Medieval Art - Art History Survey
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An intro to early medieval art: Christianity, Barbarians, Vikings, illuminated manuscripts, Carolingian era art and architecture, Charlemagne, Sutton Hoo, and more!
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Medieval Art - Art History Survey
- 1. Medieval Art in Europe Art History Survey T, R, 12-1:20PM Professor Paige Prater
- 2. Mapping the Middle Ages
- 3. The Middle Ages Medieval vs. Middle Ages vs. Dark Ages ◦ 1,000 years ◦ 5th century-1500 (end of Roman Empire to Renaissance Early Medieval – through early 11th century Romanesque – 11th-12th centuries Gothic – mid 12th-15th centuries “Barbarians” Feudalism: patronage, family/clan ties, personal service/labor for protection
- 4. Mapping the Middle Ages
- 5. 5th Century: ROME Roman army abandons Britain (Hadrian’s Wall) ◦ Germanic allies of Rome ◦ 410 Rome sacked by Visigoths (Galla Placidia!) ◦ 455 Rome sacked by Vandals (after making Carthage headquarters) ◦ 476 Ostrogoths deposed the last Roman Emperor Ravenna – capital until Byzantine defeat
- 6. 5th Century: Non-Romans Celts – western Europe Germanic peoples – Baltic Sea ◦ Goths head south around Mediterranean>Roman empire ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Huns - Central Asia> Western Europe Ostrogoths>Italy Visigoths>Spain Burgundians>Switzerland, Eastern France Franks>Germany, France, Belgium Vandals>Africa, eventually settle in Italy ANIMAL STYLE in the arts
- 7. Early Medieval Non-Roman peoples ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Pottery, weaving, woodwork Metals: weapons, tools, jewelry Hunters, fishermen, shepherds, farmers Social organization= tribal/family-based
- 8. Early Medieval Christianity St. Augustine – “The City of God” 496 – Franks convert under Clovis (ruled 481-511) and Burgundian wife, Clotilda ◦ French rulers and popes = allies 589 –Goths accept Roman Christianity 597 – Pope Gregory the Great sends missionaries from Rome to King Ethelbert of Kent (Christian wife, Bertha); Augustine! Monasteries = center of art & learning
- 9. Eagle Brooch – Visigothic, 6th Century, Spain Gilt bronze, crystal, garnets, etc. 5 3/8” Cabochon: polished, unfaceted crystal One of a pair
- 10. Cross - Church of Saint Giulia, Brescia (east of Milan), late 7th-early 9th century Made for western Christian Church Byzantine form Engraved cameos and jewels from ancient world Fake gems (glass)
- 11. Gummersmark Brooch, Norse, 6th century Silver gilt height 5 ¾” Human, animal, and geometric forms
- 12. Celts & Anglo-Saxons: Sutton Hoo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWxcQZBM3eQ Purse cover, Suffolk, England, first half of 7th century
- 13. Page with a Man, Gospel Book of Durrow, second half of 7th century Iona, Scotland OR northern England Ink and tempera on parchment Making of illuminated manuscripts: http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=1aDHJu9J10o
- 14. Lindisfarne Gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John lines>tiny animal heads contemplation Cross-carpet page introducing the Gospel of Matthew
- 15. Detail of carpet page…
- 16. Book of Kells, Chi Rho Iota page, late 8th or early 9th century The page introducin g Matthew
- 17. Detail of Chi Rho page: Cats and Mice with Host Spiritual and practical: good vs. evil, sacred Host free of rodents
- 18. Book of Kells: Gospels page, folio 27v
- 19. Book of Kells: Christ Enthroned, folio 32v
- 20. South Cross, Ahenny County Tipperary, Ireland, 8th century, stone Bosses= broochlike projections Like a reliquary cross
- 21. Mozarabic Art – Muslims in Spain Islamic and Christian exchange 711 – Islamic invaders conquer Visigoths in Spain; “Moors” rule until 1492 732 – Charles Martel and Franks keep Muslims out of France Melting-pot of cultures in Spain Mustarib – “would be Arab”
