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INT J TUBERC LUNG DIS 16(3):336–341
© 2012 The Union
http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0402
Published online 5 January 2012



Isoniazid preventive therapy and 4-year incidence of
pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-infected Thai patients

T. Khawcharoenporn,* A. Apisarnthanarak,* W. Manosuthi,† S. Sungkanuparph,‡ L. M. Mundy§
* Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, † Bamrasnaradura
Infectious Diseases Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, ‡ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; § L M Mundy, LLC, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA

                                                                                                            SUMMARY

SETTING:         Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clin-      the IPT and non-IPT groups (0.80 cases vs. 1.76 per
ics at two Thai tertiary care medical centres.                 100 person-years [py], P = 0.13). However, the inci-
O B J E C T I V E S : To evaluate the efficacy of tuberculin   dence of pulmonary TB in the non-IPT group was sig-
skin test (TST) guided isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT)      nificantly higher during the first 6 months (8.60 vs.
in combination with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the        0 cases/100 py, P = 0.01) and among patients with ini-
prevention of tuberculosis (TB).                               tial CD4 < 200 cells/μl (9.41 vs. 0 cases/100 py, P =
D E S I G N : A 4-year prospective comparative study of pa-    0.02). The survival analyses demonstrated a protective
tients at two HIV clinics: one performed TST at enrol-         effect of IPT (χ2 = 3.66, P = 0.04) for early TB.
ment and, if positive, prescribed IPT (IPT group), while       C O N C L U S I O N S : Benefit of IPT plus ART was evident
the other did not perform TST (non-IPT group).                 only in the first 6 months of care. These findings suggest
R E S U LT S : There were 200 patients included in each        that TST-guided IPT should be routinely provided for
group. Baseline characteristics and drop-out rates were        HIV-infected patients after initial entry into medical care.
similar in both groups. The incidence of pulmonary             K E Y W O R D S : latent tuberculosis; screening; antiretro-
TB over 4 years was not significantly different between        viral therapy



THE HUMAN immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pan-                    to TB among co-infected patients,9 the efficacy of IPT
demic has contributed to the marked resurgence of tu-          in combination with ART has not been prospectively
berculosis (TB) worldwide.1 TB prevention in patients          evaluated in TB-HIV-endemic settings. We conducted
with HIV infection using tuberculin skin test (TST)            a comparative analysis of pulmonary TB (PTB) inci-
guided isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) has been             dence among patients on ART who did and did not
recommended by the World Health Organization                   receive IPT after initiation of HIV care.
(WHO).2,3 Evidence of support for this strategy came
from studies that demonstrated an association be-              METHODS
tween reduced TB incidence and TST-guided IPT.4–8
However, uptake of TST and IPT has been low despite            Study design and population
efforts to scale up collaborative TB-HIV activities and        A prospective study was conducted among ART-
a recent WHO guideline for a simplified TB screening           naïve HIV-infected patients aged ⩾15 years at the
algorithm based on clinical symptoms for the initia-           HIV clinics of Thammasat University Hospital (TUH)
tion of IPT in resource-constrained settings.2,3,9             and Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute
   In Thailand, routine use of TST and IPT was not             (BIDI) in central Thailand. Eligible patients who con-
routinely recommended in the latest national guide-            sented to participate in the study were enrolled from
lines.10 Low uptake of TST and IPT has been attributed         January to December 2004 and followed for
to the low sensitivity of TST, inability to completely         4 years. Exclusion criteria were a history of TB or
rule out active TB, high rates of regional isoniazid           active TB at the initial visit. Each study site provided
(INH) resistance, and unknown long-term efficacy of            comprehensive HIV care that included initiation and
IPT under programme conditions.9,11 Although provi-            monitoring of ART.
sion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended               This study was approved by the Institutional Re-
by the WHO to reduce morbidity and mortality due               view Boards of TUH and BIDI.


Correspondence to: Anucha Apisarnthanarak, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University
Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand 12120. Tel: (+66) 81 987 2030. Fax: (+66) 2 443 8533. e-mail: anapisarn@yahoo.com
Article submitted 13 June 2011. Final version accepted 1 September 2011.
LTBI screening and therapy for HIV   337


Study protocol and study definitions                         standardised pill counts.15 The primary study outcome
At TUH (IPT group), TST was performed at enrol-              was incidence of PTB; secondary outcomes were all-
ment. Positive TST reactivity was defined as skin in-        cause mortality, change in CD4 counts, and HIV vi-
duration ⩾5 mm at 72 h. TST indurations were mea-            rological responses.
sured by the ball point pen method.12 Patients with
reactive TST were offered INH 300 mg/day and                 Statistical analysis
pyridoxine 50 mg/day for 9 months.13 Repeated TST            Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 15
was performed in patients with acquired immune-              (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc, Chi-
deficiency syndrome (AIDS) who initially had non-            cago, IL, USA). χ2 or Fisher’s exact test was used to
reactive TST and subsequently had CD4 counts                 compare categorical data, as appropriate. Continuous
>200 cells/μl on ART, and in those with reported TB          variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney
exposure. TB exposure was defined as self-reported           U-test. PTB incidence was calculated and compared
close contact with active TB cases.                          using generalised linear models based on Poisson dis-
   At BIDI (non-IPT group), neither TST screening            tribution. Probability of disease-free status and effect
nor IPT were offered. At each site, chest radiograph         of TST and IPT were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier
(CXR) was performed at enrolment and annually                estimate of the survival curve. All P values were two-
thereafter. Patients with abnormal CXR findings sug-         tailed; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
gestive of PTB underwent sputum collection for acid-
fast bacilli (AFB) smear and culture of expectorated,        RESULTS
induced or bronchoscopic specimens. PTB was de-
fined as positive sputum for AFB with and without            Study population
Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture.                          Respectively 244 and 250 patients were initially
   Post-enrolment, participants at each site who devel-      screened at TUH and BIDI (Figure 1): 44 (18%) and
oped symptoms suggestive of PTB underwent CXR                50 (20%) patients were excluded at each site due to a
and sputum collection for AFB and culture.14 ART             diagnosis of active TB; all 94 excluded patients had
was initiated in all patients with CD4 < 200 cells/μl        CD4 < 100 cells/μl. The final study cohort included
according to the national guidelines for both groups.10      200 patients from each HIV clinic, with no signifi-
Adherence to ART was defined as at least 75% by              cant differences in age, sex or HIV clinical variables,




