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The Civil War & Reconstruction
 An overview of the Civil War from reading Louis
 Masur’sThe Civil War
   Because the class will be ran as a seminar, my objective
    for having students read this book is to help them get a
    basic understanding of the narrative arc of the Civil War
    so that during our weekly discussions, we can focus on
    some of the NEW research findings regarding a variety
    of topics.
 At the same time, we will make sure that we are all on
 the same page regarding some of the academically
 determined (through research of primary sources)
 causes of the Civil War tensions about states’ rights
 and about slavery’s existence in the nation.
 When the constitutional framers decided to create a
  democratic republic built upon the principles of
  freedom, liberty, democracy, and equality they made a
  number of compromises over the issues of states’
  rights and slavery.
 Although the constitutional convention ended with a
  constitution that would be ratified by all of the
  colonies turned states, few Americans were happy with
  the final product generally and with the compromises
  made over the power of the federal government v. that
  of the states and over slavery particularly.
Constitutional
Convention 1787

They accepted the
compromises as a
way of making
sure that they
created a strong
republic.
 Americans living in the early years of the republic
  embraced a state-based identity more than they embraced
  a national identity.
    In other words, they thought of themselves more as
     Virginians or New Yorkers than they did as “Americans.”
 This thinking led to a belief, espoused by Thomas Jefferson
  and James Madison, that the U.S. was a “compact” or an
  agreement between the states to form a nation and that
  states could break the agreement or leave the nation if they
  wanted to.
 This gives rise to the idea of “nullification,” an ideology that
  states could reject certain federal policies if they felt it
  violated their rights.
    It would also fuel a belief, in some Americans, that states
     could leave the Union all together if they chose.
 Several states would invoke the idea of nullification
  but none would do so more forcefully than South
  Carolina.
 In 1832, the Palmetto state rejected the high duties that
  resulted from the 1828 tariff. They adopted an
  ordinance of nullification. John C. Calhoun argued
  that the tariff favored northern industry at the expense
  of the South.
 Nullification and South Carolina’s breakaway from the
  U.S. was averted via compromise on tariffs and the
  threat of military action.
Daniel Webster
rebuts
nullification

Opposition to
nullification came
from many corners
of the country.

John Quincy Adams,
Andrew Jackson, and
Daniel Webster
rejected
nullification.
 Americans would spend the next seven decades debating
  the issues about states’ rights and slavery’s existence.
   They would continue to make additional compromises until
    they reached a point where they could not compromise any
    more, the result of which was civil war.
 Neither the constitutional framers nor the Americans who
  were living in the antebellum period knew what we know—
  that they would reach a point where they would no longer
  hash out the key issues regarding slavery’s existence.
 But by examining
  newspapers, speeches, journals, legislation, court
  rules, etc., historians have been able to trace the debates
  over this issue back over time to understand why the war
  came when it did.
   This lecture provides a simplified version of the highlights.
 Slavery is a thriving institution in all of the colonies of
  North America.
 There are several sacred and secular catalysts that
  transform thinking about natural rights, imperial rule,
  religious salvation, race, and slavery on the eve of the
  American Revolution.
    Britain’s effort to reassert control over its North American
     colonies;
    American colonists’ efforts to maintain the same rights as
     Englishmen;
    Two ideological movements, the English Enlightenment and
     the Great Awakening.
 These ideas and events shape the revolutionary era.
 Throughout the early to mid 18th century, Britain is locked
  in war with the French and the Spanish. Britain vanquishes
  its opponents by 1763.
   The British start enacting policies to reassert control over
    increasingly autonomous colonies in North America;
   American colonists, having enjoyed relative independence &
    (after 1763) are now less worried about being attacked by the
    French or Spanish, begin to resist imperial rule:
      They claim the new British policies violate their rights as
       Englishmen in America.
      Many are blind (and indifferent) to the contradictions of their
       demands for freedom and their enslavement of others (see Edmund
       Morgan, Peter Kolchin, and David Waldstreicher).
      Others are aware of the contradiction and are troubled by
       demanding freedom while denying it to others.
   Two ideological movements would shape their thinking.
Source: Norton website.
 Sprang from the Renaissance era & ideas by John Locke—
  “Concerning Human Understanding”
   Human society ran according to natural laws; human laws
    were natural rights that all people shared; human beings
    created govts to protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and
    private property.
   If a govt failed to protect these rights, the people had to right
    to overthrow it.
 American colonists read Locke’s writings (in pamphlet
  form) & interpreted Britain’s efforts to regain control as
  violations of their basic, “inalienable” rights as Englishmen.
 Historians note that the colonists saw themselves as
  Englishmen living in America but the British saw them as
  American colonists, not necessarily entitled to the same
  rights as Englishmen.
 The Awakening was a religious social movement that
  grew out of the dissatisfaction of American colonists
  with the style of Protestantism that seemed to deny
  most people a chance for salvation.
 American Protestants began campaigns and a series of
  revivals to bring more people into the church. They
  offered/promised salvation to all who believed in
  Christ (including free and enslaved black people) as
  opposed to early beliefs that a select few people were
  worthy of salvation.
 Though some Africans and African Americans rejected
  Christianity for their ancestral religions or for no religion at all,
  others were attracted to evangelical Protestantism & they
  converted but retained certain features of their traditional
  practices.
 This evangelical movement, with its emphasis of spiritual
  equality, increased Africans’ and African Americans’ numbers in
  Protestant churches, which increased black-white cooperation &
  acculturation.
 The Great Awakening, its emphasis of spiritual equality & racial
  cooperation, eventually nurtured a humanitarian opposition to
  slavery that would disrupt previous commitments to slavery in
  the revolutionary era.
 Although not necessarily related directly to the causative factors
  of the Revolution, the Awakening will shape ideas about slavery
  after the Revolution ends.
 When Thomas Jefferson wrote “that all men are
  created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator
  with certain unalienable rights; that among these are
  life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” he did not
  believe that all people should enjoy these rights
  generally or black people particularly.
 Jefferson and others distinguished between the rights
  of wealthy white men of British descent and a lack of
  rights for women, blacks, Native Americans, and even
  poor whites.
 The framers were so convinced that non-wealthy men of
  English descent could not claim the same rights as wealthy
  white men that they did not qualify their words trumpeting
  universal liberty.
 The enslaved and free Africans and African Americans who
  attended white Patriots’ speeches and read their pamphlets
  interpreted the rhetoric of the revolutionary era differently.
  They insisted that these principles logically applied to
  them as they did to the white population.
 African and A/Am Patriots forced white Patriots to
  confront the contradictions in the rhetoric of the
  revolution.
 Both white Patriots and Loyalists tried to protect their
  slaves while using the promise of freedom to entice
  their enemies’ slaves to take flight.
 Africans and African Americans of the revolutionary
  era were wedded to principles (freedom and equality)
  not to a people (Patriots or Loyalists or Americans or
  British)!
 This commitment to principles guided their behavior
  and strategies during the war.
 Free and enslaved Africans and A/Ams petitioned northern
  colonial governments and the British crown for the abolition of
  slavery. Black people in the southern colonies marched and
  paraded to show their support and to protest slavery.
 Approximately 100,000 slaves fled farms, plantations, homes,
  and businesses in the North and South during the war. They
  headed to British lines (in response to Dunmore’s Proclamation),
  to the western and southern frontier, and to cities where they
  could go unnoticed.
 White Patriots and Loyalists initially rejected black service in the
  war but both eventually conceded.
    Africans and African Americans served both sides:
       Most worked as servants/laborers, growing food, building dikes, etc.
       Some fought in major battles—Lexington & Concord, Bunker Hill,
        Saratoga, Yorkton, Savannah, Monmouth, Princeton.
 Peace of Paris (1783), Britain recognized the
  independence of the U.S., acceded control of land. See
  map here.
 Americans left to:
   Honor promises of freedom;
   Establish a new nation;
   Resolve the contradictions over slavery.
Land Holdings
                          1783




