The document provides an overview of the key events and debates around slavery leading up to the Civil War. It discusses how the Founders made compromises over slavery at the Constitutional Convention to ensure the nation's formation, but left the issue unresolved. Tensions increased as northern states abolished slavery while southern states strengthened laws protecting the institution. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 temporarily settled debates over the westward expansion of slavery. However, the nation continued debating states' rights and the future of slavery until the Civil War could no longer be avoided.
2. An overview of the Civil War from reading Louis
Masur’sThe Civil War
Because the class will be ran as a seminar, my objective
for having students read this book is to help them get a
basic understanding of the narrative arc of the Civil War
so that during our weekly discussions, we can focus on
some of the NEW research findings regarding a variety
of topics.
At the same time, we will make sure that we are all on
the same page regarding some of the academically
determined (through research of primary sources)
causes of the Civil War tensions about states’ rights
and about slavery’s existence in the nation.
3. When the constitutional framers decided to create a
democratic republic built upon the principles of
freedom, liberty, democracy, and equality they made a
number of compromises over the issues of states’
rights and slavery.
Although the constitutional convention ended with a
constitution that would be ratified by all of the
colonies turned states, few Americans were happy with
the final product generally and with the compromises
made over the power of the federal government v. that
of the states and over slavery particularly.
5. Americans living in the early years of the republic
embraced a state-based identity more than they embraced
a national identity.
In other words, they thought of themselves more as
Virginians or New Yorkers than they did as “Americans.”
This thinking led to a belief, espoused by Thomas Jefferson
and James Madison, that the U.S. was a “compact” or an
agreement between the states to form a nation and that
states could break the agreement or leave the nation if they
wanted to.
This gives rise to the idea of “nullification,” an ideology that
states could reject certain federal policies if they felt it
violated their rights.
It would also fuel a belief, in some Americans, that states
could leave the Union all together if they chose.
6. Several states would invoke the idea of nullification
but none would do so more forcefully than South
Carolina.
In 1832, the Palmetto state rejected the high duties that
resulted from the 1828 tariff. They adopted an
ordinance of nullification. John C. Calhoun argued
that the tariff favored northern industry at the expense
of the South.
Nullification and South Carolina’s breakaway from the
U.S. was averted via compromise on tariffs and the
threat of military action.
8. Americans would spend the next seven decades debating
the issues about states’ rights and slavery’s existence.
They would continue to make additional compromises until
they reached a point where they could not compromise any
more, the result of which was civil war.
Neither the constitutional framers nor the Americans who
were living in the antebellum period knew what we know—
that they would reach a point where they would no longer
hash out the key issues regarding slavery’s existence.
But by examining
newspapers, speeches, journals, legislation, court
rules, etc., historians have been able to trace the debates
over this issue back over time to understand why the war
came when it did.
This lecture provides a simplified version of the highlights.
9. Slavery is a thriving institution in all of the colonies of
North America.
There are several sacred and secular catalysts that
transform thinking about natural rights, imperial rule,
religious salvation, race, and slavery on the eve of the
American Revolution.
Britain’s effort to reassert control over its North American
colonies;
American colonists’ efforts to maintain the same rights as
Englishmen;
Two ideological movements, the English Enlightenment and
the Great Awakening.
These ideas and events shape the revolutionary era.
10. Throughout the early to mid 18th century, Britain is locked
in war with the French and the Spanish. Britain vanquishes
its opponents by 1763.
The British start enacting policies to reassert control over
increasingly autonomous colonies in North America;
American colonists, having enjoyed relative independence &
(after 1763) are now less worried about being attacked by the
French or Spanish, begin to resist imperial rule:
They claim the new British policies violate their rights as
Englishmen in America.
Many are blind (and indifferent) to the contradictions of their
demands for freedom and their enslavement of others (see Edmund
Morgan, Peter Kolchin, and David Waldstreicher).