Figure 1 Flow chart of study population, recruitment and outcomes. TUH = Thammasat University Hospital; IPT = isoniazid
preventive therapy; BIDI = Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute; TB = tuberculosis; TST = tuberculin skin test.
338   The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease



except that patients in the IPT group were more likely                     vs. 11 (5.5%) cases in the non-IPT group (Table 1).
to have acquired HIV from a sex partner than those in                      The median CD4 count most proximal to detection
the non-IPT group (Table 1). More than 75% of the                          of PTB was similar for the two groups (35 vs.
patients in each group had initial CD4 < 200 cells/μl.                     41 cells/μl, P = 0.75). One of the 5 PTB cases from
ART was initiated in each group for all patients with                      the IPT group (20%) and 1/11 from the non-IPT
CD4 < 200 cells/μl. During follow-up, 58 (29%) par-                        group (9%) were asymptomatic, yet had abnormal
ticipants dropped out from the IPT group and 66                            findings on annual CXR.
(33%) dropped out from the non-IPT group. Reasons                              All TB isolates were pan-susceptible to first-line
for dropping out are shown in Figure 1.                                    anti-tuberculosis drugs. There were no reported sig-
                                                                           nificant adverse reactions to anti-tuberculosis drugs
Incidence of tuberculosis                                                  or treatment interruption. Four-year incidence of PTB
History of TB exposure was similar for the IPT (6%)                        was not statistically different for the IPT and non-
and non-IPT (3%) groups; no subsequent TB expo-                            IPT groups (0.80 vs. 1.76 cases/100 person-years [py]).
sure was reported. For the IPT group, 17 (9%) par-                         However, the incidence of PTB was significantly higher
ticipants had a reactive TST (Figure 1), 14 (82%) of                       during the first 6 months in the non-IPT group than
whom completed IPT. None of the 17 (100%) had                              in the IPT group (8.60 vs. 0 cases/100 py, respectively;
subsequent TB case detection; 3 (18%) had a positive                       P = 0.01; actual number of cases 8 vs. 0), regardless
follow-up TST after CD4 counts were >200 cells/μl.                         of initial CD4 count. Among patients with initial
The median CD4 count was 157 cells/μl for these                            CD4 < 200 cells/μl, the incidence of PTB during the
17 IPT recipients and ART was initiated at the same                        first 6 months was significantly higher in the non-IPT
time as IPT in all 17 patients.                                            than in the IPT group (9.41 vs. 0 cases/100 py; P =
    There were 5 (2.5%) cases of PTB in the IPT group                      0.02; actual number of cases 8 vs. 0).

               Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population stratified
               by receipt of TB preventive strategies
                                                                                IPT group         Non-IPT group
                                                                                (n = 200)           (n = 200)
               Characteristic                                                    n/N (%)             n/N (%)         P value
               Demographic
                 Age, years, median [IQR]                                   35 [30–41]            35 [30–40]          0.72
                 Male sex                                                     119 (60)              122 (61)          0.76
               Reported mode of HIV acquisition*
                 Sexual contact                                                194 (97)             182 (91)          0.01
                 Injection drug use                                             11 (6)               17 (8)           0.24
                 Others†                                                         4 (2)                1 (1)           0.37
               Baseline HIV data
                  Duration of infection since diagnosis, years                                                  0.47
                    >10                                                          2 (1)              2 (1)
                    1–10                                                      113 (57)           125 (62)
                    <1                                                          85 (42)            73 (37)
                  CD4 count at initial visit, cells/μl, median [IQR]        97 [36–198]       91 [30–156]       0.16
                  HIV RNA at initial visit, log, copies/ml, median [IQR]     4.68 [4.08–5.09]  5.18 [4.83–5.58] 0.07
               History of TB exposure                                          12 (6)               6 (3)       0.23
               TB screening performed at initial visit
                  Tuberculin skin test                                        200 (100)                 —
                  Chest X-ray                                                 200 (100)             200 (100)
               Incidence of TB during 48-month follow-up period,
                    cases/100 py
                  New LTBI                                                     17 (2.71)               NA              —
                  New active TB                                                 5 (0.80)             11 (1.76)        0.13‡
               TB treatment initiated during the 48-month period
                  Active TB                                                                                           1.00
                    Completed treatment                                         5/5 (100)              9/11 (82)
                    Treatment not completed                                     0/5 (0)                2/11 (18)
                  LTBI
                    Receipt of chemoprophylaxis                                17/17 (100)              NA             —
                    Completed chemoprophylaxis                                 14/17 (82)
                    Chemoprophylaxis not completed                              3/17 (18)
               All-cause mortality during the 48-month period                   6 (3)                  5 (3)          0.76

               * Patients may have more than one mode of HIV acquisition.
               † Includes tattooing and blood and blood product transfusion.
               ‡ Comparison based on Poisson distribution.

               TB = tuberculosis; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy; IQR = interquartile range; HIV = human immunodeficiency
               virus; py = person-years; LTBI = latent TB infection; NA = not applicable.
LTBI screening and therapy for HIV       339


   No PTB occurred in patients with CD4 ⩾ 200 cells/
μl during the study period. After 6 months, the an-
nual incidence of PTB in the IPT and non-IPT groups
was not significantly different (respectively 0 vs. 0 case/
100 py in the second 6 months of Year 1; 0.64 vs.
0.61 case/100 py in Year 2; 1.34 vs. 0 cases/100 py in
Year 3; and 1.41 vs. 1.49 cases/100 py in Year 4). No
extra-pulmonary TB cases were detected; all-cause
mortality was similar (3%) for the two groups, with
no cases of TB-related immune reconstitution inflam-
matory syndrome.

Effect of TST and IPT
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the probability of
no PTB are shown in Figure 2. Using the log-rank
test, there was no significant difference in incidence
of PTB between the IPT and non-IPT groups across
all initial CD4 categories. However, using the Bres-
low test to detect the effects of short-term risks fo-
cused at the beginning of observations, the IPT group
had significantly lower incidence of PTB than the
non-IPT group (χ2 = 3.66, P = 0.04). The same anal-
ysis among patients with CD4 < 50 cells/μl also dem-
onstrated the early protective effect of IPT and ART
(χ2 = 3.24, P = 0.05).