Source: Norton website.
 Of the escaped slaves, 20,000 left with the British.
  Most were resettled in Nova Scotia, Sierra Leone, and
  Britain, but others were re-enslaved in the British
  colonies in the Caribbean—Jamaica in particular.
 Others blended into the free black populations of the
  North and South, while still others headed southern,
  western, and northern frontiers of what had been
  British Colonial North America.
 Some slaves who fought for Patriots gained their
  freedom.
 Inspirations for Manumission (freeing enslaved people)
   Africans’ and A/Ams’ willingness to fight;
   The ideals of the Enlightenment, the Great Awakening, and
    he War;
   A decreased economic investment in slavery throughout the
    North,triggered a decline in the commitment to slavery;
   Petitions demanding abolition flooded legislators;
   Quakers, often interpreting human rights as not only a
    political issue but also a religious one, begin to lead the
    charge against slavery in the North. They establish Anti-
    Slavery Societies, and give speeches and pamphlets to spread
    the word.
 People living in northern states end slavery for a
  combination of ideological, religious, and economic
  reasons.
   Many remain economically committed and tied to the
    institution (they are slave traders, economic investors,
    absentee planters)
 Some states abolish slavery immediately while others
  adopt gradual abolition laws, releasing slaves from
  slavery after they completed a set period of service (18-
  25 years) and then an apprenticeship period.
 Ira Berlin calls the first emancipation (of the North) a
  “slow and tortuous process.”
The Abolition of Slavery in the North

1777 Vermont prohibits slavery via constitutional convention


1780 Pennsylvania begins to abolish slavery gradually

1783 Massachusetts Supreme Court abolishes slavery

1784 Connecticut and Rhode Island pass gradual abolition
legislation

1785 New Jersey and New York legislatures defeat efforts to
pass gradual abolition laws
1799 New York legislature passes gradual abolition bill

1804 New Jersey enacts gradual abolition
 Some southern slaveholders honor their promise to free
  enslaved people who served in the war (many do not).
 Some southern states relax manumission laws, allowing
  slaveholders to free their slaves without an act of law and
  allow slaves to purchase their freedom.
 Some slaveholders, especially in the Chesapeake
  (Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., and Virginia),
  who shift from tobacco & indigo to wheat, orchards, cattle,
  etc. have less of a need for slave labor and shift to hiring
  slaves.
 However, other slaveholders, particularly those in the
  lowcountry (Georgia, the Carolinas, Florida, Louisiana),
  remain committed to slavery and to expanding the
  institution into the newly acquired territories in the West.
 As the new nation tries to gain its bearings, one of the
  issues they had to address was slavery.
   Could they establish a nation built on ideas of liberty,
    freedom, equality, and property rights while holding a fifth of
    the population as slaves? How could they retain credibility
    before the world and in the face of history?
   Could the individual states remain united if some of them
    abolished slavery while others retained it?
   If they decided to end slavery (and truly honor principles of
    revolution and the nation’s founding), how would the nation
    compensate slaveholders (English law, the roots of U.S. law,
    requires the govt compensate property owners for loss of
    land, goods, property)?
   How would freed black people fit into the nation?
 Although northerners’ commitment to slavery puts the
    institution on a slow path toward death, most
    southerners continue to support slavery.
   Many working class white southerners and new
    immigrants want to become slaveholders.
   Easier cultivation of cotton and global demand for it
    intensifies the commitment to slavery.
   Slaveholders demand that slave trade be reopened.
   They demand the right to move their slaves West.
 While northern states were creating steps to end slavery,
  southern states were creating steps to retain slavery. At the same
  time, westward expansion sparked one of the first federal
  debates about slavery.
 Americans were moving into the northwestern territories,
  migrants with slaves naturally wanted to take their human
  property with them, migrants opposed to slavery for economic
  (white laborers afraid of competition w/ slave labor) and
  ideological reasons, wanted the western spaces to remain free of
  slavery.
 Jefferson proposed a way to turn these territories in the west into
  states and to address the issue of slavery there. He called for the
  ban of slavery in the entire area. His measure failed but the
  debate over it prompted Congress to take action.
 To address the demands of slaveholders and those opposed
  to slavery, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance in
  1787.
 The ordinance Redefined future of slavery in the West:
   Banned slave owners from taking slaves north of Ohio River
   Gave slave owners permission to migrate south of the Ohio
    River
   See the map here.
 This ordinance was the 1st of many compromises the
  framers would make about slavery in the new republic
  generally and about where slavery could exist particularly.
 It set a precedent for excluding slavery from the U.S.
  territories.
Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance
(1787) declared that no
new enslaved people
could be admitted to the
land north of the Ohio
River (dark green) and
that enslaved people
could be taken to the
land south of the Ohio
River, (pink).