Others are aware of the contradiction and are troubled by
demanding freedom while denying it to others.
Two ideological movements would shape their thinking.
12. Sprang from the Renaissance era & ideas by John Locke—
“Concerning Human Understanding”
Human society ran according to natural laws; human laws
were natural rights that all people shared; human beings
created govts to protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and
private property.
If a govt failed to protect these rights, the people had to right
to overthrow it.
American colonists read Locke’s writings (in pamphlet
form) & interpreted Britain’s efforts to regain control as
violations of their basic, “inalienable” rights as Englishmen.
Historians note that the colonists saw themselves as
Englishmen living in America but the British saw them as
American colonists, not necessarily entitled to the same
rights as Englishmen.
13. The Awakening was a religious social movement that
grew out of the dissatisfaction of American colonists
with the style of Protestantism that seemed to deny
most people a chance for salvation.
American Protestants began campaigns and a series of
revivals to bring more people into the church. They
offered/promised salvation to all who believed in
Christ (including free and enslaved black people) as
opposed to early beliefs that a select few people were
worthy of salvation.
14. Though some Africans and African Americans rejected
Christianity for their ancestral religions or for no religion at all,
others were attracted to evangelical Protestantism & they
converted but retained certain features of their traditional
practices.
This evangelical movement, with its emphasis of spiritual
equality, increased Africans’ and African Americans’ numbers in
Protestant churches, which increased black-white cooperation &
acculturation.
The Great Awakening, its emphasis of spiritual equality & racial
cooperation, eventually nurtured a humanitarian opposition to
slavery that would disrupt previous commitments to slavery in
the revolutionary era.
Although not necessarily related directly to the causative factors
of the Revolution, the Awakening will shape ideas about slavery
after the Revolution ends.
15. When Thomas Jefferson wrote “that all men are
created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable rights; that among these are
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” he did not
believe that all people should enjoy these rights
generally or black people particularly.
Jefferson and others distinguished between the rights
of wealthy white men of British descent and a lack of
rights for women, blacks, Native Americans, and even
poor whites.
16. The framers were so convinced that non-wealthy men of
English descent could not claim the same rights as wealthy
white men that they did not qualify their words trumpeting
universal liberty.
The enslaved and free Africans and African Americans who
attended white Patriots’ speeches and read their pamphlets
interpreted the rhetoric of the revolutionary era differently.
They insisted that these principles logically applied to
them as they did to the white population.
African and A/Am Patriots forced white Patriots to
confront the contradictions in the rhetoric of the
revolution.
17. Both white Patriots and Loyalists tried to protect their
slaves while using the promise of freedom to entice
their enemies’ slaves to take flight.
Africans and African Americans of the revolutionary
era were wedded to principles (freedom and equality)
not to a people (Patriots or Loyalists or Americans or
British)!
This commitment to principles guided their behavior
and strategies during the war.
18. Free and enslaved Africans and A/Ams petitioned northern
colonial governments and the British crown for the abolition of
slavery. Black people in the southern colonies marched and
paraded to show their support and to protest slavery.
Approximately 100,000 slaves fled farms, plantations, homes,
and businesses in the North and South during the war. They
headed to British lines (in response to Dunmore’s Proclamation),
to the western and southern frontier, and to cities where they
could go unnoticed.
White Patriots and Loyalists initially rejected black service in the
war but both eventually conceded.
Africans and African Americans served both sides:
Most worked as servants/laborers, growing food, building dikes, etc.
Some fought in major battles—Lexington & Concord, Bunker Hill,
Saratoga, Yorkton, Savannah, Monmouth, Princeton.
19. Peace of Paris (1783), Britain recognized the
independence of the U.S., acceded control of land. See
map here.
Americans left to:
Honor promises of freedom;
Establish a new nation;
Resolve the contradictions over slavery.