Retention in care and HIV-related outcomes
Annual retention in care was similar for the IPT and
non-IPT groups (Table 2). All patients with initial or
subsequent CD4 < 200 cells/μl in each group received
ART (95% were prescribed a non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen and 5% were
prescribed a protease-inhibitor-based regimen). Ad-
herence to ART was 95% for the IPT group and 92%
for the non-IPT group (P = 0.27) over the 4-year pe-
riod. The median CD4 cell count in the IPT and non-
IPT groups was similar at each year of follow-up, as
was the proportion of participants on ART with un-
detectable HIV RNA (Table 2).


DISCUSSION
The major finding from this study was that the group
that received targeted TB treatment via initial TST-
guided IPT upon entry into HIV care had a signifi-
cantly lower incidence of PTB than the group with-
out TST-guided IPT during the first 6 months of
observation. This study is one of the short list of pro-
spective studies to provide evidence in support of the
WHO recommendations for TB preventive strategies
along with ART among persons with HIV infection               Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier disease-free survival analysis for pulmo-
in developing countries.16–18 The study by Samandari          nary tuberculosis between IPT and non-IPT groups, stratified by in-
et al. demonstrated that 6-month and 36-month IPT             itial CD4 count. A. Analysis for all patients, χ2 = 2.38, P = 0.12
were more effective than placebo in reducing TB inci-         for log-rank test and χ2 = 3.66, P = 0.04 for Breslow test. B. Anal-
dence in HIV-infected patients in Botswana and, fur-          ysis for patients with initial CD4 count < 50 cells/μl, χ2 = 2.30, P =
                                                              0.13 for log-rank test and χ2 = 3.24, P = 0.05 for Breslow test.
thermore, that the 36-month regimen was superior to           C. Analysis for patients with initial CD4 count 50–199 cells/μl, χ2 =
the 6-month regimen.16 In South Africa, routine use           0.15, P = 0.69 for log-rank test and χ2 = 0.42, P = 0.50 for Bres-
of IPT in conjunction with ART was associated with            low test. TB = tuberculosis; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy.
340   The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease



               Table 2 Retention in care and HIV outcomes of the study population stratified by receipt
               of tuberculosis preventive strategies
                                                                   IPT group                 Non-IPT group
                                                                   (n = 200)                   (n = 200)
               Characteristics                                      n/N (%)                     n/N (%)             P value
               Retention in care
                 At initial visit                                  200 (200)                    200 (100)            1.00
                 At 12 months after initial visit                  180 (90)                     186 (93)             0.28
                 At 24 months after initial visit                  156 (78)                     164 (82)             0.32
                 At 36 months after initial visit                  149 (75)                     140 (70)             0.32
                 At 48 months after initial visit                  142 (71)                     134 (67)             0.39
               CD4 count, cells/μl, median [IQR]
                 At 12 months after initial visit               205 [141–316]                224 [152–330]           0.39
                 At 24 months after initial visit               325 [263–390]                330 [224–448]           0.55
                 At 36 months after initial visit               375 [273–461]                373 [284–472]           0.68
                 At 48 months after initial visit               401 [285–502]                407 [286–520]           0.41
               Undetectable HIV RNA
                 At 12 months after initial visit                158/180 (88)                 166/186 (89)           0.66
                 At 24 months after initial visit                139/156 (89)                 139/164 (85)           0.25
                 At 36 months after initial visit                134/149 (90)                 119/140 (85)           0.20
                 At 48 months after initial visit                131/142 (92)                 118/134 (88)           0.24
               HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy; IQR = interquartile range.




lower mortality among HIV-infected adults and re-                         not a standard of care in this group. However, base-
duced risk of TB among children.17,18 Detection of                        line characteristics and TB incidence were comparable
LTBI infection, particularly in persons with ad-                          between the two groups and it is unlikely that TST
vanced HIV infection initiating medical care, has                         status in the non-IPT group was significantly differ-
well-recognised challenges for patients, providers and                    ent from the IPT group. Second, the small sample size
each health care delivery system.19,20 Given that the                     and case detection of PTB limited our ability to iden-
majority of persons initiating HIV care in this study                     tify differences in the incidence of PTB, particularly
had CD4 < 200 cells/μl, our findings may serve as a                       among patients with CD4 ⩾ 200 cells/μl. Third, the
model to promote uptake of TST-guided IPT in other                        study population was from two HIV clinics at ter-
resource-constrained settings.                                            tiary care sites, and the findings may not be general-
   In our study, the initial detection of LTBI was co-                    isable to other Thai and non-Thai clinical settings.
incident with the initiation of ART, and after the ini-                   Fourth, although we were able to demonstrate that
tial 6-month observation period, the annual incidence                     annual CXR alone detected two asymptomatic cases
of PTB was similar between the two groups. This                           of PTB (13%), with an estimated cost of US$7 per
finding may be explained by the less pronounced ad-                       test, the routine use of CXR may not be feasible in
ditive benefit of IPT to persons on ART over time                         other resource-constrained settings. Nonetheless, oth-
given the potential benefits of immune restoration.                       ers have reported that the combination of screening
Further analysis of incident PTB, stratified by receipt                   for symptoms of TB had 93% sensitivity for the de-
of TST-guided IPT and categorical CD4 groupings,                          tection of PTB in developing countries, with even
revealed that the magnitude of benefit for IPT might                      higher sensitivity when CXR was obtained.22 Our re-
be restricted to persons with CD4 < 200 cells/μl.                         sults are particularly relevant, as global and national
Hence, our data suggest that TST-guided IPT should                        Thai guidelines for LTBI screening in TB-HIV-endemic
be provided for HIV-infected patients after initial en-                   regions continue to evolve.9,10
try into medical care.                                                        In conclusion, the addition of initial TST-guided
   The interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) were                       IPT to routine CXR upon entry into HIV care was
recently approved for use in the diagnosis of LTBI.                       associated with reduced case detection of PTB only
However, a systemic review and meta-analysis sug-                         during the initial 6 months of HIV care among pa-
gests that the performance of IGRAs is similar to                         tients on ART. We suggest that IPT should be targeted
TST in the detection of LTBI among HIV-infected pa-                       at HIV-infected patients with LTBI while awaiting
tients.21 Given the cost and the unavailability of                        the TB protective effect from ART. Early ART to im-
IGRAs in most resource-constrained settings, TST re-                      prove immunological status and effective TB screen-
mains the preferred screening test to guide IPT for                       ing methods remain important for TB treatment and
HIV-infected populations in these settings.                               prevention in HIV-infected patients.
   There were notable limitations in this study. First,
the study design was not randomised, and TST reac-                        Acknowledgements
tivity, a major risk factor for active TB, remains un-                    The data from this study were presented as a late-breaker poster at
known in the non-IPT group, as case detection was                         the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
LTBI screening and therapy for HIV       341


