1. Diplomacy &Diplomacy &
DeterrenceDeterrence
How Singapore managesHow Singapore manages
conflict?conflict?

2. Lesson AgendaLesson Agenda
By the end of the lesson, students shouldBy the end of the lesson, students should
be able to:be able to:
– Explain the characteristics of deterrence andExplain the characteristics of deterrence and
diplomacy.diplomacy.
– Explain how deterrence and diplomacyExplain how deterrence and diplomacy
practiced by Singapore.practiced by Singapore.
– Explain why these two prongs form the basisExplain why these two prongs form the basis
of Singapore’s foreign policy.of Singapore’s foreign policy.

3. DeterrenceDeterrence
Deterrence refers to measures taken by countries to
prevent and protect themselves from threats.
Nations can deter aggressors by:
– maintaining military installations (camps, bases etc.)
– Carrying out military exercises.
– Installing surveillance devices in key installations.
– Sharing information among countries.
Why does sharing information among countries help to
deter aggressors?

4. DeterrenceDeterrence
Why is deterrence necessary forWhy is deterrence necessary for
nations?nations?
– Nations especially small nations are vulnerable (open)Nations especially small nations are vulnerable (open)
to threats from aggressors.to threats from aggressors.
– Aggressor countries must realise that it is costly forAggressor countries must realise that it is costly for
them to start a war…this will help their leaders to re-them to start a war…this will help their leaders to re-
consider attacking these nations.consider attacking these nations.
– Watch video on Vietnam WarWatch video on Vietnam War

5. DeterrenceDeterrence
Why is it important for Singapore toWhy is it important for Singapore to
have deterrence?have deterrence?
– S’pore understands the need to be militarilyS’pore understands the need to be militarily
self-reliant after its population experienced theself-reliant after its population experienced the
Japanese Occupation and “Konfrontasi”.Japanese Occupation and “Konfrontasi”.
British defences crumbled - Singaporeans suffered.British defences crumbled - Singaporeans suffered.
During Konfrontasi – S’pore had to wait for KL toDuring Konfrontasi – S’pore had to wait for KL to
authorise troops to defend it against Indonesianauthorise troops to defend it against Indonesian
Terrorists.Terrorists.

6. How is deterrence practicedHow is deterrence practiced
in Singapore?in Singapore?
Method 1: A citizen Armed forceMethod 1: A citizen Armed force
– Singapore cannot afford a standing (permanent)Singapore cannot afford a standing (permanent)
armed forces.armed forces.
– 1967 National Service (NS) was introduced. All able-1967 National Service (NS) was introduced. All able-
bodied male citizens called up to serve.bodied male citizens called up to serve.
– Learnt:Learnt:
how to defend Singapore.how to defend Singapore.
to develop a common identity,to develop a common identity,
to develop a sense of loyaltyto develop a sense of loyalty

7. How is deterrence practicedHow is deterrence practiced
in Singapore?in Singapore?
Method 2: 3Method 2: 3rdrd
Generation SAFGeneration SAF
– Warfare has become more complex.Warfare has become more complex.
– SAF must therefore constantly improve its capability.SAF must therefore constantly improve its capability.
– SAF must review its method of warfare throughSAF must review its method of warfare through
research & development.research & development.
– Worked with research institutes and universities toWorked with research institutes and universities to
develop 3G SAF.develop 3G SAF.
– It equips soldiers to fight decisively in war andIt equips soldiers to fight decisively in war and
respond (take actions) in a flexible manner inrespond (take actions) in a flexible manner in
peacetime.peacetime.

