2. By: Noman Iqbal
BBA 2nd
DIHE Sukkur
Monday, June 11, 2012

3.  Learning is often defined as a relatively change in
behavior that is the result of experience.
 It is the acquisition of skill or knowledge.

4.  Classical conditioning
 Discovered by the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov
during his experiment on dog.
 learning in which one stimulus becomes a signal for the
presentation of another stimulus.

5.  Classical conditioning
 During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone) and the
US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After
conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned
Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned
Response, CR)

6.  Classical conditioning
 Pavlov observed that the dogs began to salivate before
they were even given any food.
 Pavlov discovered that the dogs salivated in response
to hearing a sound from the mechanism that delivered
the food.
 Pavlov realized that the dogs "learned" that every time
they heard that sound, they were about to be fed.

7.  Classical conditioning
 Extinction
 Conditioned responses are not permanent.
 Pavlov discovered that after several times of ringing the
bell without giving dogs food that the dogs would re-
learn that the bell was no longer associated with being
fed.
 This process is called extinction.

8.  Operant Conditioning
 It can be defined as a type of learning in which
voluntary behavior is strengthened if it is reinforced and
weakened if it is punished (or not reinforced).
 If we look at Pavlov's example, the sound occurred
(controlling stimulus), the dog salivated, and then the
meat powder was delivered.
 With Operant conditioning, the sound would occur, then
the dog would have to perform some behavior in order
to get the meat powder as a reinforcement.

9.  Operant Conditioning
 Operant Conditioning includes pairing through
reinforcement and punishment.
 Reinforcement is something that increases the
likelihood that a behavior will continue.
 Punishment is something that decreases the likelihood
that a behavior will continue.