This document provides guidelines for citing references in academic works using either the Numeric or Harvard referencing systems. It discusses how to cite references within the text and provide full bibliographic citations at the end for various materials including books, articles, websites and other publications. Specific formatting rules are given for listing author names, publication details, pagination and other elements depending on the type of material referenced. The document aims to help writers properly attribute sources and allow readers to identify cited materials.

1. August 2002
Cite 'em Right
How to give good bibliographic
references

2. August 2002
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3. 1
CONTENTS
Introduction 2
Section A: Numeric system - Citing references within the text 3
Section B: Numeric system – Full bibliographic citations 3
1 Books 4
2 Parts of books 4
3 Unpublished documents 5
4 Periodicals and articles in periodicals 5
5 Conferences 7
6 Theses 8
7 Reports 8
8 Government publications 8
9 Standards 9
10 Patents 9
11 Film, videos, broadcasts 9
12 Electronic publications 10
Notes on listing full bibliographic references – Numeric system 14
Section A: Harvard System – Citing references within the text 15
Section B: Harvard System – Full bibliographic citations 16
Notes on listing full bibliographic references – Harvard system 17
Further reading 18

4. 2
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Whether you are writing a thesis, journal article, report or book, it is essential that you provide
detailed and precise information on all the sources you have used during the compilation of
your work, so that a reader can easily identify the book or article to which you are referring.
To do this you will need to list the sources as bibliographic references (i.e. citations) at the end
of your work. You will also need to refer in your text to the citations at the end of your work.
The following guide gives details on how to do both.
The 'Numeric system' is the main style described in this guide for setting out bibliographic
references at the end of the work and for referring to them from within the text.
The 'Harvard system' is the other most widely used method and is described in the second
half of this guide.
Other methods exist which give the citation style for particular subject areas e.g. Vancouver
style for medicine, IEEE for engineering. Links to web pages describing these styles can be
found on the LSS homepage; click on 'Library Services', 'Reference' then 'Bibliographic
References'.
Section A of this guide gives details on how to link references in your text to the full
bibliographic citations at the end of your work, (Numeric system below, Harvard p.15).
Section B of this guide gives details on the correct layout of the full bibliographic citations at
the end of your work, (Numeric system below, Harvard p.16).
The guide is based on the following Standards: BS 1629:1989; BS 5605:1990; International
Standard BS ISO 690-2:1997 and for unpublished documents BS 6371:1983. Many of the
examples used are from these standards.
ENDNOTE:
Endnote is a software package which allows creation or downloading of references and can
format the list of references in any of the major referencing styles, including the Numeric and
Harvard styles described in this guide. For details of the Endnote software, please see the LSS
homepage on the Bradford University Website, under Library Services 'Quick links'.
Please check the Cite ‘Em Right Web page at http://www.brad.ac.uk/library/elecinfo/cite.php
for any more recent updates on citing references.

5. 3
A Citing References in the Text
Numeric system:
The first reference you 'cite' in the text is numbered 1. The corresponding full
bibliographic reference is numbered 1 in the list at the end of the work. The second
reference is numbered 2 in both the text and the list at the end and so on.
Numbers in the text can be given in the following ways:
a in round brackets; e.g. In a recent study, Smith (5) argued that ...
b in square brackets; e.g. In a recent study, Smith [5] argued that ....
c as a superscript numeral; e.g. In a recent study, Smith5
argued that ....
Whichever method is chosen it is imperative that the same method is applied consistently.
The above numbering methods can also be used without the author’s name
e.g. In a recent study (5) it was argued that…
In a recent study [5] it was argued that…
In a recent study5
it was argued that…
B Full Bibliographic Citations
Bibliographical references given at the end of the text must be sufficient to identify the
publications fully.
The following sections cover references to different types of publication.
Elements of each reference should be separated by punctuation. The citation order given
in each section includes suggested punctuation. Whatever punctuation is used, it should
be used consistently.
If a document has two or three authors (or originators) of equal status, all their names
should be given. If more than three, the name of the first should always be given, but
the names of the others may be omitted and replaced by " et al." or "and others".
Examples:
Double, John A. and Thompson, Michael A.
Fitting, Hans, et al.