21. Of the escaped slaves, 20,000 left with the British.
Most were resettled in Nova Scotia, Sierra Leone, and
Britain, but others were re-enslaved in the British
colonies in the Caribbean—Jamaica in particular.
Others blended into the free black populations of the
North and South, while still others headed southern,
western, and northern frontiers of what had been
British Colonial North America.
Some slaves who fought for Patriots gained their
freedom.
22. Inspirations for Manumission (freeing enslaved people)
Africans’ and A/Ams’ willingness to fight;
The ideals of the Enlightenment, the Great Awakening, and
he War;
A decreased economic investment in slavery throughout the
North,triggered a decline in the commitment to slavery;
Petitions demanding abolition flooded legislators;
Quakers, often interpreting human rights as not only a
political issue but also a religious one, begin to lead the
charge against slavery in the North. They establish Anti-
Slavery Societies, and give speeches and pamphlets to spread
the word.
23. People living in northern states end slavery for a
combination of ideological, religious, and economic
reasons.
Many remain economically committed and tied to the
institution (they are slave traders, economic investors,
absentee planters)
Some states abolish slavery immediately while others
adopt gradual abolition laws, releasing slaves from
slavery after they completed a set period of service (18-
25 years) and then an apprenticeship period.
Ira Berlin calls the first emancipation (of the North) a
“slow and tortuous process.”
24. The Abolition of Slavery in the North
1777 Vermont prohibits slavery via constitutional convention
1780 Pennsylvania begins to abolish slavery gradually
1783 Massachusetts Supreme Court abolishes slavery
1784 Connecticut and Rhode Island pass gradual abolition
legislation
1785 New Jersey and New York legislatures defeat efforts to
pass gradual abolition laws
1799 New York legislature passes gradual abolition bill
1804 New Jersey enacts gradual abolition
25. Some southern slaveholders honor their promise to free
enslaved people who served in the war (many do not).
Some southern states relax manumission laws, allowing
slaveholders to free their slaves without an act of law and
allow slaves to purchase their freedom.
Some slaveholders, especially in the Chesapeake
(Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., and Virginia),
who shift from tobacco & indigo to wheat, orchards, cattle,
etc. have less of a need for slave labor and shift to hiring
slaves.
However, other slaveholders, particularly those in the
lowcountry (Georgia, the Carolinas, Florida, Louisiana),
remain committed to slavery and to expanding the
institution into the newly acquired territories in the West.
26. As the new nation tries to gain its bearings, one of the
issues they had to address was slavery.
Could they establish a nation built on ideas of liberty,
freedom, equality, and property rights while holding a fifth of
the population as slaves? How could they retain credibility
before the world and in the face of history?
Could the individual states remain united if some of them
abolished slavery while others retained it?
If they decided to end slavery (and truly honor principles of
revolution and the nation’s founding), how would the nation
compensate slaveholders (English law, the roots of U.S. law,
requires the govt compensate property owners for loss of
land, goods, property)?
How would freed black people fit into the nation?
27. Although northerners’ commitment to slavery puts the
institution on a slow path toward death, most
southerners continue to support slavery.
Many working class white southerners and new
immigrants want to become slaveholders.
Easier cultivation of cotton and global demand for it
intensifies the commitment to slavery.
Slaveholders demand that slave trade be reopened.
They demand the right to move their slaves West.
28. While northern states were creating steps to end slavery,
southern states were creating steps to retain slavery. At the same
time, westward expansion sparked one of the first federal
debates about slavery.
Americans were moving into the northwestern territories,
migrants with slaves naturally wanted to take their human
property with them, migrants opposed to slavery for economic
(white laborers afraid of competition w/ slave labor) and
ideological reasons, wanted the western spaces to remain free of
slavery.
Jefferson proposed a way to turn these territories in the west into
states and to address the issue of slavery there. He called for the
ban of slavery in the entire area. His measure failed but the
debate over it prompted Congress to take action.
