all of em in one

1. MADE BY – VEER SINGH

2.  The wildlife of India is a mix of species of number of different types
of organism. The region's rich and diverse wildlife is preserved in 89
national parks, 13 Bio reserves and 400+ wildlife sanctuaries across the
country. Since India is home to a number of rare and threatened animal
species, wildlife management in the country is essential to preserve
these species. According to one study, India along with 17 mega diverse
countries is home to about 60-70% of the world's biodiversity.
 India, lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, is home to about 7.6% of
all mammalian, 12.6% of avian, 6.2% of reptilian, and 6.0% of
flowering plant species. Many ecoregions, such as the shola
forests, also exhibit extremely high rates of endemism; overall, 33% of
Indian plant species are endemic. India's forest cover ranges from the
tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and
Northeast India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between
these extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern
India; teak-dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern
India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and
western Gangetic plain. Important Indian trees include the medicinal
neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. The pipal fig
tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded the Gautama
Buddha as he sought enlightenment.

3.  Many Indian species are descendants of taxa originating in Gondwana, to
which India originally belonged. Peninsular India's subsequent movement
towards, and collision with, the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of
species. However, volcanism and climatic change 20 million years ago caused
the extinction of many endemic Indian forms. Soon thereafter, mammals
entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes on either side of
the emerging Himalaya. As a result, among Indian species, only 12.6% of
mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles
and 55.8% of amphibians. Notable endemics are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and
the brown and carmine Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains
172, or 2.9%, of IUCN-designated threatened species. These include the Asiatic
lion, the Bengal tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which suffered a
near-extinction from ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-treated cattle.
 In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to India's wildlife;
in response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established
in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife
Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat; further federal
protections were promulgated in the 1980s. Along with over 500 wildlife
sanctuaries, India now hosts 15 biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the
World Network of Biosphere Reserves; 25 wetlands are registered under the
Ramsar Convention.
 The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound impact on the region's
popular culture. The common name for wilderness in India is Jungle, which
was adopted into the English language. The word has been also made famous
in The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. India's wildlife has been the subject of
numerous other tales and fables such as the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales.


4.  Tropical evergreen forests are usually found in areas receiving more
than 200 cm of rainfall and having a temperature of 15 °C to 30 °C. They
occupy about seven per cent of the Earth's land surface and harbour
more than half of the world’s plants and animals. Found mostly near
the equator, these tropical forests are dense, multi-layered and harbour
many types of plants and animals. The trees are evergreen as there is no
period of drought or frost. They are mostly tall hardwood trees with
broad leaves that release excess water through transpiration.
 In India, evergreen forests are found on the western slopes of the
Western Ghats in States such as Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka.
And also found in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Tripura, West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are also
found in the hills of Jaintia and Khasi. Some of the trees found in
Indian Tropical Forests are rosewood, mahogany and ebony. Bamboo
and reeds are also common.

6.  Temperate evergreen forests are found mainly in regions like Montane
North America, Asian-Russia, Canada and Northern Scandinavia, and
Broadleaf evergreen forests are found in countries around the
Mediterranean Sea like Lebanon and Morocco and eastern North
America. Evergreen forests around the world are under threat of
logging, mining, oil and gas developments, pollution, hydroelectric
projects and other human developments planned in these areas.
 The temperate evergreen forests are located in the mid-latitudinal
coastal region. They are commonly found along the eastern margin of
the continents, e.g., in southeastern United States, southern China and
in southeastern Brazil. They comprise with both broad leaf and
coniferous trees, such as oak, pine and eucalyptus.
 Temperate evergreen forest encompasses the wet temperate and
subtropical conifer forests of the northwestern North America, as well
as subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests (e.g., in China) and the
nothofagus and eucalyptus forests of the Southern Hemisphere.
Temperate evergreen forests are characterized by their hardy trees.
Trees need to withstand sandy, rocky, and basically poor quality soil,
occasional fires, droughts and cold weather. These forests are generally
dominated by pines, but also support fir, hemlock, oak, and giant

8.  A temperate deciduous forest, more precisely
termed temperate broadleaf forest or temperate
broadleaved forest, is a biome found in North
America, southern South America, Europe, and Asia.
A temperate deciduous forest consists of trees that lose
their leaves every year. Examples include
oak, maple, beech, and elm.