6. 4
Numeric system:
1 Books
i Titles should appear in italics. If you cannot use italics, underline the title
to show that in print it would appear in italics.
ii Give place of publication in the language of the text followed by the
name of the state, province or country in round brackets, where
necessary,
EXAMPLES Paris
Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
Hampton (Middlesex U.K.)
iii Give details of volume no edition, etc., in the language of the book
Citation order:
Author(s) or Compiler(s) or Editor(s) (noted as 'ed.') (surname followed by
initials). Full title of the work (in italics or underlined). Edition number.
Translator, etc. Place of publication, Publisher, year of publication. Number of
volumes if more than one. Title of series and volume number in such series.
Examples:
Frey, R. G. Interests and rights: the case against animals. Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 1980. (Clarendon library of logic and philosophy).
Davis, C. V., ed. Handbook of applied hydraulics. 3rd ed. New York,
McGraw-Hill, 1969.
2 Parts of Books
(e.g. chapters, sections, passages, contributions to a collection)
Citation order:
Author(s) of contribution (surname followed by initials).
Title of contribution.
In:
Author(s)/editor(s) of whole book. Title of book (in italics or underlined).
Edition of book. Volume number. Place of publication, Publisher, year of
publication. Pagination or chapter/section number.
Example:
Sata, T. New identification methods for manufacturing processes.
In: Peklenik, J. Advances in manufacturing systems research and development.
Oxford, Pergamon, 1971, pp. 11 - 22.

7. 5
3 Unpublished Documents
a If the format of an unpublished document resembles that of a book or pamphlet
and has a clear statement of author and title, the document should be treated as
in sections 1 and 2 above for books or parts of books.
In addition, the name of a library or repository known to hold a copy should be
given as the location element.
Example:
Markham, C.R., Report on the Geographical Department of the India Office,
1867-1877. 1877: London, India Office Library.
b If the document does not resemble a book or pamphlet e.g. letters, unpublished
manuscripts, inscriptions etc., the elements in the reference will vary according
to the nature of the document.
Please refer to British Standard BS 6371:1983, which gives detailed descriptions
and examples for citation of unpublished documents,
4 Periodicals and Articles in Periodicals
a Periodicals (i.e. journals, serials)
General points
i Periodical titles should appear in italics. If you cannot use italics,
underline the title to show that in print it would appear in italics.
ii Periodicals produced by a society or institution and which includes its
name in their titles may be cited with the name of the issuing
organisation first if appropriate. Thus the reference can be given as:
Institute of Measurement and Control. Transactions. 0142-3312. 1979-
or as:
Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control. 0142-3312.
1979-
Whichever method is chosen it is imperative that the same method is
applied consistently
Citation order:
Title of periodical (in italics or underlined). ISSN (International Standard
Serial Number). Year of first publication-

8. 6
Example:
Natura (Amsterdam). 0028-0631, 1906-
b Contributions to periodicals (i.e. Journal articles, contributions to serials)
General points
i Periodical titles should appear in italics. If you cannot use italics,
underline the title to show that in print it would appear in italics.
ii Periodicals produced by a society or institution and which includes its
name in their titles may be cited with the name of the issuing
organisation first if appropriate. Thus the reference can be given as:
Institution of Chemical Engineers. Transactions. Vol 8, 1930.
or as:
Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. Vol 8, 1930.
Whichever method is chosen it is imperative that the same method is
applied consistently.
iii Pagination should include the first and last pages of articles.
iv Volume and part (or issue) numbers should normally be given in Arabic
numerals (e.g. vol. 4, not vol. IV).
v The month may be abbreviated (e.g. Dec.).
vi The abbreviations 'vol.’, ‘part', 'pp.', may be omitted, But: if you do omit
these abbreviations the following sequence must be rigidly maintained:
You must give the Month (where known) and year followed by the
volume number in bold type, followed by the part number in round
brackets, followed by the pagination. Separate the component parts of
the reference with commas (see second example below). Whichever
method is chosen it is imperative that the same method is applied
consistently.
Citation order:
Author(s) of contribution / article (surname followed by initials). Title
of contribution. Title of periodical (in italics or underlined), year of
publication. Numeration
Examples:
Jones, C. B. Constructing a theory of a data structure as an aid to
program development. Acta lnformatica, 1979, Vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 119-
137.