2011, Boston, MA, USA, on 1 March 2011 (poster number 888).                  and adolescents: the recommendations of the Thai AIDS Soci-
This study was supported by the National Research University                 ety (TAS) 2008. J Med Assoc Thai 2008; 91: 1925–1935.
Project of the Thailand Office of Higher Education Commission           11   Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Sungkanuparph S,
(to AA and TK).                                                              Woeltje K F, Fraser V J. Tuberculin skin test and isoniazid
    Disclosure: LMM is a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline and                  prophylaxis among health care workers in high tuberculosis
on a Speakers Bureau with Robert Michael Educational Insti-                  prevalence areas. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15: 14–23.
tute, LLC.                                                              12   Pouchot J, Grasland A, Collet C, Coste J, Esdaile J M, Vince-
                                                                             neux P. Reliability of tuberculin skin test measurement. Ann
                                                                             Intern Med 1997; 126: 210–214.
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LTBI screening and therapy for HIV   i


                                                                                                                   RÉSUMÉ

C O N T E X T E : Dispensaires pour le virus de l’immuno-          ment différente entre les groupes IPT et non-IPT (0,80
déficience humaine (VIH) dans deux centres médicaux                vs. 1,76 cas/100 années-personne [py] ; P = 0,13). Toute-
de soins tertiaires en Thaïlande.                                  fois, l’incidence de la TB pulmonaire dans le groupe
O B J E C T I F S : Evaluer l’efficacité d’un traitement préven-   non-IPT a été significativement plus élevée au cours des
tif à l’isoniazide (IPT) orienté en fonction du tests cu-          6 premiers mois (8,60 vs. 0 cas/100 py ; P = 0,01), ainsi
tanés tuberculiniques (TST) et combiné avec un traite-             que chez les patients dont les décomptes initiaux de
ment antirétroviral (ART) dans la prévention de la                 CD4 étaient < 200 cellules/μl (9,41 vs. 0 cas/100 py ;
tuberculose (TB).                                                  P = 0,02). Les courbes de survie ont démontré un effet
S C H É M A : Etude comparative prospective pendant 4 ans          protecteur de l’IPT (χ2 = 3,66 ; P = 0,04) pour la TB
des patients dans deux dispensaires VIH ; l’une a réalisé          précoce.
le TST lors du recrutement et prescrit l’IPT en cas de             C O N C L U S I O N S : Les avantages de l’IPT accompagné de
positivité (Groupe IPT) et l’autre n’a pas exécuté le TST          l’ART n’ont été évidents que pour les 6 premiers mois
(Groupe non-IPT).                                                  de traitement. Ces observations suggèrent qu’un IPT
R É S U LTAT S : On a inclus 200 patients dans chaque              guidée par le TST pourrait être administré en routine
groupe. Les caractéristiques de départ et les taux de              chez les patients infectés par le VIH dès leur première
perte ont été similaires dans les deux groupes. L’incidence        admission dans le système des soins médicaux.
de la TB pulmonaire sur 4 ans n’a pas été significative-


                                                                                                                 RESUMEN

MARCO DE REFERENCIA:             Los consultorios de atención      La diferencia entre los grupos en la incidencia de TB
de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia hu-           pulmonar en los 4 años no fue estadísticamente signifi-
mana (VIH) en dos centros tailandeses de atención ter-             cativa (0,80 casos/100 años-persona [py] en el grupo
ciaria de salud.                                                   que recibió profilaxis, comparado con 1,76 casos/py en
O B J E T I V O S : Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento pre-       el grupo sin profilaxis; P = 0,13). Sin embargo, la inci-
ventivo con isoniazida (IPT) asociado al tratamiento               dencia de TB pulmonar fue significativamente más alta
antirretrovírico (ART), decidido en función del resul-             durante los primeros 6 meses en el grupo que no reci-
tado de la prueba cutánea de la tuberculina (TST) en la            bió tratamiento preventivo (8,60 casos/100 py, contra
prevención de la tuberculosis (TB).                                0 casos/100 py; P = 0,01) y en los pacientes con un
M É T O D O : Se llevó a cabo un estudio comparativo pro-          recuento inicial de CD4 < 200 células/μl (9,41 casos/
spectivo de 4 años de los pacientes de dos consultorios            100 py, contra 0 casos/100 py; P = 0,02). El análisis de
de atención de la infección por el VIH; en uno de los              la supervivencia puso en evidencia un efecto protector
centros se practicó la prueba TST en el momento de la              del IPT (χ2 = 3,66; P = 0,04) contra la TB temprana.
inscripción y en caso de resultado positivo se administró          C O N C L U S I Ó N : La ventaja que ofrece el IPT asociado
el IPT (grupo con profilaxis) y en el otro centro no se            con el ART fue manifiesta solo durante los primeros
practicó la prueba (grupo sin profilaxis).                         6 meses de manejo. Estos resultados indican que se debe
R E S U LTA D O S : Se incluyeron 200 pacientes en cada            practicar la prueba TST en forma sistemática a los paci-
grupo. Las características iniciales de los pacientes y las        entes infectados por el VIH, tan pronto como comienzan
tasas de abandono fueron equivalentes en ambos grupos.             su atención médica.