Established a precedent
for congressional
governance of slavery in a
territory.
 Why the silence on slavery? Why the ambiguities and
  contradictions of the U.S.’s founding principles and
  slavery?
   Slavery had to be protected and governed so it was a
    constitutional matter.
   The Founders understood the contradictions and the
    competing beliefs re: slavery in the nation.
   They tried to sidestep slavery in the constitutional convention
    but they couldn’t.
      Waldstreicher argues that there are less than 6 degrees of
       separation between every issue discussed at the constitutional
       convention and slavery.
 They used euphemisms, silence, ambiguous language to get
  the Constitution passed and ratified.
 To address the questions related to slavery, the constitutional
    framers instituted a series of the compromises.
   In the end, the U.S. Constitution, which went into effect in 1789,
    became a major force in the continued existence of slavery and
    its legal protections.
   The Constitution gave the central govt power to regulate
    commerce, to tax, and to have its laws enforced in the states.
    However, to create a powerful central govt the framers had to
    make concessions to slaveholders whose economic power
    translated into political influence.
   The U.S. Constitution does not include the words “slavery” or
    “slaves,” in large part because the framers recognized the
    contradictions, didn’t want slavery to stain the founding
    documents of the first democratic republic, and some believed
    slavery would eventually die a natural death.
    Thus, the framers included clauses to maintain slavery.
 Enumeration or 3/5 Clause to determine representation in the
  U.S. House of Representatives;
    Article 1, sec 2: counted 3/5 of “all other persons”;
    It enhanced representation for slaveholders in Congress (especially
     in the House) &in the electoral college that elected the President.
    It allowed northern states to maintain a temporary numerical edge
     in the Senate.
 Fugitive Slave Clause;
    Article 4, sec 2: says that “persons” held to service or labor who ran
     away (slaves) should be returned.
 Delayed ban of the Transatlantic slave trade for 20 years;
    Article 1, sec 9: importation of “such persons” (slaves) shall not be
     prohibited before 1808;
    Response to growing international concerns about the horrors of
     the trade and economic shift in England to industrial expansion &
     imperial exploits that did not require African slaves;
    In 1807, Congress revisits the question about banning the trade.
 “Full Faith and Credit”
   Non-slaveholding states must respect the rights of
    slaveholding states and of slaveholders.
   Slaveholders’ property rights to and over their human
    chattel crosses state lines.
 “No persons held to service or labor…may be
 discharged…shall be delivered up on Claim of the party
 to whom service or labor is due”
   Fugitive slaves cannot be freed, they must be returned to
    their masters.
 The result of these compromises of 1787 is the
 establishment of a nation and a constitution that
 protect the interests of the slaveholding class. As Peter
 Kolchin points out in American Slavery, slaveholders
 used ideas of Enlightenment re: right to life, liberty,
 and personal property, to lobby for these concessions.
 What some historians call the “compromises of 1787,”
  shaped the nation and ongoing debates over slavery.
 Historians debate the outcome:
   Some argue the compromises strengthened the Union.
      The new republic was fragile and vulnerable to disunion.
      Under British rule, the colonies had a tradition of acting
       independently and they were guided by distinctly local/regional
       priorities and beliefs. Creating a United States enabled the
       centralization of power that allowed the U.S. to become a strong
       country.
   Others argue that ending slavery would have addressed the
    issue once and for all and that the Union would have been
    stronger, able to practice and honor the ideological principles
    on which the nation was founded.
      Any society, in which a people’s behavior is aligned with their ideals
        is stronger.
 All Americans paid a high price for ignoring the
 principles of the Revolution.
   These compromises do not settle the debate over slavery.
    Indeed, the new republic would have to revisit the
    question of slavery and where it can and cannot exist
    again and again.
   Americans develop new compromises until the debates
    over slavery and westward expansion become the
    catalyst for civil war.
   When the matter is finally resolved, more than 750,000
    American soldiers are dead, 1 million of them are
    maimed and incapacitated, and some 50,000 civilians
    lose their lives.
 Although slavery survived the revolutionary era and the first
  emancipation (in the North) and the institution would grow
  significantly in the first years of the republic, some slavery
  historians argue that the institution suffered a serious blow
  during and after the Revolution and the Constitutional
  Convention.
 Many Americans objected not only to the treatment of slaves but
  also to having slavery in the nation.
 In creating the republic and giving states the authority to
  establish many policies regarding slavery, Waldstreicher argues
  that the framers embedded into the Constitution, ways to
  abolish it:
    State governments could pass laws to abolish the institution.
    The electorate could elect enough members to Congress to abolish
     the institution by constitutional amendment.
    Some of the women and men who are opposed to slavery recognize
     this opening and begin to mobilize to end the institution.
 This opposition to slavery and willingness to mobilize to
  end it will factor significantly in the sectional crisis that
  ends in war. Paul Finkelman has identified several threads
  of anti-slavery sentiment that won’t come together until
  the late 1850s.
 Ideological Arguments
   Rhetoric of Revolution (liberty, freedom, etc.) makes some
     Americans question slavery.
       The PA (1780) Grad Abolition Law linked their decision to end
        slavery to ending British tyranny and because slavery “deprived
        [blacks]…of the common blessings that they are naturally entitled
        to.”
   Individual Americans have similar ideas about slavery and
     manumit the people they enslaved.
 Political Arguments
    With independence from the Crown, opponents can now use
     the franchise to elect people to enact policies to end slavery at
     the local and national levels.
    The new state governments take action.
       First Emancipations-MA, NH, VT, PA, CT, RI, NY, NJ
       This statewide legislation put some southern slaveholders on
        notice of the political opposition to slavery.
    The new national government takes action.
       More than half of the seats for Congress would represent districts
        where there were few if any slaves or slaveholders.
       Southerners recognize that they are increasingly at risk being
        outvoted over passing legislation, Supreme Court justices, or
        even changing the U.S. Constitution.
       Without Britain, the southern states have to fight for themselves
        (and fight they will!).
 Social Arguments
   Religion
      Great Awakening inspires many (on both sides of the
       Atlantic) to agitate against the slave trade and against slavery
       itself.
      Abolition societies advocated for gradual abolition laws
       throughout the nation, for the end of the slave trade, and
       great rights for free blacks.
   Military
      Black military service (they enlisted, most worked as laborers
       and some were armed, and served well) during the American
       Revolution provided white Americans and some slaveholders
       with proof that blacks could be useful members of society.
 New legislation against slavery also present the possibility
  that many Americans would accept the equality of blacks to
  whites.
 If all people were entitled to “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit
  of Happiness,” then blacks must also be entitled to these
  rights. If so, then enslaving them is wrong.
 In sum, before the revolutionary era, few Americans (other
  than enslaved people and their free black allies, of course,)
  questioned slavery; slavery simply existed. After the
  revolutionary era, more Americans questioned slavery,
  even if they believed that black people were inferior to
  white people.
 These new threats activated a movement to defend slavery.
 Starts with some of the argument for slavery that
 appeared at the constitutional convention, namely
 that slavery, according to Paul Finkelman, was
   Practical
   Economic
   Political
   Historical
 Slavery’s defenders did not ask their opponents to
 support slavery or to like the institution but to accept
 most southerners’ belief in its necessity and the fact
 that the institution had constitutional protection.
 Speeches;
 Books—histories of the Bible, of great civilizations;
 Journals—pseudo-scientific theories, slave
    management, crop cultivation;
   Sermons—given at churches and around the country;
   Legal treatises;
   Judicial Opinions; and
   Literature—texts that romanticize the South
 Historical Arguments
   Slavery is an old institution.
   All great civilizations accepted and relied on slavery,
    especially Greece (the first democracy) and Rome (the
    first republic).
   Slavery was a prerequisite for the ruling elite (as in, only
    men free of the obligations of menial work could
    establish and run a great civilization).
   Constitutional framers, later presidents, Supreme Court
    justices, members of Congress, etc. could devote
    themselves to public service because they had slaves.

     Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 29.
 Religious Arguments
   Slavery is endorsed by the Old & New Testaments
    (because neither document condemns the institution).
      Both assume the existence of slavery and offer insight on how
       to regulate it. Indeed, many look to the Bible for
       recommendations of how masters are supposed to treat the
       people they enslave.
   “Curse of Ham”-invented idea that Africans were Ham’s
    descendants and therefore destined to be enslaved for
    his sin against Noah.
   Racist argument that slavery is a civilizing institution for
    “savages.”
     Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 31-32.
 Scientific & Medical Arguments
   Blacks are a separate species.
   They are biologically, culturally, physically inferior.
   They were “made” for slave labor.
   If freed they could not provide for themselves and would
    starve to death.
   They were too dangerous to free.
   Slavery protects black people.




     Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33.
 Economic Arguments
   Slavery was vital to the entire colonial economy
    therefore it would be vital to the U.S. economy.
      Some estimated that 2/3 of economy was tied to exports
       produced by enslaved people’s labor or manufactured goods
       that were tied to slavery.
   There was no alternative for cheap source of labor.
   Northerners, while not living with slavery, are invested
    in the institution—cotton, tobacco, hemp, rice, sugar
    consumed and manufactured in factories.
   Slavery is more humane than free labor.
   Slavery was extremely profitable.


     Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33.
 Legal and Constitutional Arguments
   Slaves were chattel (human property) that is protected
      by the Constitution.
     Constitutional framers gave states power to pass their
      own laws so if the people in one state want slavery vote
      on it, they should have it.
     The power of the master is absolute.
     Congress cannot pass any law restricting it.
     Blacks are inferior to whites so there needed to be laws
      in place to regulate and separate both groups.
     Courts & legislatures established laws to punish people
      who interfered with slavery.

       Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 33-34.
 Political
   Any attack on slavery or effort to interfere with the masters’
      authority would lead to civil war.
     The entire U.S. system was built on the principle that slavery
      was sacred or untouchable.
     The enslavement of blacks made it possible for whites (esp
      working class whites and new immigrants) to be free.
     Proslavery defenders attacked anyone who questioned slavery.
     George Fitzhugh and others argued against the Declaration of
      Independence’s rhetoric of “all men” and were very specific in
      their advocacy of the the rights of English descended men
      with property over all other men.


       Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 37-38.
 Main Theme: Race
 Almost every single proslavery defense came down to
  the issue of race.
 Only race could contradict principles of nation’s
  founding.
 If race wasn’t at the heart of slavery then every
  argument made for enslaving blacks could be applied
  to poor whites or to immigrants.



     Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 39-40.
Thomas Jefferson
Notes on the State of
Virginia 1787
Blacks are inferior;

Their bodies are different;

They are not artistic;

They don’t understand love;

Slavery is an on institution;

Blacks and whites can’t co-
exist;

Fear of interracial sex;

Who else would do the
work?
John C. Calhoun,
1837 Speech before
Senate
  Slavery is defended
  by Constitution.
  Congress can’t touch
  it.

  “Abolition and Union
  cannot co-exist.”

  Talks about anti-
  slavery as though it
  was a cancer that will
  destroy the Union.

  Slavery is good.
Edmund Ruffin, 1853
Essay

Slavery existed in great
civilizations.

Free labor is cheaper than
slave labor (because of
care. Etc.) but slave labor
is better.

Slavery is good for the
slaves.

Committed suicide in
1865, reportedly because
he could not live in a
world without slavery.
Thomas Reade
Rootes Cobb

Used Haiti and British
former West Indian
colonies to argue that
blacks suffered in
freedom.

Refused to acknowledge
    Success of some free blacks
    The role of
        legal, social, political, a
        nd economic
        discrimination in
        postemancipation
        hardship.
James Henry
Hammond

Slavery is good, it creates
wealth and allows white
men to prosper.

“Mudsill speech”-blacks
provide a natural floor for
American civilization.

Southern cotton controlled
world economy (not so
much).
Thornton
Stringfellow

God ordained
slavery.

Slaveholding was a
duty.

Masters could
convert enslaved
people and treat
them humanely.
Dr. Samuel
    Cartwright

Well known “Negro
doctor” who “diagnosed”
problems for
slaveholders.

Drapetomania
    Makes slaves runaway

DysaethesiaAethiopis
    Makes slaves disobey their
       masters
 Advocates of slavery and opponents of slavery will
  clash over vision of the nation and slavery’s role in it.
 The intensity of the debates about states’ rights and
  slavery heat up and, in several decades, they will
  escalate to the point of war.
 One nagging issue will be whether or not states may
  leave the “Union” if they are dissatisfied with policies
  established by Congress. Some southerners say yes,
  many presidents as well as northerners say no.
 Civil War historians have been able to identify debates over
    states’ rights v. national rights as well as over slavery and its
    expansion into the western territories as some of the causative
    factors of the war.
   They have also been able to trace them back to the founding era
    when the constitutional framers negotiated and compromised to
    establish the United States after the American Revolution.
   Slavery survives the American Revolution.
   The Constitution protects slavery.
   This protection will help to launch the anti-slavery and
    abolitionist movements.
   The opposition to slavery by some northerners fuels the
    proslavery movement.
   These competing ideals will put the nation on a collision course
    to civil war.
 Louis Masur, The Civil War: A Concise History
 David Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution
 Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery
   Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery
   David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution
   Merton Dillon, Slavery Attacked
   Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
   Douglas Egerton, Death or Liberty: African Americans in Revolutionary
    America
   Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age
    of Jefferson
   Sylvia Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary
    Age
   David Herbert Donald, et al eds., The Civil War and Reconstruction
   Gordon Wood, The Ideas of America and Empire of Liberty
 Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1865
 Donald MacLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American
    Revolution
   Donald Nieman, Promises to Keep: African Americans
    and the Constitutional Order
   Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American
    Revolution
   Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: The Slaves, the
    British, and the American Revolution
   Larry Tise, Proslavery: A History of the Defense of
    Slavery in America
   Shane White, Somewhat More Independent: The End of
    Slavery in New York City
 Constitutional Convention:
    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Washington_Constitu
    tional_Convention_1787.jpg
   European claims in North America:
    http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx.
   U.S. 1783: http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx
   Northwest and Southwest Territory Maps:
    http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/web%20103/western-
    possessions-map.jpg
   Thomas Jefferson: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
   John C. Calhoun: http://www.nps.gov/resources/person.htm?id=55
   Edmund Ruffin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ruffin
   Thomas R. R. Cobb: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reade_Rootes_Cobb
   James Henry Hammond: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Hammond
   Stringfellow’s Favor of Slavery: http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/string/string.html
   Samuel Cartwright: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright
 Antebellum Upheaval
   The North
   The South
   The beginnings of the Sectional Conflict that will
    descend into civil war.

