1. Traumatic Brain Injury TBI By Mlee and Janelle

2. Definition of TBI Injury to the brain caused by external forces that may cause interference with normal brain functions.

3. Causes of tbi There are many causes for TBI, the most common include: Violence Vehicle accidents Construction Sports Falling from heights Shaken Infant syndrome Bicycle accidents

5. characteristics Affects the individuals: Cognition Language Memory Attention Reasoning Abstract thinking Judgement Problem solving Sensory, perceptual, and motor abilities Social behaviour Physical functions Information processing Speech Frustration

6. Symptoms Every individual experiences different symptoms, and symptoms often change throughout the first year or two of recovery Anxiety Impulsiveness Depression Difficulty concentrating or thinking Difficulty finding words , slurred or slow speech, or understanding the speech of others (aphasia) Difficulty swallowing (dysphasia) Dizziness, light headedness and headache Incoordinationof movements Loss of balance Loss of memory Muscle stiffness, tingling, pain, numbness, and/or spasms Seizures Sleep difficulties Sense of spinning (vertigo)

7. Classroom strategies Minimize visual and auditory distractions Use available resources Classroom layout, seating Teach using mnemonic strategies for memory Assist with organization Allow extra time Teach social skills Implement plans for behaviour Help individuals understand their injury Use differentiated instruction Provide rest periods Use visuals (visual schedule) Use repitition Have a buddy Decrease speed and length of speech to student

8. treatment Might occur inside and outside of the school Individual may require medication depending on their symptoms. Might involve: Occupational/physical therapists Speech language pathologists Counsellors Educational assistants Resource teachers Physicians

9. Tbi in the classroom large print books Audio taped books Computer programs Tape lessons to review later Provide notes Provide a scribe Provide a schedule Use an agenda Individual Education Plan (IEP)

10. bibliography Batshaw, M. L., Pellegrino, L., & Roizen, N. J. (2007). Children with Disabilities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing. Smith, P. P. (2010). Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Settings. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada. Tyler, J. S., & Mira, M. P. (1999). Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents. Austin: Pro-Ed.