9. 7
Fishman, R. M. The labor movement in Spain : from authoritarianism to
democracy. Comparative Politics, April 1982 14, (1), 281-305.
(Whether you include or omit the abbreviations 'Vol' 'no' 'pp', chose one
way and apply it consistently. See note vi above).
5 Conferences
a Conference Proceedings
Citation order:
Name of conference (with number in series if appropriate). Place at which
conference was held. Date of conference. Title of proceedings (in italics or
underlined). Editor(s). Place of publication, Publisher, year of publication.
Examples:
International Conference on Industrial Robot Technology, 7th, Gothenburg,
Sweden, 2-4 October 1984. Industrial Robot Technology Proceedings..., edited
by N. Martensson. Bedford, IFS, 1984.
International Conference on Cryogenic Concrete, lst, Newcastle upon Tyne,
March 1981. Cryogenic concrete. Proceedings. London, Construction Press,
1982.
b Conference Papers
A reference to a specific paper included in the proceedings of a conference
should include the full details of the paper; i.e. author, title, pagination, in
addition to the details of the conference
Citation order:
Author(s) of paper (surname followed by initials). Title of paper. Name of
conference (with number in series if appropriate). Place at which conference
was held. Date of conference. Title of proceedings (in italics or underlined).
Editor(s). Place of publication, Publisher, year of publication. Pagination for
the paper.
Example:
Grunewald, P. Car body painting with the spine spray system.International
Conference on Industrial Robot Technology, 7th,Gothenburg, Sweden,
2-4 October 1984. Industrial Robot Technology Proceedings... edited by
N. Martensson. Bedford. IFS, 1984, pp. 633 - 642.

10. 8
6 Theses
Citation order:
Author (surname followed by initials). Title of thesis (in italics or underlined).
Degree statement. Degree-awarding body. Date.
Example:
Benrimoj, S. L. Pharmacy in health centre areas. PhD thesis. University of
Bradford, 1980.
7 Reports
Citation order:
Author(s) (surname followed by initials). Title of report (in italics or
underlined). Place of publication, Publisher, year of publication. Report code
and number.
Example:
Woodward, R. J. Case studies of the corrosion of reinforcement in concrete
structures. Crowthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1981.
(TRRL-LR-981).
8 Government Publications
Citation order:
Country (see note below). Author (usually the name of a Ministry, department,
agency, council, committee, or other official body). Title of the work (in italics
or underlined). Edition number. Place of publication, Publisher, year of
publication. Number of volumes if more than one. Title of series and volume
numbers in such series.
Note: In order to avoid confusion, it is recommended that official publications
are qualified by country, e.g. Great Britain. Department of Employment.
Examples:
Great Britain. Committee of Enquiry into the education of children from ethnic
minority groups. Education for all: the report of the Committee of Inquiry into
the education of children from ethnic minority groups. Michael Meredith
Swann, Baron Swann (Chairman); Department of Education and Science
(passive author). London, HMSO, 1985. 2 vols. (Cmnd. 9453).