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  • 1. INT J TUBERC LUNG DIS 16(3):336–341 © 2012 The Union http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0402 Published online 5 January 2012 Isoniazid preventive therapy and 4-year incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-infected Thai patients T. Khawcharoenporn,* A. Apisarnthanarak,* W. Manosuthi,† S. Sungkanuparph,‡ L. M. Mundy§ * Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, † Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, ‡ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; § L M Mundy, LLC, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA SUMMARY SETTING: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clin- the IPT and non-IPT groups (0.80 cases vs. 1.76 per ics at two Thai tertiary care medical centres. 100 person-years [py], P = 0.13). However, the inci- O B J E C T I V E S : To evaluate the efficacy of tuberculin dence of pulmonary TB in the non-IPT group was sig- skin test (TST) guided isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) nificantly higher during the first 6 months (8.60 vs. in combination with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the 0 cases/100 py, P = 0.01) and among patients with ini- prevention of tuberculosis (TB). tial CD4 < 200 cells/μl (9.41 vs. 0 cases/100 py, P = D E S I G N : A 4-year prospective comparative study of pa- 0.02). The survival analyses demonstrated a protective tients at two HIV clinics: one performed TST at enrol- effect of IPT (χ2 = 3.66, P = 0.04) for early TB. ment and, if positive, prescribed IPT (IPT group), while C O N C L U S I O N S : Benefit of IPT plus ART was evident the other did not perform TST (non-IPT group). only in the first 6 months of care. These findings suggest R E S U LT S : There were 200 patients included in each that TST-guided IPT should be routinely provided for group. Baseline characteristics and drop-out rates were HIV-infected patients after initial entry into medical care. similar in both groups. The incidence of pulmonary K E Y W O R D S : latent tuberculosis; screening; antiretro- TB over 4 years was not significantly different between viral therapy THE HUMAN immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pan- to TB among co-infected patients,9 the efficacy of IPT demic has contributed to the marked resurgence of tu- in combination with ART has not been prospectively berculosis (TB) worldwide.1 TB prevention in patients evaluated in TB-HIV-endemic settings. We conducted with HIV infection using tuberculin skin test (TST) a comparative analysis of pulmonary TB (PTB) inci- guided isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) has been dence among patients on ART who did and did not recommended by the World Health Organization receive IPT after initiation of HIV care. (WHO).2,3 Evidence of support for this strategy came from studies that demonstrated an association be- METHODS tween reduced TB incidence and TST-guided IPT.4–8 However, uptake of TST and IPT has been low despite Study design and population efforts to scale up collaborative TB-HIV activities and A prospective study was conducted among ART- a recent WHO guideline for a simplified TB screening naïve HIV-infected patients aged ⩾15 years at the algorithm based on clinical symptoms for the initia- HIV clinics of Thammasat University Hospital (TUH) tion of IPT in resource-constrained settings.2,3,9 and Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute In Thailand, routine use of TST and IPT was not (BIDI) in central Thailand. Eligible patients who con- routinely recommended in the latest national guide- sented to participate in the study were enrolled from lines.10 Low uptake of TST and IPT has been attributed January to December 2004 and followed for to the low sensitivity of TST, inability to completely 4 years. Exclusion criteria were a history of TB or rule out active TB, high rates of regional isoniazid active TB at the initial visit. Each study site provided (INH) resistance, and unknown long-term efficacy of comprehensive HIV care that included initiation and IPT under programme conditions.9,11 Although provi- monitoring of ART. sion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended This study was approved by the Institutional Re- by the WHO to reduce morbidity and mortality due view Boards of TUH and BIDI. Correspondence to: Anucha Apisarnthanarak, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand 12120. Tel: (+66) 81 987 2030. Fax: (+66) 2 443 8533. e-mail: anapisarn@yahoo.com Article submitted 13 June 2011. Final version accepted 1 September 2011.
  • 2. LTBI screening and therapy for HIV 337 Study protocol and study definitions standardised pill counts.15 The primary study outcome At TUH (IPT group), TST was performed at enrol- was incidence of PTB; secondary outcomes were all- ment. Positive TST reactivity was defined as skin in- cause mortality, change in CD4 counts, and HIV vi- duration ⩾5 mm at 72 h. TST indurations were mea- rological responses. sured by the ball point pen method.12 Patients with reactive TST were offered INH 300 mg/day and Statistical analysis pyridoxine 50 mg/day for 9 months.13 Repeated TST Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 15 was performed in patients with acquired immune- (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc, Chi- deficiency syndrome (AIDS) who initially had non- cago, IL, USA). χ2 or Fisher’s exact test was used to reactive TST and subsequently had CD4 counts compare categorical data, as appropriate. Continuous >200 cells/μl on ART, and in those with reported TB variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney exposure. TB exposure was defined as self-reported U-test. PTB incidence was calculated and compared close contact with active TB cases. using generalised linear models based on Poisson dis- At BIDI (non-IPT group), neither TST screening tribution. Probability of disease-free status and effect nor IPT were offered. At each site, chest radiograph of TST and IPT were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier (CXR) was performed at enrolment and annually estimate of the survival curve. All P values were two- thereafter. Patients with abnormal CXR findings sug- tailed; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. gestive of PTB underwent sputum collection for acid- fast bacilli (AFB) smear and culture of expectorated, RESULTS induced or bronchoscopic specimens. PTB was de- fined as positive sputum for AFB with and without Study population Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture. Respectively 244 and 250 patients were initially Post-enrolment, participants at each site who devel- screened at TUH and BIDI (Figure 1): 44 (18%) and oped symptoms suggestive of PTB underwent CXR 50 (20%) patients were excluded at each site due to a and sputum collection for AFB and culture.14 ART diagnosis of active TB; all 94 excluded patients had was initiated in all patients with CD4 < 200 cells/μl CD4 < 100 cells/μl. The final study cohort included according to the national guidelines for both groups.10 200 patients from each HIV clinic, with no signifi- Adherence to ART was defined as at least 75% by cant differences in age, sex or HIV clinical variables, Figure 1 Flow chart of study population, recruitment and outcomes. TUH = Thammasat University Hospital; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy; BIDI = Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute; TB = tuberculosis; TST = tuberculin skin test.