8. How is deterrence practicedHow is deterrence practiced
in Singapore?in Singapore?
Method 3: Singapore’s defence industryMethod 3: Singapore’s defence industry
– Armies need to use the latest technology and equipment.Armies need to use the latest technology and equipment.
Singapore does this by building up its own defence industry toSingapore does this by building up its own defence industry to
enable SAF to be self-reliant.enable SAF to be self-reliant.
– Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) was established in 1967Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) was established in 1967
was established to produce ammunitions.was established to produce ammunitions.
– DSTA was formed in 2000 to provide cost-effective and modernDSTA was formed in 2000 to provide cost-effective and modern
technology to the SAF and the Ministry of Defencetechnology to the SAF and the Ministry of Defence
– Focuses on:Focuses on:
buying and upgrading weaponsbuying and upgrading weapons
developing new weapon systems for SAF’s usedeveloping new weapon systems for SAF’s use
defence related research & developmentdefence related research & development

9. How is deterrence practicedHow is deterrence practiced
in Singapore?in Singapore?
Method 4: Total DefenceMethod 4: Total Defence
– Total Defence was introduced in 1984 to involve everyone in theTotal Defence was introduced in 1984 to involve everyone in the
defence of the country.defence of the country.
– Total Defence can be effective only when all SingaporeansTotal Defence can be effective only when all Singaporeans
believe that Singapore is worth defending.believe that Singapore is worth defending.
Civil DefenceCivil Defence
Economic DefenceEconomic Defence
Social DefenceSocial Defence
Psychological DefencePsychological Defence
– TD is about the different ways Singaporeans can do every day inTD is about the different ways Singaporeans can do every day in
every sector of the society to strengthen the people’s resilienceevery sector of the society to strengthen the people’s resilience
as a nation.as a nation.

10. How is deterrence practicedHow is deterrence practiced
in Singapore?in Singapore?
Method 5: Multi-Agency coordinationMethod 5: Multi-Agency coordination
on securityon security
– Set up the National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS).Set up the National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS).
– To coordinate the work of the various ministries and agencies.To coordinate the work of the various ministries and agencies.
– The close networking and coordination among the variousThe close networking and coordination among the various
agencies further improves Singapore’s national security.agencies further improves Singapore’s national security.
– Meets regularly and works with private sector organizations.Meets regularly and works with private sector organizations.
– This integrated approach to security aims to:This integrated approach to security aims to:
preventprevent
protect andprotect and
effectively respond to any security threats.effectively respond to any security threats.

11. How is deterrence practicedHow is deterrence practiced
in Singapore?in Singapore?
Method 6: Military co-operation with otherMethod 6: Military co-operation with other
countries.countries.
– Singapore fosters friendly ties with the armed forces of otherSingapore fosters friendly ties with the armed forces of other
countries.countries.
– This is conducted mainly through bilateral (between 2 countries)This is conducted mainly through bilateral (between 2 countries)
and multilateral (more than 2 countries) agreements.and multilateral (more than 2 countries) agreements.
– Examples:Examples:
Bi-lateral military agreements – with France, Australia, New Zealand andBi-lateral military agreements – with France, Australia, New Zealand and
IndiaIndia
Multi-lateral military agreements and exercises: Five-Power DefenceMulti-lateral military agreements and exercises: Five-Power Defence
Arrangements (1971) – S’pore, Malaysia, UK, Australia and NZArrangements (1971) – S’pore, Malaysia, UK, Australia and NZ
– In the event of an external threat against S’pore or Malaysia,In the event of an external threat against S’pore or Malaysia,
members will consult and take appropriate measures..members will consult and take appropriate measures..

12. Lesson RecapLesson Recap
Here are three methods through whichHere are three methods through which
S’pore deters aggressors:S’pore deters aggressors:
– A citizen armed force.A citizen armed force.
– 33rdrd
Generation Singapore Armed Forces.Generation Singapore Armed Forces.
– Singapore’s Defence Industry.Singapore’s Defence Industry.
Which one of these methods is aWhich one of these methods is a moremore
importantimportant means of deterring anmeans of deterring an
aggressor?aggressor?

13. DiplomacyDiplomacy
Diplomacy is a way countries conductDiplomacy is a way countries conduct
relations with one another.relations with one another.
– Promotes common interestsPromotes common interests
– Resolves conflicts in a peaceful mannerResolves conflicts in a peaceful manner

14. Why is Diplomacy needed?Why is Diplomacy needed?
Countries are connected through:Countries are connected through:
– Trade relations,Trade relations,
– Political, historical and cultural ties.Political, historical and cultural ties.
Countries coordinate on several areas:Countries coordinate on several areas:
– Global warmingGlobal warming
– HazeHaze
– SARS and other epidemicsSARS and other epidemics
– Assistance in times of need – Asian TsunamiAssistance in times of need – Asian Tsunami
and Air crashes – Any other areas?and Air crashes – Any other areas?

