This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its definition, classification, causes, transmission, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, nursing care, prevention, prognosis, and complications. Pneumonia is defined as an inflammatory condition of the lungs caused by infectious agents. It can be classified according to its causes such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or chemical, and the area of lung involvement. Common symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum/blood tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and chest physiotherapy. Nursing care focuses on airway maintenance, infection control, respiratory support,
2. PneumoniaPneumonia
Out linesOut lines
DefinitionDefinition
Classification of pneumoniaClassification of pneumonia
According to causesAccording to causes
According to area involvedAccording to area involved
Mode of transmissionMode of transmission
Predisposing factorsPredisposing factors
PathophysiologyPathophysiology
Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations
Diagnostic testsDiagnostic tests
Medical managementMedical management
Nursing interventionNursing intervention
Preventive measuresPreventive measures
PrognosisPrognosis
ComplicationsComplications Brought to you
4. Classification of
pneumonia
According to causesAccording to causes
BacterialBacterial (the most common cause of(the most common cause of
pneumonia)pneumonia)
ViralViral pneumoniapneumonia
FungalFungal pneumoniapneumonia
ChemicalChemical pneumonia (ingestion ofpneumonia (ingestion of
kerosene or inhalation of irritatingkerosene or inhalation of irritating
substance)substance)
InhalationInhalation pneumonia (aspirationpneumonia (aspiration
pneumonia)pneumonia)
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5. Classification of pneumonia (cont…(
According to areas involvedAccording to areas involved
Lobar pneumonia; if one or more
lobe is involved
Broncho-pneumonia; the
pneumonic process has
originated in one or more bronchi
and extends to the surrounding
lung tissue.
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6. PneumoniaPneumonia
Mode of transmission
Ways you can get pneumonia include:Ways you can get pneumonia include:
Bacteria and viruses living in your nose,Bacteria and viruses living in your nose,
sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs.sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs.
You may breathe some of these germsYou may breathe some of these germs
directly into your lungs (droplets infection).directly into your lungs (droplets infection).
You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit,You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit,
or fluids from the mouth into your lungsor fluids from the mouth into your lungs
((aspiration pneumonia).
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7. PneumoniaPneumonia
Predisposing factors
Immuno-suppresed patients
Cigarette smoking
Difficult swallowing (due to stroke,
dementia,parkinsons disease, or other
neurological conditions)
Impaired consciousness ( loss of brain
function due to dementia, stroke, or
other neurological conditions)
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8. PneumoniaPneumonia
Predisposing factors
Chronic lung disease (COPD,
bronchostasis)
Frequent suction
Other serious illness such as
heart disease, liver cirrhosis, and
DM
Recent cold, laryngitis or flu
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9. PneumoniaPneumonia
Pathophysiology
The streptococci reach the alveoli and
lead to inflammation and pouring of an
exudates into the air spaces.
WBCs migrates to alveoli, the alveoli
become more thick due to its filling
consolidation, involved areas by
inflammation are not adequately
ventilated, due to secretion and edema.
This will lead to partial occlusion of alveoli
and bronchi causing a decrease in
alveolar oxygen content.
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10. PneumoniaPneumonia
Pathophysiology (cont…(
Venous blood that goes to
affected areas without being
oxygenated and returns to the
heart. This will lead to arterial
hypoxemia and even death due
to interference with ventilation.
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11. PneumoniaPneumonia
Clinical manifestations
SShaking chillshaking chills
RRapidly rising fever ( 39.5 to 40.5 degree)apidly rising fever ( 39.5 to 40.5 degree)
SStabbing chest pain aggravated by respiration and coughingtabbing chest pain aggravated by respiration and coughing
TTachypnea, nasal flaringachypnea, nasal flaring
PPatient is very ill and lies on the affected side to decrease painatient is very ill and lies on the affected side to decrease pain
UUse of accessory muscles of respiration e.g. abdomen andse of accessory muscles of respiration e.g. abdomen and
intercostals musclesintercostals muscles
CCough with purulent, blood tinged, rusty sputumough with purulent, blood tinged, rusty sputum
SShortness of breathhortness of breath
FFlushed cheekslushed cheeks
LLoss of appetite, low energy, and fatigueoss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue
CCyanosed lips and nail bedsyanosed lips and nail beds
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12. History takingHistory taking
Physical examinationPhysical examination
Chest x-rayChest x-ray
Blood testBlood test
Sputum cultureSputum culture
Pneumonia
Diagnostic tests
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13. Antibiotic, depending on sputum
and blood culture
Oxygen therapy
Chest physiotherapy
Pneumonia
Medical management
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14. Pneumonia
Nursing interventionNursing intervention
Maintain a patent airway andMaintain a patent airway and
adequate oxygenation.adequate oxygenation.
Obtain sputum specimens asObtain sputum specimens as
needed.needed.
Use suction if the patient canUse suction if the patient can ’’tt
produce a specimen.produce a specimen.
perform chest physiotherapy.perform chest physiotherapy.
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15. Pneumonia
Nursing intervention (contNursing intervention (cont……((
Provide a high calorie, high protein dietProvide a high calorie, high protein diet
of soft foods.of soft foods.
To prevent aspiration during nasogastricTo prevent aspiration during nasogastric
tube feedings, check the position of tube,tube feedings, check the position of tube,
and administer feedings slowly.and administer feedings slowly.
To control the spread of infection,To control the spread of infection,
dispose secretions properly.dispose secretions properly.
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16. Pneumonia
Nursing intervention (contNursing intervention (cont……((
Provide a quiet, calm environment, with frequent rest
periods.
Monitor the patient’s ABG levels, especially if he’s
hypoxic.
Assess the patient’s respiratory status. Auscultate
breath sounds at least every 4 hours.
Monitor fluid intake and output.
Evaluate the effectiveness of administered
medications.
Explain all procedures to the patient and family.
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17. Pneumonia
Preventive measures
Frequent turning of bed ridden patients and
early ambulation as much as possible.
Coughing and breathing techniques.
Sterilization of respiratory therapy
equipment
Suctioning of secretion in the unconscious
who have poor cough and swallowing
reflexes, to prevent aspiration of secretions
and its accumulation.Brought to you
19. Pneumonia
Complications
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Pleural effusionPleural effusion
Lung abscessesLung abscesses
Respiratory failure (which requires mechanicalRespiratory failure (which requires mechanical
ventilator)ventilator)
Sepsis, which may lead to organ failureSepsis, which may lead to organ failure
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