SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 21
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Pigs and Humans
   What is xenotransplantation?
   History of . . .
   Statistics
   Biological Concept of . . .
   Ethical Issues of . . .
   Where are we going with . . .
   Works Cited
   Photos Cited
               Dr Nikhil Bansal
               J.N.M.C.,Wardha
   Xenotransplantation
    refers to the practice of
    transplanting,
    implanting, or infusing
    living cells, tissues, or
    organs from one
    species to another.
   1682 – Bone from a dog was used in Russia in an
    attempt to repair his injured skull. This attempt
    was reported successful, but the Russian had the
    bone removed soon after surgery under threat of
    the church of excommunication.
   Late 1800’s – Frog Skins were often used as a way
    of healing burns or skin ulcers by grafting said skin
    directly onto the patient’s skin. One British Army
    surgeon was known to have claimed using this
    procedure a plethora of times with good results.
   1905 – French Surgeon grafts kidney tissues from
    a rabbit into a child, the child died two weeks later
   1920 – Doctor Serge Voronoff transplanted
    tissues from the testicles of monkeys into older
    men, claiming that the procedure brought sexual
    rejuvenation. Among his patients was the famous
    poet William Butler Yeats.
   1963-4 – Thomas Starzl grafts baboon kidneys
    into six patients. The patients only lasted
    between 19 and 98 days.
   1963-4 – 12 patients received Chimpanzee
    kidneys , however, most failed within two
    months of the surgery, though one did live for
    nine months, the longest time for a
    xenotransplantation patient to live up to this
    date.
   1964 – A 68-year-old man dies two hours after
    receiving a Chimpanzee heart.
   1969-1974 – Chimpanzee livers were
    transplanted into three children. They only
    survived between one to fourteen days.
   1977 – A 25-year-old woman receives a baboon
    heart but dies only six hours after surgery.
    About the same time a 60-year-old man receives
    a chimpanzee heart to assist his own heart, but
    dies four days after.
   1984 – Baby Faye receives a baboon heart and
    dies 20 days later.
   1992 – Using a four-drug “cocktail” to assist the
    transplantation of a baboon liver a patient lives
    for 71 days. However, the patient died of a brain
    hemorrhage and the type of rejection typical was
    not seen.
   1992 – A pig liver was placed besides the
    patients own liver in hopes that the extra liver
    would assist the patient’s liver long enough for a
    human donor to be found. The patient died after
    32 hours.
   1993 – Baboon marrow and kidney transplant,
    patient dies after 26 days.
   1995 – Immune cells from a Baboon used for an
    AIDS patient. Condition improved though cells
    died quickly.
   1997 – Pig fetal nerve cells used in patients with
    Parkinson’s disease. Pig cells survived in one
    patient for over 7 months
   Only 5% of the organs needed
    are available
   1990 United States – 21,914
    people in need of transplants,
    12,580 received them
   1990-1999 United States –
    59% increase in rate of organ
    donors
   2001 United States – 80,374
    people in need of transplants
   2001 United States – 6,124
    people died waiting for
    transplants
   1996-2000 Canada – Waiting
    list grows by 62%
   1996-2000 Canada – Number
    of transplants increases by 22%
   1999 Canada – 170
    (approximately 40% of those on
    the waiting list) people die
    waiting for transplants
   2001 Canada – Almost 4,000
    people waiting for transplants,
    a 15.6% increase in 3 years
   The Need for Organ Donors
    grows at 15% per year
   2004 Australia – In a survey
    two-thirds say they would use
    an animal organ to save their
    life
   2004 Australia – Survey shows
    7 out of 10 males would agree
    to xenotransplantation
   2004 Australia – Survey shows
    6 out of 10 woman would agree
    to xenotransplantation
Modern Uses

        Transplanted animal
         cells to be used for
         hemophillia, diabetes,
         Alzheimer’s, and
         Parkinson’s disease
        Organ Transplants
        A Way of delivering
         genes of therapeutic
         importance
Primates vs. Pigs

           Pigs have larger organs
           Pigs are already
            slaughtered every day for
            meat
           Primates have smaller
            organs
           Primates share most of our
            genetic make up
           Primates are not available
            in mass
Existing Problems and Worries


                 25 known diseases
                  can be contacted from
                  pig to human
                 Rejection rate is higher
                 Public Health risks
                 Perfection of Cloning
Solutions to the Problems


                Selective breeding
                Genetic alterations
                Containment
                New and more
                 powerful drugs
                More Research
Pig Organ
Religion