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Civil War & Reconstruction: An overview

  • 1. The Civil War & Reconstruction
  • 2.  An overview of the Civil War from reading Louis Masur’sThe Civil War  Because the class will be ran as a seminar, my objective for having students read this book is to help them get a basic understanding of the narrative arc of the Civil War so that during our weekly discussions, we can focus on some of the NEW research findings regarding a variety of topics.  At the same time, we will make sure that we are all on the same page regarding some of the academically determined (through research of primary sources) causes of the Civil War tensions about states’ rights and about slavery’s existence in the nation.
  • 3.  When the constitutional framers decided to create a democratic republic built upon the principles of freedom, liberty, democracy, and equality they made a number of compromises over the issues of states’ rights and slavery.  Although the constitutional convention ended with a constitution that would be ratified by all of the colonies turned states, few Americans were happy with the final product generally and with the compromises made over the power of the federal government v. that of the states and over slavery particularly.
  • 4. Constitutional Convention 1787 They accepted the compromises as a way of making sure that they created a strong republic.
  • 5.  Americans living in the early years of the republic embraced a state-based identity more than they embraced a national identity.  In other words, they thought of themselves more as Virginians or New Yorkers than they did as “Americans.”  This thinking led to a belief, espoused by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, that the U.S. was a “compact” or an agreement between the states to form a nation and that states could break the agreement or leave the nation if they wanted to.  This gives rise to the idea of “nullification,” an ideology that states could reject certain federal policies if they felt it violated their rights.  It would also fuel a belief, in some Americans, that states could leave the Union all together if they chose.
  • 6.  Several states would invoke the idea of nullification but none would do so more forcefully than South Carolina.  In 1832, the Palmetto state rejected the high duties that resulted from the 1828 tariff. They adopted an ordinance of nullification. John C. Calhoun argued that the tariff favored northern industry at the expense of the South.  Nullification and South Carolina’s breakaway from the U.S. was averted via compromise on tariffs and the threat of military action.
  • 7. Daniel Webster rebuts nullification Opposition to nullification came from many corners of the country. John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Daniel Webster rejected nullification.
  • 8.  Americans would spend the next seven decades debating the issues about states’ rights and slavery’s existence.  They would continue to make additional compromises until they reached a point where they could not compromise any more, the result of which was civil war.  Neither the constitutional framers nor the Americans who were living in the antebellum period knew what we know— that they would reach a point where they would no longer hash out the key issues regarding slavery’s existence.  But by examining newspapers, speeches, journals, legislation, court rules, etc., historians have been able to trace the debates over this issue back over time to understand why the war came when it did.  This lecture provides a simplified version of the highlights.
  • 9.  Slavery is a thriving institution in all of the colonies of North America.  There are several sacred and secular catalysts that transform thinking about natural rights, imperial rule, religious salvation, race, and slavery on the eve of the American Revolution.  Britain’s effort to reassert control over its North American colonies;  American colonists’ efforts to maintain the same rights as Englishmen;  Two ideological movements, the English Enlightenment and the Great Awakening.  These ideas and events shape the revolutionary era.
  • 10.  Throughout the early to mid 18th century, Britain is locked in war with the French and the Spanish. Britain vanquishes its opponents by 1763.  The British start enacting policies to reassert control over increasingly autonomous colonies in North America;  American colonists, having enjoyed relative independence & (after 1763) are now less worried about being attacked by the French or Spanish, begin to resist imperial rule:  They claim the new British policies violate their rights as Englishmen in America.  Many are blind (and indifferent) to the contradictions of their demands for freedom and their enslavement of others (see Edmund Morgan, Peter Kolchin, and David Waldstreicher).  Others are aware of the contradiction and are troubled by demanding freedom while denying it to others.  Two ideological movements would shape their thinking.
  • 12.  Sprang from the Renaissance era & ideas by John Locke— “Concerning Human Understanding”  Human society ran according to natural laws; human laws were natural rights that all people shared; human beings created govts to protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and private property.  If a govt failed to protect these rights, the people had to right to overthrow it.  American colonists read Locke’s writings (in pamphlet form) & interpreted Britain’s efforts to regain control as violations of their basic, “inalienable” rights as Englishmen.  Historians note that the colonists saw themselves as Englishmen living in America but the British saw them as American colonists, not necessarily entitled to the same rights as Englishmen.
  • 13.  The Awakening was a religious social movement that grew out of the dissatisfaction of American colonists with the style of Protestantism that seemed to deny most people a chance for salvation.  American Protestants began campaigns and a series of revivals to bring more people into the church. They offered/promised salvation to all who believed in Christ (including free and enslaved black people) as opposed to early beliefs that a select few people were worthy of salvation.
  • 14.  Though some Africans and African Americans rejected Christianity for their ancestral religions or for no religion at all, others were attracted to evangelical Protestantism & they converted but retained certain features of their traditional practices.  This evangelical movement, with its emphasis of spiritual equality, increased Africans’ and African Americans’ numbers in Protestant churches, which increased black-white cooperation & acculturation.  The Great Awakening, its emphasis of spiritual equality & racial cooperation, eventually nurtured a humanitarian opposition to slavery that would disrupt previous commitments to slavery in the revolutionary era.  Although not necessarily related directly to the causative factors of the Revolution, the Awakening will shape ideas about slavery after the Revolution ends.
  • 15.  When Thomas Jefferson wrote “that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” he did not believe that all people should enjoy these rights generally or black people particularly.  Jefferson and others distinguished between the rights of wealthy white men of British descent and a lack of rights for women, blacks, Native Americans, and even poor whites.
  • 16.  The framers were so convinced that non-wealthy men of English descent could not claim the same rights as wealthy white men that they did not qualify their words trumpeting universal liberty.  The enslaved and free Africans and African Americans who attended white Patriots’ speeches and read their pamphlets interpreted the rhetoric of the revolutionary era differently. They insisted that these principles logically applied to them as they did to the white population.  African and A/Am Patriots forced white Patriots to confront the contradictions in the rhetoric of the revolution.
  • 17.  Both white Patriots and Loyalists tried to protect their slaves while using the promise of freedom to entice their enemies’ slaves to take flight.  Africans and African Americans of the revolutionary era were wedded to principles (freedom and equality) not to a people (Patriots or Loyalists or Americans or British)!  This commitment to principles guided their behavior and strategies during the war.
  • 18.  Free and enslaved Africans and A/Ams petitioned northern colonial governments and the British crown for the abolition of slavery. Black people in the southern colonies marched and paraded to show their support and to protest slavery.  Approximately 100,000 slaves fled farms, plantations, homes, and businesses in the North and South during the war. They headed to British lines (in response to Dunmore’s Proclamation), to the western and southern frontier, and to cities where they could go unnoticed.  White Patriots and Loyalists initially rejected black service in the war but both eventually conceded.  Africans and African Americans served both sides:  Most worked as servants/laborers, growing food, building dikes, etc.  Some fought in major battles—Lexington & Concord, Bunker Hill, Saratoga, Yorkton, Savannah, Monmouth, Princeton.
