1) The document discusses gas turbine engines, which are used to power commercial jets, helicopters, tanks, and power plants. They work by compressing air, mixing it with fuel, igniting it to create hot gases, and using those expanding gases to power turbines and produce thrust or rotation. 2) Engineering advancements in the early 1900s led to the development of gas turbines. They revolutionized airplane propulsion in the 1940s and have since been used for power generation and ships. 3) While powerful and compact, gas turbines are also expensive to design and manufacture due to their high operating temperatures and speeds. They consume more fuel when idling and prefer constant loads.

2.  When you go to an airport and see the
commercial jets there, you can't help but notice the huge
engines that power them. Most commercial jets are
powered by turbofan engines, and turbofans are one
example of a general class of engines called gas turbine
engines.
 They are used in all kinds of unexpected places.
For example, many of the Helicopters you see, a lot
of Smaller Power Plants and even the M-1 Tank use
gas turbines.

3. Engineering advancements pioneered the
development of gas turbines in the early 1900s,
and turbines began to be used for stationary
electric power generation in the late 1930s.
Turbines revolutionized airplane
propulsion in the 1940s, and in the 1990s
through today have been a popular
choice for new power generation plants.

4. The early jet engines were designed solely for aircraft
propulsion.
However, development was rapid and the range
of applications has widened to include
ships, hovercraft, power stations and industrial
installations, all of which benefit form the jet engine's
inherent qualities of high power, small size and low weight.

5.  The jet engine or, more correctly, the gas turbine is an
internal combustion engine which produces power by
the controlled burning of fuel. In both the gas turbine
and the motor car engine, air is compressed, fuel is
added and the mixture is ignited. The resulted hot gas
expands rapidly and is used to produce the power.
Sir Isaac
17TH century
NEWTON

6. Balloon
Action and
Reaction

7. Compressor
Shaft
Jet Combusion
Chamber
Engine
Turbine

9. Consists No. of stationary alternating
rotating n stationary blades. This setup
reduces VELOCITY n increases the
PRESSURE.
The pressure gradually builds up as the air
passes thru the compressor stages untill it
reaches the combusion system.
In Practical, more than one compressors
are used to achieve a high overall pressure.

11. This is an annular tube(or ring of tubes) made from heat
resistant steel, in which fuel n air are mixed and ignited.
It is designed to achieve the most efficient combusion of
mixture so that maximum energy is extracted from the fuel.
The air from compressors with pressure of 3MPa, passes
into the combusion chamber where it is mixed with the
vapourized flue sprayed from the Burners. Once Ignition
takes place, the igniters are isolated and combustion is
continuous.

12. It consists 1 or more stages of alternating stationary nozzles and
rotating blades.
The blades are attached on discs n the discs to the shaft.
The nozzles are provided to increase the velocity of the rotating
blades. Gradually the pressure goes on decreasing.
The gases, after passing through turbines, are
released into the atmosphere.

15. Applications
1) In Spaceships

16. 2) Ships
3) Aircrafts

17. 4) Oil Refineries

18. Sports cars

19. 4. Railway engines :
The gas turbines have also
entered in the field of railway engines. The General
Electricity Company have successfully built a
number of 4870 HP engines running on the gas
turbo electric principle.

20. 5. Electric power generation :
Gas turbine power plant is now
becoming popular. As compared to steam power
station, the gas turbine power station requires much less
water. Therefore, it is used at location where water is less
available.

21. Jet Engine

22. i. Simple construction as compared to multi-cylinder
piston engines of comparable power.
ii. It occupies less space and is lighter in weight, than a
reciprocating engine.
iii. Much higher speeds can be achieved.
iv. No engine vibrations.
v. It gives uninterrupted and smooth power supply.
vi. The fuel can be burnt over a large mixture strength.
vii. Less major over-haults are required frequently.
viii. Superior weight to power ratio.

23. Gas turbine engines have a great power-to-
weight ratio compared to reciprocating engines.
That is, the amount of power you get out of the
engine compared to the weight of the engine itself
is very good.
Gas turbine engines are smaller than their
reciprocating counterparts of the same power.

24. a) Low thrust at take off.
b) Quite expensive materials are required for
construction.
c) Comparatively shorter life of the unit.
d) Requires longer strip for take off.
e) Huge fuel consumption.
f) Gives more noise than a reciprocating engine.

25. The main disadvantage of gas turbines is that, compared
to a reciprocating engine of the same size, they are
expensive.
Because they spin at such high speeds and because of the
high operating temperatures, designing and
manufacturing gas turbines is a tough problem from both
the engineering and materials standpoint.
Gas turbines also tend to use more fuel when they are
idling, and they prefer a constant rather than a fluctuating
load.
That makes gas turbines great for things like
transcontinental jet aircraft and power plants, but explains
why you don't have one under the hood of your car.