      Jewish – Forbidden to
       eat any part of a pig
      Heart is the seat of the
       soul
      No hybridization of
       man with any other
       species
Animal Rights



          Physical discomfort
          Psychological
           discomfort
          Why should animals
           suffer for humans?
          The right to life
Arguments For Xenotransplantation

                   Bible technicalities
                   Importance of human
                    life
                   Inspectors for animals
                   Pigs are already
                    slaughtered daily
                   Use as few primates as
                    possible
Although to date there still hasn’t been any long term
 success with xenotransplantation scientists are optimistic
  that humans will no longer have any shortage of organs,
      tissues, or cells for transplantation. Scientists are
   continually conducting experiments to find new ways to
  solve any existing problems and to help prevent any new
 problems. These range from developing new medications
for rejection to breeding genetically engineered pigs for the
  specific use of xenotransplantation. Although there have
been some ethical issues raised, there doesn’t seem to be
any obstacles in the way of these remarkable experiments.
   Berger, Alan H. and Gil Lamont. “Animal Organs Won’t
    Solve the Transplantation Shortage.” USA Today.
    128.2654 (1999) : 56
   Boyce, Nell. “Mixing Species – and crossing a live?” U.S.
    News & World Report. 27, Oct. 2003 : 58+.
   Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Organ Farm. Carlton Books
    Limited, 2001.
   Cooper, David K.C. “Clinical Xenotransplantation – how
    close are we?” Lancet. 362.9383 (2003) : 3.
   D’Silva, Joyce. “Dying to live.” Chemistry and Industry. 4
    Dec. 2000: 767
   Editorial. “Xeno’s paradox: putting animal organs into
    humans is a risk to public health.” The Economist.
    341.7997 (1996) : 16.
   Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.”
    Biological Sciences Review. 12.2 (1999) : 36.
   Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper.
    “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America. 277.1
    (1997) : 54-6.
   Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice
    McCormick. “The Supply of organs for transplantation:
    issues and challenges.” Nephrology Nursing Journal.
    20.1 (2003) : 17(12).
   Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.”
    Encyclopedia of Animal Science. Marcel Dekker, 2005.
   Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and
    J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal
    to human organ transplantation: a way out of the
    dilemma.” Journal of Medical Ethics. 30.1 (2004) : 92-
    6
   Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of
    Xenotransplantation” http://www.viewingspace.com
    Aug. 1999.
   Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.”
    Australian Business Intelligence. 22, Aug. 2004: N/A
   Travis, John. “Pig virus raises xenotransplantation
    alarms.” Science News. 151.16 (1997) : 245
   “Baby Fae.” Photo. Aug. 1999. The History of
    Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct. 2005.
    <http://www.viewingspace.com>
    
   Collony, Sandra. “Baboon Near Cage.” Illustration.
    Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005.
    <http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotrans
    plantation_files/image002.jpg>
    
   Collony, Sandra. “Lots of Little Pigs.” Photo.
    Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <
    http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotranspl
    antation_files/image002.jpg>
   Collony Sandra. “Two Pigs Cartoon.” Photo.
    Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <
    http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotranspl
    antation_files/image002.jpg>
   “Doctors at Work.” Photo. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct
    2005.
    <http://www.scienceandsociety.emory.edu/GMO/Xenotra
    nsplantation_files/image002.jpg> 
   Forna, Shiela. “Baboon/Pig.” Illustration. 2000. Merger
    Signals in Xenotransplantation Research. 20 Oct 2005.
    <http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v6/n11/images/n
    m1100_1195_I1.jpg>
   “Heteroptic Mouse Model of Xenotransplantation.”
    Illustration. 2001. Vascular Biology and
    Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005.
    <http://www.wlab.gu.se/em/index-filer/image008.jpg> 
   Loss, Martin. “Pig Organ.” Photo. 2004.
    Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <h
   Organ Farm. “Monkey Under.” Photo. Primates, Baboons,
    and Pigs. 20 Oct 2005.
    <http://www.xenodiaries.org/images/babop3.jpg>
   Pharma, Novartis. “Little Pig and Organ.” Illustration. 20
    Oct 2005.
    <http://www.novartistransplantation.de/pub/organtransp
    lantation/images/geschichte_xenotx.jpg>
   “Pig to Human.” Illustration. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct
    2005. <http://www.liberation-mag.org.uk/0413.jpg> 
   “Porky Cartoon.” Illustration. 2000. Xenotransplantation
    Humor. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.crt-
    online.org/cartoons/xeno3.gif> 
   Sue Cue Direct. “Xenotransplantation: She Has the Right
    to Listen, but Not to Speak.” 02 Oct. 2005. Prints by Sue
    Coe 1979-Present. Sue Coe Direct. 11 Oct. 2005.
    <http://images.google.com/imgres?
    imgurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/xeno1.jpg&im
    grefurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/prntlist.htm&
    h=500&w=392&sz=55&tbnid=sUx3e_BhI_EJ:&tbnh=127
    &tbnw=99&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq
    %3DXenotransplantation%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
    %26lr%3D> 
   “Three Pictures Combined.” Photos. 20 Oct. 2005.
    <http://www.juris.uqam.ca/images/xenotransplantation.j
    pg> 
   Unipublic. “Xenokunst.” Illustration. 26 July 2003. Dr.
    Claude Kaufmann. 11 Oct. 2005.
    <http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/mag
    azin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E5
    5EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825>