15. Diplomacy and Deterrence inDiplomacy and Deterrence in
SingaporeSingapore
Singapore has to adopt a policy ofSingapore has to adopt a policy of
deterrence that is supported by diplomacy.deterrence that is supported by diplomacy.
Deterrence is being prepared for any formDeterrence is being prepared for any form
of threat while maintaining relations withof threat while maintaining relations with
other countries.other countries.

16. Buzz Break!Buzz Break!
Why is Deterrence not enough?Why is Deterrence not enough?
– Discuss with your partner or in your groupDiscuss with your partner or in your group

17. How is Diplomacy Practiced?How is Diplomacy Practiced?
Countries practice diplomacy through:Countries practice diplomacy through:
– Bilateral relationsBilateral relations
– Regional relationsRegional relations
– International relationsInternational relations

18. How is diplomacy practiced?How is diplomacy practiced?
Practice Steps:Practice Steps:
– Step 1Step 1: Recognize the sovereignty of another: Recognize the sovereignty of another
– Step 2:Step 2: Establish representatives officesEstablish representatives offices
– Step 3:Step 3: Send representatives (AmbassadorsSend representatives (Ambassadors
or High Commissioners)or High Commissioners)
– Step 4:Step 4: Leaders of countries visit each otherLeaders of countries visit each other
and strengthen relations.and strengthen relations.

19. Bilateral RelationsBilateral Relations
What is It?What is It?
- Countries establish relations with another.Countries establish relations with another.
- Treaties are signed by both countries.Treaties are signed by both countries.
- Promise to assist each other in specificPromise to assist each other in specific
areas.areas.

20. Bilateral Relations &Bilateral Relations &
SingaporeSingapore
Singapore has benefited from bilateralSingapore has benefited from bilateral
relations:–relations:–
– In 1970s Japan and Germany establishedIn 1970s Japan and Germany established
relationships.relationships.
– Singapore acquired advanced technologies.Singapore acquired advanced technologies.
Allowed S’pore to developAllowed S’pore to develop

21. Diplomacy and SingaporeDiplomacy and Singapore
Singapore also contributes to bilateralSingapore also contributes to bilateral
relations.relations.
– Sending doctors and nurses during AsianSending doctors and nurses during Asian
Tsunami in 2004.Tsunami in 2004.
– Singapore Red Cross provides medicines,Singapore Red Cross provides medicines,
first-aid, food parcels etc.first-aid, food parcels etc.

22. Regional RelationsRegional Relations
What is It?What is It?
- Countries in the same geographical regionCountries in the same geographical region
band together to form an association.band together to form an association.
- ASEAN is one such organization.ASEAN is one such organization.
- What would be the benefit of bandingWhat would be the benefit of banding
together?together?

23. Regional Relations &Regional Relations &
SingaporeSingapore
In 1967 countries in South-East Asia were inIn 1967 countries in South-East Asia were in
an unstable political situation:an unstable political situation:
– Vietnam War was raging bet. US and NorthVietnam War was raging bet. US and North
Vietnam.Vietnam.
– Newly independent countries with economiesNewly independent countries with economies
that needed development.that needed development.
– Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
and Thailand agreed to band together.and Thailand agreed to band together.

24. Aims of ASEANAims of ASEAN
See pg 182See pg 182
– ASEAN’s strength is that it is the collectiveASEAN’s strength is that it is the collective
voice of 10 countries.voice of 10 countries.
– Strengthen member countries position whenStrengthen member countries position when
negotiating with bigger, more powerful ornegotiating with bigger, more powerful or
wealthier countrieswealthier countries

25. What Have We Learnt?What Have We Learnt?
Why is diplomacy important to small statesWhy is diplomacy important to small states
like Singapore?like Singapore?
In Bilateral relations, countries signIn Bilateral relations, countries sign
_________ and promise to assist in_________ and promise to assist in
_________._________.
In Regional relations, countries_______In Regional relations, countries_______
together to be able to _________bettertogether to be able to _________better
with bigger countries.with bigger countries.