29. To address the demands of slaveholders and those opposed
to slavery, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance in
1787.
The ordinance Redefined future of slavery in the West:
Banned slave owners from taking slaves north of Ohio River
Gave slave owners permission to migrate south of the Ohio
River
See the map here.
This ordinance was the 1st of many compromises the
framers would make about slavery in the new republic
generally and about where slavery could exist particularly.
It set a precedent for excluding slavery from the U.S.
territories.
30. Northwest Ordinance
Northwest Ordinance
(1787) declared that no
new enslaved people
could be admitted to the
land north of the Ohio
River (dark green) and
that enslaved people
could be taken to the
land south of the Ohio
River, (pink).
Established a precedent
for congressional
governance of slavery in a
territory.
31. Why the silence on slavery? Why the ambiguities and
contradictions of the U.S.’s founding principles and
slavery?
Slavery had to be protected and governed so it was a
constitutional matter.
The Founders understood the contradictions and the
competing beliefs re: slavery in the nation.
They tried to sidestep slavery in the constitutional convention
but they couldn’t.
Waldstreicher argues that there are less than 6 degrees of
separation between every issue discussed at the constitutional
convention and slavery.
They used euphemisms, silence, ambiguous language to get
the Constitution passed and ratified.
32. To address the questions related to slavery, the constitutional
framers instituted a series of the compromises.
In the end, the U.S. Constitution, which went into effect in 1789,
became a major force in the continued existence of slavery and
its legal protections.
The Constitution gave the central govt power to regulate
commerce, to tax, and to have its laws enforced in the states.
However, to create a powerful central govt the framers had to
make concessions to slaveholders whose economic power
translated into political influence.
The U.S. Constitution does not include the words “slavery” or
“slaves,” in large part because the framers recognized the
contradictions, didn’t want slavery to stain the founding
documents of the first democratic republic, and some believed
slavery would eventually die a natural death.
Thus, the framers included clauses to maintain slavery.
33. Enumeration or 3/5 Clause to determine representation in the
U.S. House of Representatives;
Article 1, sec 2: counted 3/5 of “all other persons”;
It enhanced representation for slaveholders in Congress (especially
in the House) &in the electoral college that elected the President.
It allowed northern states to maintain a temporary numerical edge
in the Senate.
Fugitive Slave Clause;
Article 4, sec 2: says that “persons” held to service or labor who ran
away (slaves) should be returned.
Delayed ban of the Transatlantic slave trade for 20 years;
Article 1, sec 9: importation of “such persons” (slaves) shall not be
prohibited before 1808;
Response to growing international concerns about the horrors of
the trade and economic shift in England to industrial expansion &
imperial exploits that did not require African slaves;
In 1807, Congress revisits the question about banning the trade.
34. “Full Faith and Credit”
Non-slaveholding states must respect the rights of
slaveholding states and of slaveholders.
Slaveholders’ property rights to and over their human
chattel crosses state lines.
“No persons held to service or labor…may be
discharged…shall be delivered up on Claim of the party
to whom service or labor is due”
Fugitive slaves cannot be freed, they must be returned to
their masters.
35. The result of these compromises of 1787 is the
establishment of a nation and a constitution that
protect the interests of the slaveholding class. As Peter
Kolchin points out in American Slavery, slaveholders
used ideas of Enlightenment re: right to life, liberty,
and personal property, to lobby for these concessions.
36. What some historians call the “compromises of 1787,”
shaped the nation and ongoing debates over slavery.
Historians debate the outcome:
Some argue the compromises strengthened the Union.
The new republic was fragile and vulnerable to disunion.
Under British rule, the colonies had a tradition of acting
independently and they were guided by distinctly local/regional
priorities and beliefs. Creating a United States enabled the
centralization of power that allowed the U.S. to become a strong
country.
Others argue that ending slavery would have addressed the
issue once and for all and that the Union would have been
stronger, able to practice and honor the ideological principles
on which the nation was founded.