  • 3. 338 The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease except that patients in the IPT group were more likely vs. 11 (5.5%) cases in the non-IPT group (Table 1). to have acquired HIV from a sex partner than those in The median CD4 count most proximal to detection the non-IPT group (Table 1). More than 75% of the of PTB was similar for the two groups (35 vs. patients in each group had initial CD4 < 200 cells/μl. 41 cells/μl, P = 0.75). One of the 5 PTB cases from ART was initiated in each group for all patients with the IPT group (20%) and 1/11 from the non-IPT CD4 < 200 cells/μl. During follow-up, 58 (29%) par- group (9%) were asymptomatic, yet had abnormal ticipants dropped out from the IPT group and 66 findings on annual CXR. (33%) dropped out from the non-IPT group. Reasons All TB isolates were pan-susceptible to first-line for dropping out are shown in Figure 1. anti-tuberculosis drugs. There were no reported sig- nificant adverse reactions to anti-tuberculosis drugs Incidence of tuberculosis or treatment interruption. Four-year incidence of PTB History of TB exposure was similar for the IPT (6%) was not statistically different for the IPT and non- and non-IPT (3%) groups; no subsequent TB expo- IPT groups (0.80 vs. 1.76 cases/100 person-years [py]). sure was reported. For the IPT group, 17 (9%) par- However, the incidence of PTB was significantly higher ticipants had a reactive TST (Figure 1), 14 (82%) of during the first 6 months in the non-IPT group than whom completed IPT. None of the 17 (100%) had in the IPT group (8.60 vs. 0 cases/100 py, respectively; subsequent TB case detection; 3 (18%) had a positive P = 0.01; actual number of cases 8 vs. 0), regardless follow-up TST after CD4 counts were >200 cells/μl. of initial CD4 count. Among patients with initial The median CD4 count was 157 cells/μl for these CD4 < 200 cells/μl, the incidence of PTB during the 17 IPT recipients and ART was initiated at the same first 6 months was significantly higher in the non-IPT time as IPT in all 17 patients. than in the IPT group (9.41 vs. 0 cases/100 py; P = There were 5 (2.5%) cases of PTB in the IPT group 0.02; actual number of cases 8 vs. 0). Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population stratified by receipt of TB preventive strategies IPT group Non-IPT group (n = 200) (n = 200) Characteristic n/N (%) n/N (%) P value Demographic Age, years, median [IQR] 35 [30–41] 35 [30–40] 0.72 Male sex 119 (60) 122 (61) 0.76 Reported mode of HIV acquisition* Sexual contact 194 (97) 182 (91) 0.01 Injection drug use 11 (6) 17 (8) 0.24 Others† 4 (2) 1 (1) 0.37 Baseline HIV data Duration of infection since diagnosis, years 0.47 >10 2 (1) 2 (1) 1–10 113 (57) 125 (62) <1 85 (42) 73 (37) CD4 count at initial visit, cells/μl, median [IQR] 97 [36–198] 91 [30–156] 0.16 HIV RNA at initial visit, log, copies/ml, median [IQR] 4.68 [4.08–5.09] 5.18 [4.83–5.58] 0.07 History of TB exposure 12 (6) 6 (3) 0.23 TB screening performed at initial visit Tuberculin skin test 200 (100) — Chest X-ray 200 (100) 200 (100) Incidence of TB during 48-month follow-up period, cases/100 py New LTBI 17 (2.71) NA — New active TB 5 (0.80) 11 (1.76) 0.13‡ TB treatment initiated during the 48-month period Active TB 1.00 Completed treatment 5/5 (100) 9/11 (82) Treatment not completed 0/5 (0) 2/11 (18) LTBI Receipt of chemoprophylaxis 17/17 (100) NA — Completed chemoprophylaxis 14/17 (82) Chemoprophylaxis not completed 3/17 (18) All-cause mortality during the 48-month period 6 (3) 5 (3) 0.76 * Patients may have more than one mode of HIV acquisition. † Includes tattooing and blood and blood product transfusion. ‡ Comparison based on Poisson distribution. TB = tuberculosis; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy; IQR = interquartile range; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; py = person-years; LTBI = latent TB infection; NA = not applicable.
  • 4. LTBI screening and therapy for HIV 339 No PTB occurred in patients with CD4 ⩾ 200 cells/ μl during the study period. After 6 months, the an- nual incidence of PTB in the IPT and non-IPT groups was not significantly different (respectively 0 vs. 0 case/ 100 py in the second 6 months of Year 1; 0.64 vs. 0.61 case/100 py in Year 2; 1.34 vs. 0 cases/100 py in Year 3; and 1.41 vs. 1.49 cases/100 py in Year 4). No extra-pulmonary TB cases were detected; all-cause mortality was similar (3%) for the two groups, with no cases of TB-related immune reconstitution inflam- matory syndrome. Effect of TST and IPT Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the probability of no PTB are shown in Figure 2. Using the log-rank test, there was no significant difference in incidence of PTB between the IPT and non-IPT groups across all initial CD4 categories. However, using the Bres- low test to detect the effects of short-term risks fo- cused at the beginning of observations, the IPT group had significantly lower incidence of PTB than the non-IPT group (χ2 = 3.66, P = 0.04). The same anal- ysis among patients with CD4 < 50 cells/μl also dem- onstrated the early protective effect of IPT and ART (χ2 = 3.24, P = 0.05). Retention in care and HIV-related outcomes Annual retention in care was similar for the IPT and non-IPT groups (Table 2). All patients with initial or subsequent CD4 < 200 cells/μl in each group received ART (95% were prescribed a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen and 5% were prescribed a protease-inhibitor-based regimen). Ad- herence to ART was 95% for the IPT group and 92% for the non-IPT group (P = 0.27) over the 4-year pe- riod. The median CD4 cell count in the IPT and non- IPT groups was similar at each year of follow-up, as was the proportion of participants on ART with un- detectable HIV RNA (Table 2). DISCUSSION The major finding from this study was that the group that received targeted TB treatment via initial TST- guided IPT upon entry into HIV care had a signifi- cantly lower incidence of PTB than the group with- out TST-guided IPT during the first 6 months of observation. This study is one of the short list of pro- spective studies to provide evidence in support of the WHO recommendations for TB preventive strategies along with ART among persons with HIV infection Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier disease-free survival analysis for pulmo- in developing countries.16–18 The study by Samandari nary tuberculosis between IPT and non-IPT groups, stratified by in- et al. demonstrated that 6-month and 36-month IPT itial CD4 count. A. Analysis for all patients, χ2 = 2.38, P = 0.12 were more effective than placebo in reducing TB inci- for log-rank test and χ2 = 3.66, P = 0.04 for Breslow test. B. Anal- dence in HIV-infected patients in Botswana and, fur- ysis for patients with initial CD4 count < 50 cells/μl, χ2 = 2.30, P = 0.13 for log-rank test and χ2 = 3.24, P = 0.05 for Breslow test. thermore, that the 36-month regimen was superior to C. Analysis for patients with initial CD4 count 50–199 cells/μl, χ2 = the 6-month regimen.16 In South Africa, routine use 0.15, P = 0.69 for log-rank test and χ2 = 0.42, P = 0.50 for Bres- of IPT in conjunction with ART was associated with low test. TB = tuberculosis; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy.