10.  Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
biome, defined by the World Wildlife Fund, characterized
by dry summers and rainy winters. Summers are typically
hot in low-lying inland locations but can be cool near some
seas, as near San Francisco, which have a sea of cool waters.
Winters are typically mild to cool in low-lying locations but
can be cold in inland and higher locations.
 The Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome
can be found around the world. More specifically, it occurs
in the world's five Mediterranean climate zones, on the
west coast of continents in the mid-latitudes:
 the Mediterranean Basin
 the Chilean Matorral
 the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion of
California and the Baja California Peninsula
 the Cape Province-Western Cape of South Africa
 the Southwest Australia corner area

12.  Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial biome found
in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and
cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest. In
most temperate coniferous forests, evergreen conifers
predominate, while some are a mix of conifers and
broadleaf evergreen trees and/or broadleaf deciduous
trees. Temperate evergreen forests are common in the
coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy
rainfall, or inland in drier climates or mountain areas.
Many species of trees inhabit these forests including cedar,
cypress, douglas-fir, fir, juniper, kauri, pine, podocarpus,
spruce, redwood and yew. The understory also contains a
wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species.

14.  Large expanses of land in the tropics do not receive enough rainfall to
support extensive tree cover. The Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands,
Savannas, and Shrublands are characterized by rainfall levels between
90-150 centimetres per year.
 However, there may be great variability in soil moisture throughout the
year. Grasses dominate the species composition of these ecoregions,
although scattered trees may be common. Large mammals that have
evolved to take advantage of the ample forage typify the biodiversity
associated with these habitats.
 These large mammal faunas are richest in African savannas and
grasslands. The most intact assemblages currently occur in East African
Acacia savannas and Zambezian savannas comprised of mosaics of
miombo, mopane, and other habitats1). Large-scale migration of
tropical savanna herbivores, such as wildebeest (Connochaetes
taurinus) and zebra (Equus zebra), are continuing to decline through
habitat alteration and hunting

16.  The plants of the Desert habitat area have adapted to its dry, hot
extremes by using both physical and behavioral mechanisms.
Plants that have adapted by altering their physical structure are
called xerophytes. Xerophytes, such as cacti, usually have special
ways of storing and conserving water. They often have few or no
leaves, which reduces water loss. Phraetophytes are plants that
have adapted to living in the desert by growing very long
roots, allowing them to get their moisture deep within the
earth, at or near the water table. Perennials (plants which live for
years) and annuals (plants which live one season) also have
behavioral adaptations. The perennials survive by remaining
dormant during the dry periods and come to life when water is
available. Annuals germinate after heavy rain and complete their
reproductive cycle quickly. They bloom for a few weeks in spring.
Their seeds remain dormant in the soil until the next year’s rain.

18.  In physical geography, tundra is a biome where the
tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short
growing seasons. The term tundra comes through
Russian тундра from the Kildin Sami word tūndâr
"uplands," "treeless mountain tract." There are three
types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra,[2] and
Antarctic tundra. In tundra, the vegetation is
composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges and
grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in
some tundra. The ecotone (or ecological boundary
region) between the tundra and the forest is known as
the tree line or timberline

21.  Arctic tundra occurs in the far Northern Hemisphere,
north of the taiga belt. The word "tundra" usually
refers only to the areas where the subsoil is permafrost,
or permanently frozen soil. (It may also refer to the
treeless plain in general, so that northern Sápmi would
be included.) Permafrost tundra includes vast areas of
northern Russia and Canada. The polar tundra is home
to several peoples who are mostly nomadic reindeer
herders, such as the Nganasan and Nenets in the
permafrost area .

23.  Antarctic tundra occurs on Antarctica and on several
Antarctic and subantarctic islands, including South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the Kerguelen
Islands. Most of Antarctica is too cold and dry to support
vegetation, and most of the continent is covered by ice
fields. However, some portions of the continent,
particularly the Antarctic Peninsula, have areas of rocky
soil that support plant life. The flora presently consists of
around 300–400 lichens, 100 mosses, 25 liverworts, and
around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algae species, which live
on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of
the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the
Antarctic hair grass (Deschampsia antarctica) and
Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis), are found on
the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula

25.  Alpine tundra does not contain trees because it is at high
altitude. Alpine tundra is distinguished from arctic tundra
in that alpine tundra typically does not have permafrost,
and alpine soils are generally better drained than arctic
soils. Alpine tundra transitions to subalpine forests below
the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra
ecotone are known as Krummholz.
 Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of
the alpine tundra is characterized by dwarf shrubs close to
the ground. The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused
by the low air pressure, and is similar to polar climate.

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