3. ENVIRONMENT
• The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on
Earth or some region thereof.
•
• It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living species.
• Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention,
including all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural phenomena that
occur within their boundaries.
• Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air,
water, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating
from human activity.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
• Environmental issues are harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical
environment.
•
Environmentalism, a social and environmental movement that started in the
1960s, addresses environmental issues through advocacy, education and activism
• For example the carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere has already exceeded 400 parts per million. This level is considered a
tipping point.
• The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is already above the threshold that can
potentially cause dangerous climate change. We are already at risk...It's not next
year or next decade, it's now.
7. AIR POLLUTION
• introduction of chemicals,
materials into the atmosphere
particulates,
or
biological
• cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other
living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural
environment or built environment.
• Atmosphere - complex dynamic natural gaseous system which is
essential to support life on planet Earth.
• Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long
been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the
Earth's ecosystems.
• Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of
the World’s Worst Toxic Pollution Problems in the 2008
Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.
9. WATER POLLUTION
• Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes,
rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater).
•
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly
or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to
remove harmful compounds.
• Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these
bodies of water.
• In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual
species and populations, but also to the natural biological
communities.
11. NOISE POLLUTION
• Noise pollution is displeasing or excessive noise that may disrupt the
activity or balance of human or animal life.
• The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by
machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircrafts, and
trains.
• In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or
prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and
navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.
20.
Effects on human beings
• Increase in respiratory diseases.
• Cardiovascular diseases and coma.
Effects on animals
• Animals that feed on grass are affected by arsenic poisoning.
Effects on climate
• increase in temperature of the earth.
• This leads to melting of glaciers and icecaps.
21. Car Pool: Forming and implementing a car pool will
reduce the number of cars, thereby, preventing air
pollution by cutting down the use of fossil fuels.
Vehicle Care: Timely servicing of the car helps to
keep it in a good condition, and also minimizes fuel
exhaust. Driving the car at an average speed and
turning off in traffic are the thumb rules to save
fuel. Make sure to use unleaded petrol and opt for
regular pollution checking of your car
22. Alternative Energy Source: Another effective way to
prevent air pollution is to use alternative energy sources
such as solar energy, hydroelectric energy, and wind
energy.
Minimize Air Pollutants: Always try to minimize smoke
emission, as it contributes a lot to air pollution. One way
is to compost dried leaves and kitchen waste, instead of
burning them.
Smart Purchasing: Remember to carry paper bags and
minimize using plastic bags.
24. Water pollution can be
defined as alteration in
physical , chemical or
biological characteristics of
water, making it unsuitable
for use in it’s natural state.
27. • Plant trees to reduce pollution by sediments.
• Prevent run-off of manure.
• Use nitrogen fixing plants to supplement the
use of fertilizers.
• Have a separate drainage for sewage and one
for rainwater to prevent overflow of sewage
with rainwater.
31. • Many pesticides are absorbed by
plants and reach animals and
humans via food chains.
• Nitrogenous fertilizers produce
toxic concentration of nitrate and
nitrite in the leaves.
• Sewage sludge contains many
pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and
intestinal worms which causes
32. WAYS TO CONTROL SOIL
POLLUTION
• Open dumping : in this method waste
materials are dumped in the open low lands far
away from the city.
• Sanitary landfills : In this method the waste
is packed and dumped at the site and is
covered with the earth to prevent insect or
rodents from entering into the landfill. The
waste is subjected to bacterial decomposition.
36. SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
X-rays waste
Nuclear weapons
Atomic reactors and
nuclear fuel
Radioactive isotopes
37. EFFECTS OF RADIOACTIVE
POLLUTION
Genetic variation : the
damaged caused by radiations
is often seen in the offspring's
and may be transmitted to
many generations.
Somatic variation: short term
exposures to radiation can
39. WAYS TO CONTROL
RADIOACTIVE
POLLUTION
Radiation exposure protection : keeping a safe distance from the
source of radiation , avoiding length of the time of exposure, and
shielding the object from the direct radiation.
Where possible avoid routine X-rays such as:
I.
Chest and lower back X-ray examination in routine physical
examinations.
II. Chest radiography in routine prenatal case.
40. WAYS TO CONTROL
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION CONT.
Collection storage and disposal : radioactive substances should
be stored in deep layers of the lithosphere where their gradual
harmless decay can take place. This should be done only after
rendering the radioactive material harmless. High activity solid
wastes could be packed on shielded containers. Low level liquid
and gaseous wastes are usually diluted or dispersed to maximum
allowable limits before disposal. Above all men should avoid
dealing with nuclear weapons.
45. Prohibiting blowing of horns near residential
areas and schools.
Restrictions on loud speakers , specially during
night.
Planting trees by road side and keeping doors
closed in the houses reduce noise
reaching our ears.
Not to burn fire crackers.
48. AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals,
particulate matter, or biological materials that
cause harm or discomfort to humans or other
living organisms, or damages the natural
environment into the atmosphere. The
atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural
gaseous system that is essential to support life
on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion
due to air pollution has long been recognized as
a threat to human health as well as to the
Earth's ecosystems.
50. WATER
POLLUTION
Water pollution is the contamination of water
bodies. E.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater.
Water pollution affects plants and organisms
living in these bodies of water; and, in almost
all cases the effect is damaging either to
individual species and populations, but also to
the natural biological communities. Water
pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged
directly or indirectly into water bodies without
adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.
52. LAND POLLUTION
Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's
land surfaces often caused by human activities
and their misuse of land resources. It occurs
when waste is not disposed properly. Health
hazard disposal of urban and industrial wastes,
exploitation of minerals, and improper use of
soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a
few factors. Urbanization and industrialization
are major causes of land pollution.
54. NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution is displeasing human, animal
or machine-created sound that disrupts the
activity or balance of human or animal life.
The word noise comes from the Latin word
nausea meaning seasickness. The source of
most outdoor noise worldwide is
transportation systems, including motor
vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise.
Poor urban planning may give rise to noise
pollution, since side-by-side industrial and
residential buildings can result in noise
pollution in the residential area.