11. 9
9 Standards
Citation order:
Issuing body. Title (in italics or underlined). Date of publication. Standard
number.
Note: If the standard number incorporates the date of publication - as in those
issued by the British Standards Institution - the date of publication may be
omitted.
Examples:
British Standards Institution. Cars for manriding in mines . BS 4854:1972.
International Organization for Standardization. Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet
for vitreous enamelling. ISO 5001-1980.
10 Patents
Citation order:
Patentee(s) (Surname(s) followed by initials). Title of patent (in italics or
underlined). Abbreviated code designating country of origin. Serial number of
complete specification. Date of application. Date of acceptance.
Example:
Merrison, D. R. Storage heater control circuit. Brit. Pat. 1239820. Appl. 7 Aug.
1968. Acc. 7 Nov. 1969.
Note: British Standard BS 5605 only requires that the Date of publication be
given after the serial number, but BS 1629 does allow for more detailed
information to be included such as the date of application and acceptance. The
date of publication does not need to be repeated where it forms part of the serial
number.
11 Films, Videos, Broadcasts
Citation order:
Title (in italics or underlined). Material designator (e.g. Film, Video).Directed
by, Name of Director (If no one individual is responsible for the intellectual
content, then the director is preferred but other individuals may be cited with
their roles, e.g. Producer…, Actor…).Place of publication. Publisher (name of
the film company).Date of release. Location (if only a few copies exist).
Example:
Macbeth. Film. Directed by Orson Welles. USA:Republic Pictures, 1948.
Location of 35 mm viewing copy, London: National Film Archive.

12. 10
Series of Film, Video, Broadcasts:
Citation order:
Title of series (in italics or underlined). Title of part. Material designator (e.g.
Film, Video). Directed by, Name of Director (If no one individual is responsible
for the intellectual content, then the director is preferred but other individuals
may be cited with their roles, e.g. Producer…, Actor…).Place of publication.
Publisher (name of the film company). Date of release. Location (if only a few
copies exist).
Example:
Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast.
TV, BBC 2. 1986 Jan 16.
12 Electronic Publications
i 'Date of citation' e.g. [cited 10th
Feb 2002] in the sections a to g below,
means the date the electronic resource was accessed.
ii Titles should appear in italics. If you cannot use italics, underline the title
to show that in print it would appear in italics.
iii Give the place of publication in the language of the text followed by the
name of the state, province or country in round brackets, where
necessary,
Examples: Paris
Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
Hampton (Middlesex U.K.)
a Electronic monographs, databases and computer programs
Citation order:
Primary responsibility. (Author/Compiler/Editor etc. Surname first followed by
initials). Title (in italics or underlined). Type of medium (in square brackets).
Subordinate responsibility. Edition (or version/release etc.). Place of
publication, Publisher, date of publication. Date of update/revision. Date of
citation (in square brackets, give for online documents subject to change).
Series. Notes (optional e.g. accompanying material / system requirements /
language etc). Availability and access (for online documents). Standard
number (e.g. ISBN).

13. 11
Examples:
Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland [online]. Texinfo ed. 2.1.
[Dortmund, Germany]: WindSpiel, November 1994 [cited 10 February 1995].
Available from World WideWeb:
<http://www.germany.eu.net/books/carroll/alice.html>. Also available in
PostScript and ASCII versions from Internet:
<ftp://ftp.Germany.EU.net/pub/books/carroll/>.
Meeting Agenda [online]. Gif-sur-Yvette (France): Centre d’Etudes
Nucléaires/Saclay, Service de Documentation, March 1991 — [cited 30
September 1992]. Updated bimonthly. ASCII format. Available from
QUESTEL.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology [online]. 3rd ed. New York:
John Wiley, 1984 [cited 3 January 1990]. Available from DIALOG Information
Services, Palo Alto (Calif.).
b Parts of electronic monographs, databases and computer programs
Citation order:
Primary responsibility of host document. (Author/Compiler/Editor etc. Surname
first followed by initials). Title of host document (in italics or underlined). Type
of medium (in square brackets). Subordinate responsibility of host document
(where appropriate). Edition (or version/release etc.). Place of publication.
Publisher. Date of publication. Date of update/revision. Date of citation (in
square brackets, give for online documents subject to change). Chapter or
equivalent designation of part. Title of part. Numeration within host document.
Location within host document. Notes (optional e.g. accompanying material /
system requirements / language etc). Availability and access (for online
documents). Standard number (e.g. ISBN).
Examples:
World Factbook [CD-ROM]. [Washington, D.C.]: Central Intelligence Agency,
1990. Spain vital statistics. ID number: CI WOFACT 1206.
ICC British Company Financial Datasheets [online]. Hampton (Middlesex,
U.K.): ICC Online, 1992, updated 3 March 1992 [cited 11 March 1992]. Robert
Maxwell Group PLC. Accession no. 01209277. Available from DIALOG
Information Services, Palo Alto (Calif.).
Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland [online]. Texinfo. ed. 2.2.
[Dortmund, Germany]: WindSpiel, November 1994 [cited 30 March 1995].
Chapter VII. A Mad Tea-Party. Available from World Wide Web:
<http//www.germany.eu.net/books/carroll/alice_10.html#SEC13>

