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Soil Composition & Ferterlizers,[object Object],Northridge Garden Guild,[object Object],June 29, 2010,[object Object],Materials are a condensed version of information provided by the USU extension service,[object Object]
Soil Composition,[object Object],Jerry L. Goodspeed,[object Object],Utah State University Extension,[object Object]
USDA NRCS,[object Object],Soil – what’s in it?,[object Object]
Why is soil important?,[object Object],Like humans, plants thrive in a healthy environment,[object Object],Good soil provides nutrients, oxygen and water to plants without stress,[object Object],Weak plants are more susceptible to disease and insects,[object Object]
Components of Soil (by volume),[object Object],(Transpiration,[object Object],and nutrient transport),[object Object],(Primary soil particles,[object Object],and nutrients for plants),[object Object],(Soil structure and,[object Object],nutrients for plants),[object Object],(Oxygen to roots),[object Object]
Different soil profiles,[object Object],What does your soil look like? ,[object Object]
Mg soil   ferterlizer
Mg soil   ferterlizer
Topsoil-subsoil Characteristics,[object Object],-high organic matter,[object Object],-low salts,[object Object],-high nutrients,[object Object],“Topsoil”,[object Object],-low organic matter,[object Object],-high clay and/,[object Object],    or lime,[object Object],-high salts,[object Object],-high pH,[object Object],“Subsoil”,[object Object]
Mg soil   ferterlizer
Individual Soil Properties,[object Object]
Soil Texture,[object Object],The Percentage of sand, silt and clay in the soil,[object Object]
The Effect of Particle Size,[object Object],Sand particles,[object Object],Clay particles,[object Object],Air flow,[object Object],Water flow,[object Object]
Determining Soil Texture,[object Object],By feel,[object Object],Soil test,[object Object],jar method,[object Object],Fill a 1-quart jar ¼ full of soil,[object Object],Fill the jar ¾ full of water,[object Object],Shake very well to suspend soil,[object Object],Place on a flat surface and allow soil to settle,[object Object]
Clay,[object Object],Silt,[object Object],Sand,[object Object]
Mg soil   ferterlizer
Texture Effects on Soil’s Physical Properties,[object Object],Textureavailable waterAerationDrainageCompaction,[object Object],Sand,[object Object],Loam,[object Object],Silt loam,[object Object],Clay loam,[object Object],Clay,[object Object]
Treating Soil Texture “Problems”,[object Object],Too much sand?,[object Object],You are lucky,[object Object],Adjust irrigation accordingly,[object Object],Select drought tolerant plants,[object Object],Too much clay?,[object Object],Good luck!,[object Object],Select plants tolerant of poor drainage, lack of oxygen,[object Object],Either case: induce soil structure,[object Object]
Introduction of Organic Matter,[object Object],The combination of sand, silt and clay  combined with organic matter creates secondary particles called aggregates,[object Object]
Compaction,[object Object],Destroys soil structure,[object Object],Seals off soil surface,[object Object],Water runs off instead of into soil – drought results,[object Object],Air can’t enter or escape soil -   ,[object Object],   suffocation,[object Object],Roots can’t penetrate the soil,[object Object],Stress – plants die,[object Object]
Soil Compaction,[object Object]
Preventing Compaction,[object Object],Grates, bricks, sidewalks in high-use areas,[object Object]
Treating compaction,[object Object],Eliminate the cause:,[object Object],Fence, hedge, signs,[object Object],Add organic matter to soil,[object Object],Aerate or till the soil,[object Object]
Aeration,[object Object],Hollow Tine Aerator,[object Object],“Instant air spaces” for water and oxygen ,[object Object],movement into the plant root zone,[object Object]
Soil Drainage,[object Object]
Poor Drainage Problem,[object Object],Prevent compaction?,[object Object],Add organic matter,[object Object],Install subsurface drainage system ,[object Object],Provide drainage ditches,[object Object],Develop raised beds,[object Object],Use precise water management,[object Object]
Excessive Drainage Problem,[object Object],Very sandy soil,[object Object],Consider sunken beds,[object Object],Add extra organic matter,[object Object],Precise water management,[object Object]
Amending Soil with Organic Matter,[object Object],Benefits:,[object Object],Improves drainage,[object Object],Improves water-holding capacity,[object Object],Reduces compaction,[object Object],Provides nutrients to plants,[object Object],Improves soil “tilth” ,[object Object],	 (ease of tillage, working with a soil),[object Object],Lowers soil pH,[object Object]
How much organic matter should I add?,[object Object],How much is already there?,[object Object],Native Utah soils ~ 0.25 to 2.0%,[object Object],Ideal soils 5-10%,[object Object],Are you satisfied with the current condition of your soil?,[object Object],Add some organic matter to maintain soil conditions,[object Object],Should I add sand to my clay soil?,[object Object]
Adding/Preserving Organic Matter,[object Object],Grow plants,[object Object],Mulch around perennials,[object Object],Add extra organic matter to gardens and other annual planting areas,[object Object]
Sources of Organic Matter,[object Object],Wood Residues,[object Object],Chips/sawdust/bark materials ,[object Object],Add 1  to 2 lbs of nitrogen per 100 lbs of material,[object Object],Grass clippings or green residues,[object Object],Can’t go wrong with these,[object Object],Allow to dry,[object Object],Composts and animal manure,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Summary ,[object Object],Understand what you have,[object Object],Figure out what you need,[object Object],Texture,[object Object],Compaction,[object Object],Drainage,[object Object]