  • 19.  Peace of Paris (1783), Britain recognized the independence of the U.S., acceded control of land. See map here.  Americans left to:  Honor promises of freedom;  Establish a new nation;  Resolve the contradictions over slavery.
  • 20. Land Holdings 1783 Source: Norton website.
  • 21.  Of the escaped slaves, 20,000 left with the British. Most were resettled in Nova Scotia, Sierra Leone, and Britain, but others were re-enslaved in the British colonies in the Caribbean—Jamaica in particular.  Others blended into the free black populations of the North and South, while still others headed southern, western, and northern frontiers of what had been British Colonial North America.  Some slaves who fought for Patriots gained their freedom.
  • 22.  Inspirations for Manumission (freeing enslaved people)  Africans’ and A/Ams’ willingness to fight;  The ideals of the Enlightenment, the Great Awakening, and he War;  A decreased economic investment in slavery throughout the North,triggered a decline in the commitment to slavery;  Petitions demanding abolition flooded legislators;  Quakers, often interpreting human rights as not only a political issue but also a religious one, begin to lead the charge against slavery in the North. They establish Anti- Slavery Societies, and give speeches and pamphlets to spread the word.
  • 23.  People living in northern states end slavery for a combination of ideological, religious, and economic reasons.  Many remain economically committed and tied to the institution (they are slave traders, economic investors, absentee planters)  Some states abolish slavery immediately while others adopt gradual abolition laws, releasing slaves from slavery after they completed a set period of service (18- 25 years) and then an apprenticeship period.  Ira Berlin calls the first emancipation (of the North) a “slow and tortuous process.”
  • 24. The Abolition of Slavery in the North 1777 Vermont prohibits slavery via constitutional convention 1780 Pennsylvania begins to abolish slavery gradually 1783 Massachusetts Supreme Court abolishes slavery 1784 Connecticut and Rhode Island pass gradual abolition legislation 1785 New Jersey and New York legislatures defeat efforts to pass gradual abolition laws 1799 New York legislature passes gradual abolition bill 1804 New Jersey enacts gradual abolition
  • 25.  Some southern slaveholders honor their promise to free enslaved people who served in the war (many do not).  Some southern states relax manumission laws, allowing slaveholders to free their slaves without an act of law and allow slaves to purchase their freedom.  Some slaveholders, especially in the Chesapeake (Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., and Virginia), who shift from tobacco & indigo to wheat, orchards, cattle, etc. have less of a need for slave labor and shift to hiring slaves.  However, other slaveholders, particularly those in the lowcountry (Georgia, the Carolinas, Florida, Louisiana), remain committed to slavery and to expanding the institution into the newly acquired territories in the West.
  • 26.  As the new nation tries to gain its bearings, one of the issues they had to address was slavery.  Could they establish a nation built on ideas of liberty, freedom, equality, and property rights while holding a fifth of the population as slaves? How could they retain credibility before the world and in the face of history?  Could the individual states remain united if some of them abolished slavery while others retained it?  If they decided to end slavery (and truly honor principles of revolution and the nation’s founding), how would the nation compensate slaveholders (English law, the roots of U.S. law, requires the govt compensate property owners for loss of land, goods, property)?  How would freed black people fit into the nation?
  • 27.  Although northerners’ commitment to slavery puts the institution on a slow path toward death, most southerners continue to support slavery.  Many working class white southerners and new immigrants want to become slaveholders.  Easier cultivation of cotton and global demand for it intensifies the commitment to slavery.  Slaveholders demand that slave trade be reopened.  They demand the right to move their slaves West.
  • 28.  While northern states were creating steps to end slavery, southern states were creating steps to retain slavery. At the same time, westward expansion sparked one of the first federal debates about slavery.  Americans were moving into the northwestern territories, migrants with slaves naturally wanted to take their human property with them, migrants opposed to slavery for economic (white laborers afraid of competition w/ slave labor) and ideological reasons, wanted the western spaces to remain free of slavery.  Jefferson proposed a way to turn these territories in the west into states and to address the issue of slavery there. He called for the ban of slavery in the entire area. His measure failed but the debate over it prompted Congress to take action.
  • 29.  To address the demands of slaveholders and those opposed to slavery, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance in 1787.  The ordinance Redefined future of slavery in the West:  Banned slave owners from taking slaves north of Ohio River  Gave slave owners permission to migrate south of the Ohio River  See the map here.  This ordinance was the 1st of many compromises the framers would make about slavery in the new republic generally and about where slavery could exist particularly.  It set a precedent for excluding slavery from the U.S. territories.
  • 30. Northwest Ordinance Northwest Ordinance (1787) declared that no new enslaved people could be admitted to the land north of the Ohio River (dark green) and that enslaved people could be taken to the land south of the Ohio River, (pink). Established a precedent for congressional governance of slavery in a territory.
  • 31.  Why the silence on slavery? Why the ambiguities and contradictions of the U.S.’s founding principles and slavery?  Slavery had to be protected and governed so it was a constitutional matter.  The Founders understood the contradictions and the competing beliefs re: slavery in the nation.  They tried to sidestep slavery in the constitutional convention but they couldn’t.  Waldstreicher argues that there are less than 6 degrees of separation between every issue discussed at the constitutional convention and slavery.  They used euphemisms, silence, ambiguous language to get the Constitution passed and ratified.
  • 32.  To address the questions related to slavery, the constitutional framers instituted a series of the compromises.  In the end, the U.S. Constitution, which went into effect in 1789, became a major force in the continued existence of slavery and its legal protections.  The Constitution gave the central govt power to regulate commerce, to tax, and to have its laws enforced in the states. However, to create a powerful central govt the framers had to make concessions to slaveholders whose economic power translated into political influence.  The U.S. Constitution does not include the words “slavery” or “slaves,” in large part because the framers recognized the contradictions, didn’t want slavery to stain the founding documents of the first democratic republic, and some believed slavery would eventually die a natural death.  Thus, the framers included clauses to maintain slavery.
  • 33.  Enumeration or 3/5 Clause to determine representation in the U.S. House of Representatives;  Article 1, sec 2: counted 3/5 of “all other persons”;  It enhanced representation for slaveholders in Congress (especially in the House) &in the electoral college that elected the President.  It allowed northern states to maintain a temporary numerical edge in the Senate.  Fugitive Slave Clause;  Article 4, sec 2: says that “persons” held to service or labor who ran away (slaves) should be returned.  Delayed ban of the Transatlantic slave trade for 20 years;  Article 1, sec 9: importation of “such persons” (slaves) shall not be prohibited before 1808;  Response to growing international concerns about the horrors of the trade and economic shift in England to industrial expansion & imperial exploits that did not require African slaves;  In 1807, Congress revisits the question about banning the trade.
  • 34.  “Full Faith and Credit”  Non-slaveholding states must respect the rights of slaveholding states and of slaveholders.  Slaveholders’ property rights to and over their human chattel crosses state lines.  “No persons held to service or labor…may be discharged…shall be delivered up on Claim of the party to whom service or labor is due”  Fugitive slaves cannot be freed, they must be returned to their masters.