14. 12
c Contributions to electronic monographs, databases or computer programs
Citation order:
Primary responsibility of contribution. (Author/Compiler/Editor etc. Surname
first followed by initials).Title of contribution.
In
Primary responsibility of host document. (Author/Compiler/Editor etc. Surname
first followed by initials). Title of host document (in italics or underlined). Type
of medium (in square brackets). Subordinate responsibility of host document.
Edition (or version/release etc.). Place of publication. Publisher. Date of
publication. Date of update/revision. Date of citation (in square brackets, give
for online documents subject to change). Numeration within host document (if
given). Location within host document.
Notes (optional e.g. accompanying material / system requirements / language
etc).
Availability and access (for online documents). Standard number (e.g. ISBN).
Examples:
Zhukovsky, Vladimir; Itkin, Vladimir; and Chernenko, Lev. Helicopters over
the Crater. In Current Digest of the Soviet Press [online]. Columbus (Ohio):
Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 11 June 1986 [cited 14 February 1991].
Accession no. 0008752. Available from DIALOG Information Services, Palo
Alto (Calif.).
Belle de Jour. In Magill’s Survey of Cinema [online]. Pasadena (Calif.): Salem
Press, 1985 [cited 1994-08-04]. Accession no. 0050053. Available from
DIALOG Information Services, Palo Alto (Calif.).
McConnell, W.H. Constitutional History. In The Canadian Encyclopedia [CD-
ROM]. Macintosh version 1.1. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c.1993. ISBN 0-
7710-1932-7.
d Electronic serials
Citation order:
Title (in italics or underlined). Type of medium (in square brackets). Edition (or
version/release etc.). Place of publication. Publisher, date of publication. Date
of citation (in square brackets, give for online documents subject to change).
Series. Notes (optional e.g. language etc). Availability and access (for online
documents). Standard number (e.g. ISSN).
Examples:
Journal of Technology Education [online]. Blacksburg (Va.): Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University,1989- [cited 15 March 1995].
Semi-annual. Available from Internet:
<gopher://borg.lib.vt.edu:70/1/jte>. ISSN 1045-1064.

15. 13
Profile Canada [CD-ROM]. Toronto: Micromedia, 1993-. The Canadian
Connection. Accompanied by: user’s guide. System requirements: IBM PC or
compatible; MPC Standard CD-ROM drive;
DOS 3.30 or higher; 490 kB RAM; MS-DOS Extensions 2.1 or higher.
Quarterly.
e Articles and contributions to Electronic serials
Citation order:
Primary responsibility of contribution. (Author/Compiler/Editor etc. Surname
first followed by initials). Title of contribution. Title of serial (in italics or
underlined).
Type of medium (in square brackets). Edition (or version/release etc.). Issue
designation.
Date of update/revision. Date of citation (in square brackets, give for online
documents subject to change). Location within host document. Notes (optional -
e.g. language etc).
Availability and access (for online documents). Standard number (e.g. ISSN).
Examples:
Stone, Nan. The Globalization of Europe. Harvard Business Review [online].
May – June 1989 [cited 3 September 1990]. Available from BRS Information
Technologies, McLean (Va.).
Price-Wilkin, John. Using the World-Wide Web to Deliver Complex Electronic
Documents:Implications for Libraries. The Public-Access Computer Systems
Review [online]. 1994, vol. 5,no. 3 [cited 1994-07-28], pp. 5-21. Available from
Internet:
<gopher://info.lib.uh.edu: 70/00/articles/ e-
journals/uhlibrary/pacsreview/v5/n3/pricewil.5n3>. ISSN 1048-6542.
f Electronic bulletin boards, discussion lists (entire system)
Citation order:
Title. Type of medium (in square brackets). Place of publication. Publisher.
Date of publication. Date of citation (in square brackets).
Notes (optional). Availability and access.
Examples:
PACS-L (Public Access Computer Systems Forum) [online]. Houston (Tex.):
University of Houston Libraries, June 1989- [cited May 17, 1995]. Available
from Internet: listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu.
Federal Depository Library Program Files (/GO Depository) [online].
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office [cited 1995-02-15]. Available
from Internet: <telnet://federal.bbs.gpo.gov>.