Any society, in which a people’s behavior is aligned with their ideals
is stronger.
37. All Americans paid a high price for ignoring the
principles of the Revolution.
These compromises do not settle the debate over slavery.
Indeed, the new republic would have to revisit the
question of slavery and where it can and cannot exist
again and again.
Americans develop new compromises until the debates
over slavery and westward expansion become the
catalyst for civil war.
When the matter is finally resolved, more than 750,000
American soldiers are dead, 1 million of them are
maimed and incapacitated, and some 50,000 civilians
lose their lives.
38. Although slavery survived the revolutionary era and the first
emancipation (in the North) and the institution would grow
significantly in the first years of the republic, some slavery
historians argue that the institution suffered a serious blow
during and after the Revolution and the Constitutional
Convention.
Many Americans objected not only to the treatment of slaves but
also to having slavery in the nation.
In creating the republic and giving states the authority to
establish many policies regarding slavery, Waldstreicher argues
that the framers embedded into the Constitution, ways to
abolish it:
State governments could pass laws to abolish the institution.
The electorate could elect enough members to Congress to abolish
the institution by constitutional amendment.
Some of the women and men who are opposed to slavery recognize
this opening and begin to mobilize to end the institution.
39. This opposition to slavery and willingness to mobilize to
end it will factor significantly in the sectional crisis that
ends in war. Paul Finkelman has identified several threads
of anti-slavery sentiment that won’t come together until
the late 1850s.
Ideological Arguments
Rhetoric of Revolution (liberty, freedom, etc.) makes some
Americans question slavery.
The PA (1780) Grad Abolition Law linked their decision to end
slavery to ending British tyranny and because slavery “deprived
[blacks]…of the common blessings that they are naturally entitled
to.”
Individual Americans have similar ideas about slavery and
manumit the people they enslaved.
40. Political Arguments
With independence from the Crown, opponents can now use
the franchise to elect people to enact policies to end slavery at
the local and national levels.
The new state governments take action.
First Emancipations-MA, NH, VT, PA, CT, RI, NY, NJ
This statewide legislation put some southern slaveholders on
notice of the political opposition to slavery.
The new national government takes action.
More than half of the seats for Congress would represent districts
where there were few if any slaves or slaveholders.
Southerners recognize that they are increasingly at risk being
outvoted over passing legislation, Supreme Court justices, or
even changing the U.S. Constitution.
Without Britain, the southern states have to fight for themselves
(and fight they will!).
41. Social Arguments
Religion
Great Awakening inspires many (on both sides of the
Atlantic) to agitate against the slave trade and against slavery
itself.
Abolition societies advocated for gradual abolition laws
throughout the nation, for the end of the slave trade, and
great rights for free blacks.
Military
Black military service (they enlisted, most worked as laborers
and some were armed, and served well) during the American
Revolution provided white Americans and some slaveholders
with proof that blacks could be useful members of society.
42. New legislation against slavery also present the possibility
that many Americans would accept the equality of blacks to
whites.
If all people were entitled to “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit
of Happiness,” then blacks must also be entitled to these
rights. If so, then enslaving them is wrong.
In sum, before the revolutionary era, few Americans (other
than enslaved people and their free black allies, of course,)
questioned slavery; slavery simply existed. After the
revolutionary era, more Americans questioned slavery,
even if they believed that black people were inferior to
white people.
These new threats activated a movement to defend slavery.
43. Starts with some of the argument for slavery that
appeared at the constitutional convention, namely
that slavery, according to Paul Finkelman, was
Practical
Economic
Political
Historical
Slavery’s defenders did not ask their opponents to
support slavery or to like the institution but to accept
most southerners’ belief in its necessity and the fact
that the institution had constitutional protection.
