1. Support & Locomotion
in Humans & Animals

2. The necessity for support &
locomotion in Humans & Animals
• Locomotion - ability of a whole organism to move from one
place to another in its environment.
• Movement – a change in the position of any part of an
organism’s body but it does not necessarily involve
locomotion.
• Humans & animals must move to get their needs as follow:
a) looking for food
b) getting protection from enemy & natural disaster
c) looking for opposite sex for mating purposes
• Problems faced:
a) gravitational pull / weight
b) resistance force / friction force
c) instability in different media (air, land, water)

3. The necessity for support &
locomotion in Humans & Animals
• Skeleton functions are to:
a) provide shape for body of organism
b) supporting the soft body tissues
c) making movements easier by having joints, muscle,
tendon, ligament
d) protect internal organs from injury,
e.g.: Vertebral column – protect spinal cord
e) stores certain minerals (calcium & phosphorous)
f) produces blood cells
• Multicellular animals, 3 types of skeletons:
a) hydrostatic skeleton
b) exoskeletons
c) endoskeletons

4. Hydrostatic
Skeleton
Consist of
internal fluids
within the
confined space
of the body
Example:
earthworm, sea
anemones
External
Exoskeleton
Internal
Endoskeleton
Cuticle of an insect
covers the space
of its body. It is
covered with wax
to prevent loss. To
increase in size,
arthropods have to
shed their
skeletons through
ecdysis
Made of bones
& cartilage to
which muscles
are attached.
Vertebrates
depend on
bones for
locomotion.

5. The Axial Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton

6. The Axial Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton

7. The Axial Skeleton
• The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head
and trunk of the human body.
• It is composed of three parts:
The skull (22)
• Cranial Bones (8): [Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Frontal
(1), Occipital (1), Sphenoid(2)]
• Facial Bones (14): [Maxilla (2), Zygomatic (2),
Mandible (1), Nasal (2), Palatine (2), Inferior nasal
concha (2), Lacrimal (2), Vomer (1) ]

8. The Axial Skeleton

9. The Axial Skeleton

10. The Axial Skeleton
The chest (25)
• Sternum (1)
• Ribs (24)
•
•
•
•
•
The vertebral column (33)
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacral vertebrae @ sacrum (5)
Caudal vertebrae @ coccyx (4)

11. Thoracic Cage
Sternum

12. Vertebral Column
7
12
5
5 (FUSED)
4 (FUSED)

13. Vertebrae
Typical Vertebra has a CENTRUM, an
opening called VERTEBRAL FORAMEN, and
projection called PROCESS

14. Cervical Vertebrae

15. Cervical Vertebrae
•
•
•
•
•
•
ATLAS
A pair of vertebrarterial canal is to allow
the vertebral artery to pass through the
brain.
Have NO centrum.
To support cranium and produce “nodded
(yes)” movement.
AXIS
A pair of verterbrarterial canal.
Have ODONTOID process to get in the
odontoid location in the neural canal of
the atlas vertebra.
Produce “NO” movement.

16. Cervical Vertebrae

17. Cervical Vertebrae
• A pair of vertebrarterial canal.
• Short transverse process.
• Presence of centrum.

18. Thoracic Vertebrae
• Have LONG spinous process which is directed downwards.
• Transverse process and centrum serve as point of
attachment for rib.

19. Lumbar Vertebrae
• The largest and strongest vertebrae in the vertebral column.
• Their processes are short and thick.
• Large centrums which bear the weight of the lower back.

20. Sacrum and Coccyx
• The sacrum is a triangular bone structure formed through the
fusion of 5 bones.
• The coccyx is also a triangle bone structure formed through
the fusion of 4 bones.

21. Lumbar Vertebrae

22. The Appendicular Skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton consisting of 126 bones.
• Appendicular referring to an appendage or anything attached
to a major part of the body, such as the upper and lower
extremities.
• It is composed of :
1) The pectoral girdle
• Clavicle @ collar bone
• Scapula @ shoulder blade
2) The pelvic girdle
- Ilium
-Pubic
-Ischium

23. The Pectoral Girdle

24. The Pelvic Girdle

25. The Pelvic Girdle

26. The Appendicular Skeleton
3) The upper limb
• Humerus (1)
• Radius (1)
• Ulna (1)
• Carpals (8)
• Metacarpals (5)
• Phalanges (14)
4) The lower limb
• Femur (1)
• Tibia (1)
• Fibula (1)
• Patella (1)
• Tarsus (7)
• Metatarsus (5)
• Phalanges (14)

27. The Appendicular Skeleton