16. 14
g Electronic messages
Citation order:
Primary responsibility of message. (Author/Compiler/Editor etc. Surname first
followed by initials). Title of message (in italics or underlined).
In (use the word 'In' where appropriate to separate the message from the host
system) Title of host message system. Type of medium (in square brackets).
Subordinate responsibility/Recipient(s). Place of publication, Publisher, date of
publication (Note: for personal or unpublished communications, give the date
the message was sent). Date of citation (in square brackets). Numeration within
host message system (if given). Location within host message system.
Availability and access (except for personal or unpublished communications).
Notes (optional).
Examples:
Parker, Elliott. Re: Citing Electronic Journals. In PACS-L (Public Access
Computer Systems Forum) [online]. Houston (Tex.): University of Houston
Libraries, 24 November 1989; 13:29:35 CST [cited 1 January 1995; 16:15 EST].
Available from Internet: <telnet://brsuser@a.cni.org>.
Pritchard, Sarah. Your Request for Information about ISO Standards. [online].
Message to: Margaret Morrison. 18 February 1995 [cited 3 March 1995].
Personal communication.
Notes on listing full bibliographic references
Numeric system:
List the bibliographic references at the end of the text in the numerical order in which they
appeared in the text.
Within the list of references abbreviations are often used to link the references. They may
also appear as footnotes to pages.
ibid. (= ibidem). Means; in the same book, chapter, passage, etc., in the
reference immediately preceding. This is used in successive references
to the same work. It is a substitute for repeating the author and title of a
publication. If you use it, give the relevant page number(s).
op. cit. (= opere citato). Means; in the work quoted. This is used for a further
reference to a publication previously cited, but not the immediately
preceding reference. If you use it, give some means of identifying the
previous reference, such as author's name.
loc. cit. (= loco citato). Means; in the passage already quoted. This is only used
to refer to the exact passage previously cited. i.e. to the same work, the
same volume, the same page. It is therefore never followed by a page or
volume number.

17. 15
Abbreviations example list : Numeric System:
1 Birkeland, P.W. Soils and geomorphology. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984.
2 Lattman, L. H. Calcium carbonate cementation of alluvial fans in southern Nevada.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1973, Vol. 84, pp. 3013-3028.
3 ibid. p. 3020.
4 Birkeland, P.W. op. cit. p. 85.
5 Lattman, L. H. loc. cit.
Example list : Numeric System
1 Schlesinger, A. M. A thousand days. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
2 Lipsky, M. Protest as a political resource. American Political Science Review, 1968
Vol 62, pp 1114-1158.
3 Brooks, T. Walls come tumbling down: a historv of the Civil Rights Movement 1940 -
1970. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1974.
4 Elliff, J. T. Aspects of Federal Civil Rights enforcement: the Justice Department and the
F B 1, 1939-64. Perspectives, 1971, Vol 5, pp 621-622.
5 Schlesinger, A. M. Robert Kennedv and his times. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1978.
HARVARD SYSTEM
A Citing References in the Text
With the Harvard System Cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the
author's name and year of publication, in either of the forms shown below:
a Where the author’s name appears naturally in the text, the year follows in
brackets. For example:
In a recent study Smith (1996) argued that…
Draper (1997) suggests that…
b Where a sentence would not naturally include the author’s name give the
name in brackets with the year. For example:
In a recent study (Smith 1996) the solution was shown to be…
In one study (Draper 1997) it was argued that…