  • 5. 340 The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Table 2 Retention in care and HIV outcomes of the study population stratified by receipt of tuberculosis preventive strategies IPT group Non-IPT group (n = 200) (n = 200) Characteristics n/N (%) n/N (%) P value Retention in care At initial visit 200 (200) 200 (100) 1.00 At 12 months after initial visit 180 (90) 186 (93) 0.28 At 24 months after initial visit 156 (78) 164 (82) 0.32 At 36 months after initial visit 149 (75) 140 (70) 0.32 At 48 months after initial visit 142 (71) 134 (67) 0.39 CD4 count, cells/μl, median [IQR] At 12 months after initial visit 205 [141–316] 224 [152–330] 0.39 At 24 months after initial visit 325 [263–390] 330 [224–448] 0.55 At 36 months after initial visit 375 [273–461] 373 [284–472] 0.68 At 48 months after initial visit 401 [285–502] 407 [286–520] 0.41 Undetectable HIV RNA At 12 months after initial visit 158/180 (88) 166/186 (89) 0.66 At 24 months after initial visit 139/156 (89) 139/164 (85) 0.25 At 36 months after initial visit 134/149 (90) 119/140 (85) 0.20 At 48 months after initial visit 131/142 (92) 118/134 (88) 0.24 HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy; IQR = interquartile range. lower mortality among HIV-infected adults and re- not a standard of care in this group. However, base- duced risk of TB among children.17,18 Detection of line characteristics and TB incidence were comparable LTBI infection, particularly in persons with ad- between the two groups and it is unlikely that TST vanced HIV infection initiating medical care, has status in the non-IPT group was significantly differ- well-recognised challenges for patients, providers and ent from the IPT group. Second, the small sample size each health care delivery system.19,20 Given that the and case detection of PTB limited our ability to iden- majority of persons initiating HIV care in this study tify differences in the incidence of PTB, particularly had CD4 < 200 cells/μl, our findings may serve as a among patients with CD4 ⩾ 200 cells/μl. Third, the model to promote uptake of TST-guided IPT in other study population was from two HIV clinics at ter- resource-constrained settings. tiary care sites, and the findings may not be general- In our study, the initial detection of LTBI was co- isable to other Thai and non-Thai clinical settings. incident with the initiation of ART, and after the ini- Fourth, although we were able to demonstrate that tial 6-month observation period, the annual incidence annual CXR alone detected two asymptomatic cases of PTB was similar between the two groups. This of PTB (13%), with an estimated cost of US$7 per finding may be explained by the less pronounced ad- test, the routine use of CXR may not be feasible in ditive benefit of IPT to persons on ART over time other resource-constrained settings. Nonetheless, oth- given the potential benefits of immune restoration. ers have reported that the combination of screening Further analysis of incident PTB, stratified by receipt for symptoms of TB had 93% sensitivity for the de- of TST-guided IPT and categorical CD4 groupings, tection of PTB in developing countries, with even revealed that the magnitude of benefit for IPT might higher sensitivity when CXR was obtained.22 Our re- be restricted to persons with CD4 < 200 cells/μl. sults are particularly relevant, as global and national Hence, our data suggest that TST-guided IPT should Thai guidelines for LTBI screening in TB-HIV-endemic be provided for HIV-infected patients after initial en- regions continue to evolve.9,10 try into medical care. In conclusion, the addition of initial TST-guided The interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) were IPT to routine CXR upon entry into HIV care was recently approved for use in the diagnosis of LTBI. associated with reduced case detection of PTB only However, a systemic review and meta-analysis sug- during the initial 6 months of HIV care among pa- gests that the performance of IGRAs is similar to tients on ART. We suggest that IPT should be targeted TST in the detection of LTBI among HIV-infected pa- at HIV-infected patients with LTBI while awaiting tients.21 Given the cost and the unavailability of the TB protective effect from ART. Early ART to im- IGRAs in most resource-constrained settings, TST re- prove immunological status and effective TB screen- mains the preferred screening test to guide IPT for ing methods remain important for TB treatment and HIV-infected populations in these settings. prevention in HIV-infected patients. There were notable limitations in this study. First, the study design was not randomised, and TST reac- Acknowledgements tivity, a major risk factor for active TB, remains un- The data from this study were presented as a late-breaker poster at known in the non-IPT group, as case detection was the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
  • 6. LTBI screening and therapy for HIV 341 2011, Boston, MA, USA, on 1 March 2011 (poster number 888). and adolescents: the recommendations of the Thai AIDS Soci- This study was supported by the National Research University ety (TAS) 2008. J Med Assoc Thai 2008; 91: 1925–1935. Project of the Thailand Office of Higher Education Commission 11 Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Sungkanuparph S, (to AA and TK). Woeltje K F, Fraser V J. Tuberculin skin test and isoniazid Disclosure: LMM is a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline and prophylaxis among health care workers in high tuberculosis on a Speakers Bureau with Robert Michael Educational Insti- prevalence areas. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15: 14–23. tute, LLC. 12 Pouchot J, Grasland A, Collet C, Coste J, Esdaile J M, Vince- neux P. Reliability of tuberculin skin test measurement. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 210–214. References 13 Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy L M. Assess- 1 World Health Organization. WHO report 2010. Global tu- ment of risk for pulmonary tuberculosis after non-reactive tu- berculosis control. WHO/HTM/TB/2010.7. Geneva, Switzer- berculin skin testing among patients with HIV infection in a land: WHO, 2010. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/ resource-limited setting. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 843–847. 9789241564069_eng.pdf Accessed November 2011. 14 American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and 2 Aït-Khaled N, Alarcon E, Bissell K, et al. Isoniazid preventive Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Controlling therapy for people living with HIV: public health challenges and tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med implementation issues. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009; 13: 927– 2005; 172: 1169–1227. 935. 