions did not ask about repetition or power imbalance. 15% had private comm forwarded with out permission 13% had a rumor spread about them 13% received a threatening message or comm 6% had embarrassing picture posted w/out permission Limitations: we missed a big one Missing spoofed/faked profile But Teens are also endlessly creative when it comes to bullying (and many other things) e.g., Text bombing=when a person sends 1000 of texts to one number… can be difficult to block, must pay for each text – can run up $100s in bills & makes it impossible to receive communication from others. Bullying in games – e.g., killing a player’s character quickly and repeatedly so gamer can’t play the game. Sources in this slide: Lenhart, A. (2007) Cyberbullying. Pew Internet & American Life Project, Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Cyberbullying.aspx Lenhart, A., et al. (2010) Teens and Mobile Phones. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx
- Lenhart, A et al. (2010) Teens and Mobile Phones. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx p. 86
- 9% data point is from: Wolak J, Mitchell KJ and Finkelhor D. Does Online Harassment Constitute Bullying? An Exploration of Online Harassment by Known Peers and Online-Only Contacts. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec: 41 S51-S58 33% data point is from: Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Espelage D. A comparison of bullying online and offline: Findings from a national survey. Presented to AERA Annual Meeting, April 16, 2009. [presentation] Lenhart, A. Cyberbullying. Pew Internet & American Life Project:Washington, DC. 2007. Available from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Cyberbullying.aspx Hinduja S and Patchin JW. Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. J Deviant Behavior 2008;29: 129-156. Data unclear on likelihood of victims knowing perpetrator – 45-89% say they know who is harassing them. No major differences in SES, race/ethnicity, parent education in likelihood of being harassed online. (Pew 2007 data)
- Slide source: Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Espelage D. A comparison of bullying online and offline: Findings from a national survey. Presented to AERA Annual Meeting, April 16, 2009. [presentation]
- Lenhart, A. Cyberbullying. Pew Internet & American Life Project:Washington, DC. 2007. Available from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Cyberbullying.aspx Worth noting: Journal of Adolescent Health December 2007 issue has a special issue entirely devoted to research on Cyberbullying. Other research points to girls as more likely victims, or to boys and girls experiencing online bullying and harassment equally. (Wolak et al, 2007) – answers here not 100% conclusive. Ybarra data suggests that bullying does happen more at school than online. See following slide…
- Source: Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Espelage D. A comparison of bullying online and offline: Findings from a national survey. Presented to AERA Annual Meeting, April 16, 2009. [presentation]
- Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Wolak J, Finkelhor D. Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: Findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey. Pediatrics. 2006. 118A(4):e1169-1177. Ybarra ML, Diener-West M, Leaf PJ. Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec;41(6 Suppl 1):S42-50. Ybarra ML. Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004 Apr;7(2):247-57.
- These are the “concurrent psychosocial problems” from Ybarra’s work. Source info for statements above: (see previous slides or bibliography for full cites) Bullying is broadly associated with: School violence – (Olweus, 2009 website ) Delinquency – (Hinduja & Patchin, 2007) Suicidal ideation (Hinduja & Patchin, in press @ Archives of Suicide Research) Depression and other psychological problems (Ybarra, 2007, Wolak, 2007) Substance abuse (Ybarra, 2007, Wolak, 2007) Delinquency / School avoidance (Hinduja & Patchin, 2007) Weapon-carrying (Nansel, 2003) Poor parent/caregiver relationships/offline victimization (Ybarra, 2007, Wolak, 2006)
- Wolak J, Mitchell KJ and Finkelhor D. Does Online Harassment Constitute Bullying? An Exploration of Online Harassment by Known Peers and Online-Only Contacts. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec: 41 S51-S58 Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Wolak J, Finkelhor D. Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: Findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey. Pediatrics. 2006. 118A(4):e1169-1177.
- Ybarra, Michele. (2010) “ Youth Internet Victimization: Myths and Truths,” [Presentation] NASPAG conference, Las Vegas, April 15, 2010 http://is4k.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/NASPAG_2010_Las-Vegas-NV2.pdf
- Ybarra, Michele. (2010) “ Youth Internet Victimization: Myths and Truths,” [Presentation] NASPAG conference, Las Vegas, April 15, 2010 http://is4k.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/NASPAG_2010_Las-Vegas-NV2.pdf
- Lenhart, A et al. (2010) Teens and Mobile Phones. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx
- Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
- Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
- Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
- Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
- Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
- Bibliography: Burgess-Proctor A, Patchin JW, and Hinduja S. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment: Reconceptualizing the victimization of adolescent girls in V. Garcia and J. Clifford [Eds.]. Female crime victims: Reality reconsidered . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2008 Hinduja S and Patchin JW. Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. J Deviant Behavior 2008;29: 129-156 Hinduja S and Patchin JW. Offline Consequences of Online Victimization: School Violence and Delinquency. J School Violence 2007;6(3): 89-112 Lenhart, A. Cyberbullying. Pew Internet & American Life Project:Washington, DC. 2007. Available from http://www.pewinternet.org. Lenhart, A. Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. (2009) http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx Lenhart, A et al. Teens and Mobile Phones. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC.(2010) http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS et al. Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychological adjustment. JAMA 2001;285: 2094-2100. Olweus D. Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Blackwell Publishing: Hoboken, NJ, 1993. Material downloaded from http://olweus.org/public/bullying.page on May 11, 2009. Palfrey J, Sacco D, boyd d, Debonis D. Enhancing Child Online Safety: Final Report of the Internet Safety Technical Taskforce to the multi-state working group on social networking of United States Attorneys General. Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University:Cambridge, MA. December 31, 2008. pp. 22-28. Available online at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2009/ISTTF_Final_Report Patchin JW and Hinduja S. Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2006;4: 148-169. Willard, N. Cyberbullying & Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Electronic Aggression. Center for Safe and Responsible Internet use: Eugene, OR. 2006. Retrieved from http://www.csriu.org on May 11, 2009. Williams KR and Guerra NG. Prevalence and Predictors of Internet Bullying. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec: 41 S14-S21. Wolak J, Mitchell KJ and Finkelhor D. Does Online Harassment Constitute Bullying? An Exploration of Online Harassment by Known Peers and Online-Only Contacts. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec: 41 S51-S58 Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Espelage D. A comparison of bullying online and offline: Findings from a national survey. Presented to AERA Annual Meeting, April 16, 2009. [presentation] Ybarra M, Espelage DL, Mitchell KJ. The Co-occurrence of Internet Harassment and Unwanted Sexual Solicitation Victimization and Perpetration: Associations with Psychosocial Indicators. J Adolescent Health 2007: 41: S31-S41 Ybarra ML, Diener-West M, Leaf PJ. Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. J Adolescent Health. 2007a Dec:41(6 Suppl 1):S42-50. Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Wolak J, Finkelhor D. Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: Findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey. Pediatrics. 2006. 118A(4):e1169-1177. Ybarra ML. Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004 Apr;7(2):247-57.