18. 16
For publications by two authors, both names are given:
a In a recent study, Smith and Jones (2002) argued that…
b A recent study (Smith and Jones 2002) concluded that…
Two or more publications by one author in the same year are distinguished by adding
lower case letters to the year.
For example:
Smith (1996a) disagreed, and in a later study (Smith 1996b) suggested…
Anonymous works may be shown by Anon. in place of the author's name:
In a recent study (Anon. 1999) it was argued that...
While in the full list at the end of the work give the reference as: Anonymous (1999) …
If you wish to refer to individual pages of a particular book or article, the page
number(s) should be given after the date, separated from it by a comma or a colon:
(Smith and Jones 1986, 236) or
(Smith and Jones 1986:236)
Your punctuation practice should be consistent.
If you use a direct quotation the page number should be included:
Note: The Harvard system is not easy to apply consistently to older works which have
no clearly defined publication date, or to manuscripts of uncertain or disputed
authorship.
B Full Bibliographic Citations
Harvard system
In the Harvard System, the full bibliographic references at the end of the work are listed
in alphabetical order of the Author (or title where no author is given).
In the Harvard System, the elements to include in the full bibliographic citations listed
at the end of the work are the same as the elements for the Numeric System (Section B)
given in the first half of this guide. Notes on page 2 for the Numeric System
(Section B) in the first half of this guide should also be followed for the Harvard
System.

19. 17
The difference between the Numeric and Harvard Systems is the position of the date
(i.e. year of publication / creation), which in the Harvard System, is given immediately
after the Author. Where there is no Author and the title is used as the first element of
the reference, the date is given immediately after the title. This is the same for both
print or electronic versions of a document..
Give the year following the Author for the following types of references:
Books,
Parts of Books,
Periodical articles,
Conference proceedings,
Conference papers,
Government publications,
Theses,
Reports,
Patents,
Works of unknown authorship (using 'Anonymous' …).
Give the year following the Title for the following types of references:
Periodical titles (not articles),
Standards,
Films,
Works of unknown authorship (not using 'Anonymous' …).
Notes on listing full bibliographic references Harvard System
List the entries in alphabetical order by author’s name (or title when necessary) and
then by date, either as:
Smith, J. 1986…
or
Smith, J. (1986)…
If brackets are chosen , use them consistently
Notes on page 13 for the Numeric System (Section B) in the first half of this guide on
the use of abbreviations within the list should also be followed for the Harvard System.
Example list: Harvard System
Brooks, T. (1974) Walls come tumbling down : a history of the Civil
Rights Movement 1940-1970. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.
Elliff, J. T. (1971) Aspects of Federal Civil Rights enforcement: the
Justice Department and the F B I, 1939-1964. Perspectives, Vol 5, pp.
621-622.

20. 18
Lipsky, M. (1968) Protest as a political resource. American Political
Science Review, Vol 62, pp. 1114-1158.
Schlesinger, A. M. (1965) A thousand days. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
Schlesinger, A. M. (1978) Robert Kennedy and his times. Boston,
Houghton Mifflin.
References:
1 British Standards Institution. Recommendations for citing and referencing published
material. BS 5605:1990.
2 British Standards Institution. Recommendations for references to published materials.
BS 1629:1989.
3 British Standards Institution. Recommendations for citation of unpublished documents
BS 6371:1983
4 International Organization for Standardization. Information and documentation -
Bibliographic references – Part 2: Electronic documents or parts thereof.
BS ISO 690-2:1997
Further reading (all shelved at F808.2227):
1 Li, X. and Crane, Nancy B. Electronic Style : a guide to citing electronic information.
London, Meckler, 1993.
2 Bosworth, D. P. Citing your references : a guide for authors of journal articles and
students writing theses or dissertations. Thirsk, Underhill Press for the Learning
Resources Development Group, 1992. (Pamphlet).
3 Walker, Janice R. and Taylor, Todd. The Columbia guide to online style. New
York,Columbia University Press, 1998.
4 ISI Researchsoft. Endnote 5 : bibliographies made easy. Berkeley, ISI Researchsoft,
2001.