44. Speeches;
Books—histories of the Bible, of great civilizations;
Journals—pseudo-scientific theories, slave
management, crop cultivation;
Sermons—given at churches and around the country;
Legal treatises;
Judicial Opinions; and
Literature—texts that romanticize the South
45. Historical Arguments
Slavery is an old institution.
All great civilizations accepted and relied on slavery,
especially Greece (the first democracy) and Rome (the
first republic).
Slavery was a prerequisite for the ruling elite (as in, only
men free of the obligations of menial work could
establish and run a great civilization).
Constitutional framers, later presidents, Supreme Court
justices, members of Congress, etc. could devote
themselves to public service because they had slaves.
Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 29.
46. Religious Arguments
Slavery is endorsed by the Old & New Testaments
(because neither document condemns the institution).
Both assume the existence of slavery and offer insight on how
to regulate it. Indeed, many look to the Bible for
recommendations of how masters are supposed to treat the
people they enslave.
“Curse of Ham”-invented idea that Africans were Ham’s
descendants and therefore destined to be enslaved for
his sin against Noah.
Racist argument that slavery is a civilizing institution for
“savages.”
Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 31-32.
47. Scientific & Medical Arguments
Blacks are a separate species.
They are biologically, culturally, physically inferior.
They were “made” for slave labor.
If freed they could not provide for themselves and would
starve to death.
They were too dangerous to free.
Slavery protects black people.
Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33.
48. Economic Arguments
Slavery was vital to the entire colonial economy
therefore it would be vital to the U.S. economy.
Some estimated that 2/3 of economy was tied to exports
produced by enslaved people’s labor or manufactured goods
that were tied to slavery.
There was no alternative for cheap source of labor.
Northerners, while not living with slavery, are invested
in the institution—cotton, tobacco, hemp, rice, sugar
consumed and manufactured in factories.
Slavery is more humane than free labor.
Slavery was extremely profitable.
Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33.
49. Legal and Constitutional Arguments
Slaves were chattel (human property) that is protected
by the Constitution.
Constitutional framers gave states power to pass their
own laws so if the people in one state want slavery vote
on it, they should have it.
The power of the master is absolute.
Congress cannot pass any law restricting it.
Blacks are inferior to whites so there needed to be laws
in place to regulate and separate both groups.
Courts & legislatures established laws to punish people
who interfered with slavery.
Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 33-34.
50. Political
Any attack on slavery or effort to interfere with the masters’
authority would lead to civil war.
The entire U.S. system was built on the principle that slavery
was sacred or untouchable.
The enslavement of blacks made it possible for whites (esp
working class whites and new immigrants) to be free.
Proslavery defenders attacked anyone who questioned slavery.
George Fitzhugh and others argued against the Declaration of
Independence’s rhetoric of “all men” and were very specific in
their advocacy of the the rights of English descended men
with property over all other men.
Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 37-38.
51. Main Theme: Race
Almost every single proslavery defense came down to
the issue of race.
Only race could contradict principles of nation’s
founding.
If race wasn’t at the heart of slavery then every
argument made for enslaving blacks could be applied
to poor whites or to immigrants.
Source: Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 39-40.
52. Thomas Jefferson
Notes on the State of
Virginia 1787
Blacks are inferior;
Their bodies are different;
They are not artistic;
They don’t understand love;
Slavery is an on institution;
Blacks and whites can’t co-
exist;
Fear of interracial sex;
Who else would do the
work?
53. John C. Calhoun,
1837 Speech before
Senate
Slavery is defended
by Constitution.
Congress can’t touch
it.
“Abolition and Union
cannot co-exist.”
Talks about anti-
slavery as though it
was a cancer that will
destroy the Union.
Slavery is good.
54. Edmund Ruffin, 1853
Essay
Slavery existed in great
civilizations.
Free labor is cheaper than
slave labor (because of
care. Etc.) but slave labor
is better.
Slavery is good for the
slaves.
Committed suicide in
1865, reportedly because
he could not live in a
world without slavery.