15 Kitkungvan D, Apisarnthanarak A, Laowansiri P, Mundy L M. 3 World Health Organization. Meeting report. TB and HIV: ac- Secure antiretroviral therapy delivery in a resource-limited set- celerating the implementation of collaborative TB-HIV ac- ting: streamlined to minimize drug resistance and expense. tivities in the WHO European Region. 16–17 July, 2010, Vi- HIV Med 2008; 9: 636–641. enna, Austria. WHO/HTM/TB/2010.9. Geneva, Switzerland: 16 Samandari T, Agizew T B, Nyirenda S, et al. 6-month versus WHO, 2010. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/WHO_HTM_ 36-month isoniazid preventive treatment for tuberculosis in TB_2010.9_eng.pdf Accessed November 2011. adults with HIV infection in Botswana: a randomised, double- 4 Golub J E, Saraceni V, Cavalcante S C, et al. The impact of blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 1588–1598. antiretroviral therapy and isoniazid preventive therapy on tu- 17 Charalambous S, Grant A D, Innes C, et al. Association of iso- berculosis incidence in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, niazid preventive therapy with lower early mortality in indi- Brazil. AIDS 2007; 21: 1441–1448. viduals on antiretroviral therapy in a workplace programme. 5 Whalen C C, Johnson J L, Okwera A, et al. A trial of three AIDS 2010; 24 (Suppl 5): S5–S13. regimens to prevent tuberculosis in Ugandan adults infected 18 Frigati L J, Kranzer K, Cotton M F, Schaaf H S, Lombard C J, with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1997; Zar H J. The impact of isoniazid preventive therapy and 337: 801–908. antiretroviral therapy on tuberculosis in children infected with 6 Mwinga A, Hosp M, Godfrey-Faussett P, et al. Twice weekly HIV in a high tuberculosis incidence setting. Thorax 2011; 66: tuberculosis preventive therapy in HIV infection in Zambia. 496–501. AIDS 1998; 12: 2447–2457. 19 Lester R, Hamilton R, Charalambous S, et al. Barriers to im- 7 Pape J W, Jean S S, Ho J L, et al. Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis plementation of isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV clinics: a on incidence of active tuberculosis and progression of HIV in- qualitative study. AIDS 2010; 24 (Suppl 5): S45–S48. fection. Lancet 1993; 342: 268–272. 20 Durovni B, Cavalcante S C, Saraceni V, et al. The implementa- 8 Elzi L, Schlegel M, Weber R, Hafner A, Johnson W D Jr. Re- tion of isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV clinics: the experi- ducing tuberculosis incidence by tuberculin skin testing, pre- ence from the TB/HIV in Rio (THRio) study. AIDS 2010; 24 ventive treatment, and antiretroviral therapy in an area of low (Suppl 5): S49–S56. tuberculosis transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 94–102. 21 Cattamanchi A, Smith R, Steingart K R, et al. Interferon- 9 World Health Organization. Guidelines for intensified tubercu- gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis losis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people infection in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and living with HIV in resource-constrained settings, 2011, Geneva meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 56: 230– Switzerland: WHO, 2011. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/ 238. 2011/9789241500708_eng.pdf Accessed November 2011. 22 Cain K P, McCarthy K D, Heilig C M, et al. An algorithm for 10 Sungkanuparph S, Anekthananon T, Hiransuthikul N, et al. tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in people with HIV. Guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected adults N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 707–716.
  • 7. LTBI screening and therapy for HIV i RÉSUMÉ C O N T E X T E : Dispensaires pour le virus de l’immuno- ment différente entre les groupes IPT et non-IPT (0,80 déficience humaine (VIH) dans deux centres médicaux vs. 1,76 cas/100 années-personne [py] ; P = 0,13). Toute- de soins tertiaires en Thaïlande. fois, l’incidence de la TB pulmonaire dans le groupe O B J E C T I F S : Evaluer l’efficacité d’un traitement préven- non-IPT a été significativement plus élevée au cours des tif à l’isoniazide (IPT) orienté en fonction du tests cu- 6 premiers mois (8,60 vs. 0 cas/100 py ; P = 0,01), ainsi tanés tuberculiniques (TST) et combiné avec un traite- que chez les patients dont les décomptes initiaux de ment antirétroviral (ART) dans la prévention de la CD4 étaient < 200 cellules/μl (9,41 vs. 0 cas/100 py ; tuberculose (TB). P = 0,02). Les courbes de survie ont démontré un effet S C H É M A : Etude comparative prospective pendant 4 ans protecteur de l’IPT (χ2 = 3,66 ; P = 0,04) pour la TB des patients dans deux dispensaires VIH ; l’une a réalisé précoce. le TST lors du recrutement et prescrit l’IPT en cas de C O N C L U S I O N S : Les avantages de l’IPT accompagné de positivité (Groupe IPT) et l’autre n’a pas exécuté le TST l’ART n’ont été évidents que pour les 6 premiers mois (Groupe non-IPT). de traitement. Ces observations suggèrent qu’un IPT R É S U LTAT S : On a inclus 200 patients dans chaque guidée par le TST pourrait être administré en routine groupe. Les caractéristiques de départ et les taux de chez les patients infectés par le VIH dès leur première perte ont été similaires dans les deux groupes. L’incidence admission dans le système des soins médicaux. de la TB pulmonaire sur 4 ans n’a pas été significative- RESUMEN MARCO DE REFERENCIA: Los consultorios de atención La diferencia entre los grupos en la incidencia de TB de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia hu- pulmonar en los 4 años no fue estadísticamente signifi- mana (VIH) en dos centros tailandeses de atención ter- cativa (0,80 casos/100 años-persona [py] en el grupo ciaria de salud. que recibió profilaxis, comparado con 1,76 casos/py en O B J E T I V O S : Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento pre- el grupo sin profilaxis; P = 0,13). Sin embargo, la inci- ventivo con isoniazida (IPT) asociado al tratamiento dencia de TB pulmonar fue significativamente más alta antirretrovírico (ART), decidido en función del resul- durante los primeros 6 meses en el grupo que no reci- tado de la prueba cutánea de la tuberculina (TST) en la bió tratamiento preventivo (8,60 casos/100 py, contra prevención de la tuberculosis (TB). 0 casos/100 py; P = 0,01) y en los pacientes con un M É T O D O : Se llevó a cabo un estudio comparativo pro- recuento inicial de CD4 < 200 células/μl (9,41 casos/ spectivo de 4 años de los pacientes de dos consultorios 100 py, contra 0 casos/100 py; P = 0,02). El análisis de de atención de la infección por el VIH; en uno de los la supervivencia puso en evidencia un efecto protector centros se practicó la prueba TST en el momento de la del IPT (χ2 = 3,66; P = 0,04) contra la TB temprana. inscripción y en caso de resultado positivo se administró C O N C L U S I Ó N : La ventaja que ofrece el IPT asociado el IPT (grupo con profilaxis) y en el otro centro no se con el ART fue manifiesta solo durante los primeros practicó la prueba (grupo sin profilaxis). 6 meses de manejo. Estos resultados indican que se debe R E S U LTA D O S : Se incluyeron 200 pacientes en cada practicar la prueba TST en forma sistemática a los paci- grupo. Las características iniciales de los pacientes y las entes infectados por el VIH, tan pronto como comienzan tasas de abandono fueron equivalentes en ambos grupos. su atención médica.