  • 35.  The result of these compromises of 1787 is the establishment of a nation and a constitution that protect the interests of the slaveholding class. As Peter Kolchin points out in American Slavery, slaveholders used ideas of Enlightenment re: right to life, liberty, and personal property, to lobby for these concessions.
  • 36.  What some historians call the “compromises of 1787,” shaped the nation and ongoing debates over slavery.  Historians debate the outcome:  Some argue the compromises strengthened the Union.  The new republic was fragile and vulnerable to disunion.  Under British rule, the colonies had a tradition of acting independently and they were guided by distinctly local/regional priorities and beliefs. Creating a United States enabled the centralization of power that allowed the U.S. to become a strong country.  Others argue that ending slavery would have addressed the issue once and for all and that the Union would have been stronger, able to practice and honor the ideological principles on which the nation was founded.  Any society, in which a people’s behavior is aligned with their ideals is stronger.
  • 37.  All Americans paid a high price for ignoring the principles of the Revolution.  These compromises do not settle the debate over slavery. Indeed, the new republic would have to revisit the question of slavery and where it can and cannot exist again and again.  Americans develop new compromises until the debates over slavery and westward expansion become the catalyst for civil war.  When the matter is finally resolved, more than 750,000 American soldiers are dead, 1 million of them are maimed and incapacitated, and some 50,000 civilians lose their lives.
  • 38.  Although slavery survived the revolutionary era and the first emancipation (in the North) and the institution would grow significantly in the first years of the republic, some slavery historians argue that the institution suffered a serious blow during and after the Revolution and the Constitutional Convention.  Many Americans objected not only to the treatment of slaves but also to having slavery in the nation.  In creating the republic and giving states the authority to establish many policies regarding slavery, Waldstreicher argues that the framers embedded into the Constitution, ways to abolish it:  State governments could pass laws to abolish the institution.  The electorate could elect enough members to Congress to abolish the institution by constitutional amendment.  Some of the women and men who are opposed to slavery recognize this opening and begin to mobilize to end the institution.
  • 39.  This opposition to slavery and willingness to mobilize to end it will factor significantly in the sectional crisis that ends in war. Paul Finkelman has identified several threads of anti-slavery sentiment that won’t come together until the late 1850s.  Ideological Arguments  Rhetoric of Revolution (liberty, freedom, etc.) makes some Americans question slavery.  The PA (1780) Grad Abolition Law linked their decision to end slavery to ending British tyranny and because slavery “deprived [blacks]…of the common blessings that they are naturally entitled to.”  Individual Americans have similar ideas about slavery and manumit the people they enslaved.
  • 40.  Political Arguments  With independence from the Crown, opponents can now use the franchise to elect people to enact policies to end slavery at the local and national levels.  The new state governments take action.  First Emancipations-MA, NH, VT, PA, CT, RI, NY, NJ  This statewide legislation put some southern slaveholders on notice of the political opposition to slavery.  The new national government takes action.  More than half of the seats for Congress would represent districts where there were few if any slaves or slaveholders.  Southerners recognize that they are increasingly at risk being outvoted over passing legislation, Supreme Court justices, or even changing the U.S. Constitution.  Without Britain, the southern states have to fight for themselves (and fight they will!).
  • 41.  Social Arguments  Religion  Great Awakening inspires many (on both sides of the Atlantic) to agitate against the slave trade and against slavery itself.  Abolition societies advocated for gradual abolition laws throughout the nation, for the end of the slave trade, and great rights for free blacks.  Military  Black military service (they enlisted, most worked as laborers and some were armed, and served well) during the American Revolution provided white Americans and some slaveholders with proof that blacks could be useful members of society.
  • 42.  New legislation against slavery also present the possibility that many Americans would accept the equality of blacks to whites.  If all people were entitled to “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness,” then blacks must also be entitled to these rights. If so, then enslaving them is wrong.  In sum, before the revolutionary era, few Americans (other than enslaved people and their free black allies, of course,) questioned slavery; slavery simply existed. After the revolutionary era, more Americans questioned slavery, even if they believed that black people were inferior to white people.  These new threats activated a movement to defend slavery.
  • 43.  Starts with some of the argument for slavery that appeared at the constitutional convention, namely that slavery, according to Paul Finkelman, was  Practical  Economic  Political  Historical  Slavery’s defenders did not ask their opponents to support slavery or to like the institution but to accept most southerners’ belief in its necessity and the fact that the institution had constitutional protection.
  • 44.  Speeches;  Books—histories of the Bible, of great civilizations;  Journals—pseudo-scientific theories, slave management, crop cultivation;  Sermons—given at churches and around the country;  Legal treatises;  Judicial Opinions; and  Literature—texts that romanticize the South
  • 45.  Historical Arguments  Slavery is an old institution.  All great civilizations accepted and relied on slavery, especially Greece (the first democracy) and Rome (the first republic).  Slavery was a prerequisite for the ruling elite (as in, only men free of the obligations of menial work could establish and run a great civilization).  Constitutional framers, later presidents, Supreme Court justices, members of Congress, etc. could devote themselves to public service because they had slaves. Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 29.
  • 46.  Religious Arguments  Slavery is endorsed by the Old & New Testaments (because neither document condemns the institution).  Both assume the existence of slavery and offer insight on how to regulate it. Indeed, many look to the Bible for recommendations of how masters are supposed to treat the people they enslave.  “Curse of Ham”-invented idea that Africans were Ham’s descendants and therefore destined to be enslaved for his sin against Noah.  Racist argument that slavery is a civilizing institution for “savages.” Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 31-32.
  • 47.  Scientific & Medical Arguments  Blacks are a separate species.  They are biologically, culturally, physically inferior.  They were “made” for slave labor.  If freed they could not provide for themselves and would starve to death.  They were too dangerous to free.  Slavery protects black people. Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33.
  • 48.  Economic Arguments  Slavery was vital to the entire colonial economy therefore it would be vital to the U.S. economy.  Some estimated that 2/3 of economy was tied to exports produced by enslaved people’s labor or manufactured goods that were tied to slavery.  There was no alternative for cheap source of labor.  Northerners, while not living with slavery, are invested in the institution—cotton, tobacco, hemp, rice, sugar consumed and manufactured in factories.  Slavery is more humane than free labor.  Slavery was extremely profitable. Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33.
  • 49.  Legal and Constitutional Arguments  Slaves were chattel (human property) that is protected by the Constitution.  Constitutional framers gave states power to pass their own laws so if the people in one state want slavery vote on it, they should have it.  The power of the master is absolute.  Congress cannot pass any law restricting it.  Blacks are inferior to whites so there needed to be laws in place to regulate and separate both groups.  Courts & legislatures established laws to punish people who interfered with slavery. Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 33-34.
  • 50.  Political  Any attack on slavery or effort to interfere with the masters’ authority would lead to civil war.  The entire U.S. system was built on the principle that slavery was sacred or untouchable.  The enslavement of blacks made it possible for whites (esp working class whites and new immigrants) to be free.  Proslavery defenders attacked anyone who questioned slavery.  George Fitzhugh and others argued against the Declaration of Independence’s rhetoric of “all men” and were very specific in their advocacy of the the rights of English descended men with property over all other men. Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 37-38.