55. Thomas Reade
Rootes Cobb
Used Haiti and British
former West Indian
colonies to argue that
blacks suffered in
freedom.
Refused to acknowledge
Success of some free blacks
The role of
legal, social, political, a
nd economic
discrimination in
postemancipation
hardship.
56. James Henry
Hammond
Slavery is good, it creates
wealth and allows white
men to prosper.
“Mudsill speech”-blacks
provide a natural floor for
American civilization.
Southern cotton controlled
world economy (not so
much).
58. Dr. Samuel
Cartwright
Well known “Negro
doctor” who “diagnosed”
problems for
slaveholders.
Drapetomania
Makes slaves runaway
DysaethesiaAethiopis
Makes slaves disobey their
masters
59. Advocates of slavery and opponents of slavery will
clash over vision of the nation and slavery’s role in it.
The intensity of the debates about states’ rights and
slavery heat up and, in several decades, they will
escalate to the point of war.
One nagging issue will be whether or not states may
leave the “Union” if they are dissatisfied with policies
established by Congress. Some southerners say yes,
many presidents as well as northerners say no.
60. Civil War historians have been able to identify debates over
states’ rights v. national rights as well as over slavery and its
expansion into the western territories as some of the causative
factors of the war.
They have also been able to trace them back to the founding era
when the constitutional framers negotiated and compromised to
establish the United States after the American Revolution.
Slavery survives the American Revolution.
The Constitution protects slavery.
This protection will help to launch the anti-slavery and
abolitionist movements.
The opposition to slavery by some northerners fuels the
proslavery movement.
These competing ideals will put the nation on a collision course
to civil war.
61. Louis Masur, The Civil War: A Concise History
David Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery
Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery
David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution
Merton Dillon, Slavery Attacked
Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
Douglas Egerton, Death or Liberty: African Americans in Revolutionary
America
Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age
of Jefferson
Sylvia Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary
Age
David Herbert Donald, et al eds., The Civil War and Reconstruction
Gordon Wood, The Ideas of America and Empire of Liberty
62. Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1865
Donald MacLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American
Revolution
Donald Nieman, Promises to Keep: African Americans
and the Constitutional Order
Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American
Revolution
Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: The Slaves, the
British, and the American Revolution
Larry Tise, Proslavery: A History of the Defense of
Slavery in America
Shane White, Somewhat More Independent: The End of
Slavery in New York City
63. Constitutional Convention:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Washington_Constitu
tional_Convention_1787.jpg
European claims in North America:
http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx.
U.S. 1783: http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx
Northwest and Southwest Territory Maps:
http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/web%20103/western-
possessions-map.jpg
Thomas Jefferson: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
John C. Calhoun: http://www.nps.gov/resources/person.htm?id=55
Edmund Ruffin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ruffin
Thomas R. R. Cobb: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reade_Rootes_Cobb
James Henry Hammond: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Hammond
Stringfellow’s Favor of Slavery: http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/string/string.html
Samuel Cartwright: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright
64. Antebellum Upheaval
The North
The South
The beginnings of the Sectional Conflict that will
descend into civil war.
Hinweis der Redaktion
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Washington_Constitutional_Convention_1787.jpg. Date accessed: 6/18/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/06-18-2006_10;50;42PM_(2).JPG. Date accessed: 6/8/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx. Date accessed: 6/7/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/section/volA/maps.aspx. Date accessed: 6/7/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
Source: David Waldstreicher’sSlavery’s Constitution. The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
See, Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 16-17. The Civil War and Reconstruction
See Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 17-18. The Civil War and Reconstruction
See Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 18-19. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 22-24. The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 29. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 31-32. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 32-33. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 33-34. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 37-38. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 39-40. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://www.nps.gov/resources/person.htm?id=55. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ruffin. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reade_Rootes_Cobb. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Hammond. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/string/string.html. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery, 36. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright. The Civil War and Reconstruction