Fertilizers,[object Object],Basic Master Gardener,[object Object], Training,[object Object],Jerry L. Goodspeed,[object Object],Utah State University,[object Object],Extension,[object Object]
16 Essential nutrients,[object Object],Macronutrients (large quantities):,[object Object],oxygennitrogen		phosphorus,[object Object],hydrogenpotassium		sulfur,[object Object],carbon		calcium		magnesium,[object Object],Micronutrients (small quantities):	,[object Object],zinciron,[object Object],		copper		manganese,[object Object],		chlorine		molybdenum,[object Object],		boron	,[object Object],        nitrogen       		  Phosphorus	            Potassium                   ,[object Object]
Sources of nutrients,[object Object],Inorganic/Synthetic fertilizers,[object Object],Organic Fertilizers,[object Object],Manures composts, and other organic materials,[object Object],Green manures (legumes and others),[object Object]
Fertilizer label ,[object Object],Three numbers always appear on the label,[object Object],	1.	% Nitrogen  (N),[object Object],	2.	% Phosphorus (P),[object Object],	3.	% Potassium (K) ,[object Object]
Just A few N-P-K labels out there,[object Object],34-0-0,[object Object],21-0-0,[object Object],29-3-4,[object Object],26-3-3,[object Object],28-4-4,[object Object],25-3-5,[object Object],20-2-4,[object Object],26-3-3,[object Object],25-3-5,[object Object],32-3-5,[object Object],24-6-12,[object Object],16-4-8,[object Object],16-16-16,[object Object],12-12-12,[object Object],22-4-11,[object Object],22-4-14,[object Object],20-27-5,[object Object],18-5-9,[object Object],5-10-10,[object Object],9-17-9,[object Object]
Selecting a fertilizer,[object Object],What nutrients are needed?,[object Object],Soil test,[object Object],What ratio of nutrients are needed?,[object Object],Nitrogen alone or a “complete” fertilizer?,[object Object],Established landscapes need nitrogen annually;  few landscapes need other nutrients,[object Object],Are extras needed?,[object Object],cost factor:  extras increase cost,[object Object]
Soil testing,[object Object]
Soil testing…,[object Object],…prior to planting:  ensures good success – especially in new landscapes,[object Object],…diagnose problems,[object Object],…every 2 to 3 years to monitor soil environment,[object Object]
Soil sampling,[object Object],Sample areas with different soils,[object Object],6-inch depth in turf,[object Object],12-inch depth around woody vegetation and in gardens,[object Object],Combine 4 to 6 sub-samples from the area for each sample submitted,[object Object]
Soil Test Report,[object Object]
Methods of application,[object Object],Broadcast – evenly distributed on surface,[object Object],Banding – applied in a narrow band on surface or in furrow opened adjacent to plant row,[object Object],Foliar – applied in liquid form,[object Object]
Spreaders,[object Object]
Organic nutrient sources,[object Object],Much lower concentration of nutrients,[object Object],Example: 2-2-2 for composts,[object Object],Good sources of organic matter,[object Object],May need to supplement with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer,[object Object]
Green manures,[object Object],Plants grown for the sole purpose of “storing” nutrients or producing nutrients (nitrogen) and organic matter for later use in the garden,[object Object],Examples:,[object Object],Legumes (peas, beans, vetch, alfalfa),[object Object],Small grains (rye, oats, barley, wheat),[object Object]
Other considerations,[object Object],Combine inorganic and organic nutrients ,[object Object],Practice crop rotation in garden,[object Object],Return as much organic matter as possible to annual planting areas,[object Object]
Soil pH and Iron Chlorosis,[object Object]
Soil pH,[object Object],Soil pH: the degree of acidity or alkalinity of soil,[object Object],The pH scale:,[object Object],		  2	  4	   6	    8	     10		12,[object Object],Neutral,[object Object],  (7.0),[object Object],acidic,[object Object],alkaline,[object Object]
Causes of iron chlorosis,[object Object],High lime soils ,[object Object],Buffer pH in 7.8-8.0+ range,[object Object],Planting acid-loving plants in Utah,[object Object],“Aggravating factors”,[object Object],Cold soils,[object Object],Over-irrigation,[object Object],Soil compaction,[object Object],Over-fertilization,[object Object],Other stresses,[object Object]
Major pH problem:iron chlorosis,[object Object]
Solutions to iron chlorosis problem,[object Object],Select iron efficient plants,[object Object],Treat with iron,[object Object],Change soil pH?,[object Object]
pH tolerant = iron efficient plants,[object Object]
Soil salinity,[object Object]
Soil salinity = soluble salts in soil,[object Object],Salts inhibit plant growth,[object Object],Salts cause “chemical drought” ,[object Object],Visual diagnosis: salt crusting/salt burn,[object Object],Soil test diagnosis:,[object Object],Electrical conductivity (EC) ,[object Object],EC > 2 deciSiemens/meter is a saline soil for horticulture uses,[object Object]
Examples,[object Object]
Sources of salts,[object Object],Residual salts in new development areas,[object Object],Irrigation water,[object Object],natural sources,[object Object],water softeners,[object Object],Deicing salts (road throw and sidewalks),[object Object],Over-application of fertilizers and/or manures and composts,[object Object]
Solutions to salt problems,[object Object],Control the source:,[object Object],water, fertilizer, manure runoff, other?,[object Object],Clean up the problem:,[object Object],Remove salts by leaching with water,[object Object]
Mg soil   ferterlizer

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Mg soil ferterlizer

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