  • 51.  Main Theme: Race  Almost every single proslavery defense came down to the issue of race.  Only race could contradict principles of nation’s founding.  If race wasn’t at the heart of slavery then every argument made for enslaving blacks could be applied to poor whites or to immigrants. Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 39-40.
  • 52. Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia 1787 Blacks are inferior; Their bodies are different; They are not artistic; They don’t understand love; Slavery is an on institution; Blacks and whites can’t co- exist; Fear of interracial sex; Who else would do the work?
  • 53. John C. Calhoun, 1837 Speech before Senate Slavery is defended by Constitution. Congress can’t touch it. “Abolition and Union cannot co-exist.” Talks about anti- slavery as though it was a cancer that will destroy the Union. Slavery is good.
  • 54. Edmund Ruffin, 1853 Essay Slavery existed in great civilizations. Free labor is cheaper than slave labor (because of care. Etc.) but slave labor is better. Slavery is good for the slaves. Committed suicide in 1865, reportedly because he could not live in a world without slavery.
  • 55. Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb Used Haiti and British former West Indian colonies to argue that blacks suffered in freedom. Refused to acknowledge Success of some free blacks The role of legal, social, political, a nd economic discrimination in postemancipation hardship.
  • 56. James Henry Hammond Slavery is good, it creates wealth and allows white men to prosper. “Mudsill speech”-blacks provide a natural floor for American civilization. Southern cotton controlled world economy (not so much).
  • 57. Thornton Stringfellow God ordained slavery. Slaveholding was a duty. Masters could convert enslaved people and treat them humanely.
  • 58. Dr. Samuel Cartwright Well known “Negro doctor” who “diagnosed” problems for slaveholders. Drapetomania Makes slaves runaway DysaethesiaAethiopis Makes slaves disobey their masters
  • 59.  Advocates of slavery and opponents of slavery will clash over vision of the nation and slavery’s role in it.  The intensity of the debates about states’ rights and slavery heat up and, in several decades, they will escalate to the point of war.  One nagging issue will be whether or not states may leave the “Union” if they are dissatisfied with policies established by Congress. Some southerners say yes, many presidents as well as northerners say no.
  • 60.  Civil War historians have been able to identify debates over states’ rights v. national rights as well as over slavery and its expansion into the western territories as some of the causative factors of the war.  They have also been able to trace them back to the founding era when the constitutional framers negotiated and compromised to establish the United States after the American Revolution.  Slavery survives the American Revolution.  The Constitution protects slavery.  This protection will help to launch the anti-slavery and abolitionist movements.  The opposition to slavery by some northerners fuels the proslavery movement.  These competing ideals will put the nation on a collision course to civil war.
  • 61.  Louis Masur, The Civil War: A Concise History  David Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution  Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery  Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery  David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution  Merton Dillon, Slavery Attacked  Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution  Douglas Egerton, Death or Liberty: African Americans in Revolutionary America  Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson  Sylvia Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age  David Herbert Donald, et al eds., The Civil War and Reconstruction  Gordon Wood, The Ideas of America and Empire of Liberty
  • 62.  Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1865  Donald MacLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution  Donald Nieman, Promises to Keep: African Americans and the Constitutional Order  Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution  Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: The Slaves, the British, and the American Revolution  Larry Tise, Proslavery: A History of the Defense of Slavery in America  Shane White, Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City
  • 63.  Constitutional Convention: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Washington_Constitu tional_Convention_1787.jpg  European claims in North America: http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx.  U.S. 1783: http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx  Northwest and Southwest Territory Maps: http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/web%20103/western- possessions-map.jpg  Thomas Jefferson: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson  John C. Calhoun: http://www.nps.gov/resources/person.htm?id=55  Edmund Ruffin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ruffin  Thomas R. R. Cobb: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reade_Rootes_Cobb  James Henry Hammond: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Hammond  Stringfellow’s Favor of Slavery: http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/string/string.html  Samuel Cartwright: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright
  • 64.  Antebellum Upheaval  The North  The South  The beginnings of the Sectional Conflict that will descend into civil war.

Hinweis der Redaktion

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  4. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Washington_Constitutional_Convention_1787.jpg. Date accessed: 6/18/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
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  7. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/06-18-2006_10;50;42PM_(2).JPG. Date accessed: 6/8/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
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  9. http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx. Date accessed: 6/7/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
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  18. http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx. Date accessed: 6/7/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
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  23. Source: David Waldstreicher’sSlavery’s Constitution. The Civil War and Reconstruction
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  27. See, Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 16-17. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  28. See Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 17-18. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  29. See Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 18-19. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  30. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 22-24. The Civil War and Reconstruction
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  32. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 29. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  33. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 31-32. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  34. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  35. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  36. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 33-34. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  37. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 37-38. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  38. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 39-40. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  39. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  40. http://www.nps.gov/resources/person.htm?id=55. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  41. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ruffin. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reade_Rootes_Cobb. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  43. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Hammond. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  44. http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/string/string.html. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  45. Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 36. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright. The Civil War and Reconstruction
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  47. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  48. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  49. The Civil War and Reconstruction
  50. The Civil War and Reconstruction