- 22. Beatus, Abbot of St. Martin, Commentary on the Apocalypse, 8th century Emeterius and Senior Bell tower and scriptorium Colophon – last page; provides info about the book’s production
- 23. Battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus and commentary on Daniel by Jerome, (detail) Emeterius and Ende, with scribe Senior July 6, 975 completion Metaphor for triumph of Christ over Satan
- 24. Carolingian Empire Charles the Great (768-814 –ruled) – Carolus Magnus (in Latin)dynasty/empire ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Western Germany France Lombard kingdom-Italy Present-day Belgium and Holland Frankish descent Christian Dec 25, 800 CE – Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor
- 25. Charlemagne’s Objectives Restore Roman Empire Revive arts and learning Benedictine monks/nuns ◦ Benedict of Nursia (c. 480-547) Rule for Monasteries ◦ EDUCATION Aachen, Germany
- 26. Chapel Palace at Aachen Octagonal dome Sixteen-sided outer wall Soundless video about Aachen and Lorsch Gospels by Victoria and Albert Museum: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1l31Pp20pUQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwIKmKxu614
- 27. Carolingian Books Exacting editing/copying ◦ Alcuin of York – Anglo-Saxon scholar; corrected copy of Latin Vulgate Bible…still in use! ◦ Majiscules vs. Miniscules NO punctuation or spaces between words!
- 28. Godescalc Gospel Lectionary; Page with Mark the Evangelist 781-783 Ink, gold, and colors on vellum Commissioned by Charlemagne and Hildegard
- 29. Coronation Gospels – Page with Saint Matthew the Evangelist, early 9th century Roman realistic; placed in Charlemagne’s tomb and removed by Emperor Otto III in 1000?
- 30. Ebbo Gospels, Page with Matthew the Evangelist, 2nd quarter of 9th century Archbishop Ebbo of Reims Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne (ruled 814-840) – childhood friend http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=eqC8gVxx B-s
- 31. Utrecht Psalter – 2nd quarter of 9th century, Page with Psalm 23 (detail) Old Testament Book of Psalms
- 32. Lindau Gospels – outer cover, 870-880 Carolingian metalwork Monastic workshop under Charles the Bald (840-877) – Charlemagne’s grandson Raised jewels on mini arcades (light beneath)
- 33. VIKING ERA Norse seamen - 350 ships Viken – “people from the coves” 1000 – Leif Ericksson reached North America Famous attacks: ◦ 793 – Lindisfarne monastery ◦ 795 – Iona (off Scotland’s west coast)
- 35. Picture Stones at Jelling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxdaLPGoQ9g
- 36. Urnes Church Portal, 11th century, Norway 11th century doorway; building rebuilt 12th century Syncretism: “gripping beasts” and Lion of Judah/Christ http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=We6aFOp4zsw
- 37. Stave Church, Borgund, Norway, 1125-1150 CE Timber architecture ◦ Stacked horizontal ◦ On end + sill Ridgepole Rafter Cruck stave= huge timber
- 38. Ottonian Europe Saxon dynasty that took over after Charlemagne’s grandson’s family died out in the 10th century ◦ Otto I (936-973 CE) 951 – married Lombardian widow, Adelaide 962 – crowned emperor by the Pope in 962 CHURCH OVER STATE ◦ Otto II (973-983 CE) ◦ Otto III (994-1002) 983-994: Adelaide and Theophanu ruled as regents
- 40. Page with Christ Washing the Feet of His Disciples, Aachen Gospels of Otto III c. 1000 Ink, gold, and colors, on vellum
Hinweis der Redaktion
- “Thou lofty tower of Tabara made of stone! There, over thy first roof, Emeterius sat for three months bowed down and racked in every limb by the copying. He finished the book on July 27th in the year 1008 (970, by modern dating) at the eighth hour” –Emeterius (cited in Dodwell, p 247)