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Transgenic and knockout mice
Transgenic and knockout miceTransgenic and knockout mice
Transgenic and knockout mice
 
Dolly the sheep
Dolly the sheepDolly the sheep
Dolly the sheep
 
TRANSGENIC MICE
TRANSGENIC MICETRANSGENIC MICE
TRANSGENIC MICE
 
Transgenesis in animals
Transgenesis in animalsTransgenesis in animals
Transgenesis in animals
 
Animal Cloning
Animal CloningAnimal Cloning
Animal Cloning
 
Techniques of cell cloning
Techniques of cell cloningTechniques of cell cloning
Techniques of cell cloning
 
Knock out mice production and its applications
Knock out mice production and its applicationsKnock out mice production and its applications
Knock out mice production and its applications
 
Transgenic pigs
Transgenic pigsTransgenic pigs
Transgenic pigs
 
Ethical issues in animal biotechnology
Ethical issues in animal biotechnologyEthical issues in animal biotechnology
Ethical issues in animal biotechnology
 
Viral vectors in virology
Viral vectors in virologyViral vectors in virology
Viral vectors in virology
 
Embryo sexing pppt
Embryo sexing ppptEmbryo sexing pppt
Embryo sexing pppt
 
Therapeutic cloning
Therapeutic cloningTherapeutic cloning
Therapeutic cloning
 
Application of Transgenic Animals in Livestock production
Application of Transgenic Animals in Livestock productionApplication of Transgenic Animals in Livestock production
Application of Transgenic Animals in Livestock production
 
Transgenic mice
Transgenic miceTransgenic mice
Transgenic mice
 
Stem cell culture
Stem cell cultureStem cell culture
Stem cell culture
 
Embryonic stem culture
Embryonic stem culture Embryonic stem culture
Embryonic stem culture
 
Animal cloning
Animal cloningAnimal cloning
Animal cloning
 
Strategies of gene therapy
Strategies of gene therapyStrategies of gene therapy
Strategies of gene therapy
 
Mammalian cell culture, basic techniques
Mammalian cell culture, basic techniquesMammalian cell culture, basic techniques
Mammalian cell culture, basic techniques
 
STEM CELL CULTURE
STEM CELL CULTURE STEM CELL CULTURE
STEM CELL CULTURE
 

Andere mochten auch

Xenotransplantation, Period 6
Xenotransplantation, Period 6Xenotransplantation, Period 6
Xenotransplantation, Period 6Michael Hughes
 
Sbi4 u xenotransplantation
Sbi4 u xenotransplantationSbi4 u xenotransplantation
Sbi4 u xenotransplantationwellsjw
 
Xenotransplantation
XenotransplantationXenotransplantation
Xenotransplantationguest37029a
 
DrugScope Demo
DrugScope DemoDrugScope Demo
DrugScope Demontilmans
 
antibody engineering and xenotransplantation
antibody engineering and xenotransplantation antibody engineering and xenotransplantation
antibody engineering and xenotransplantation Karla Mae Manalo
 
Ejemplo de formulación de un problema (ABP)
Ejemplo de formulación de un problema (ABP)Ejemplo de formulación de un problema (ABP)
Ejemplo de formulación de un problema (ABP)Edison Escobar
 
Bioethics of transgenic animals
Bioethics of transgenic animalsBioethics of transgenic animals
Bioethics of transgenic animalssakeena gilani
 
Graft versus host disease
Graft versus host diseaseGraft versus host disease
Graft versus host diseaseDeepak Chinagi
 
Public acceptance of genetically modified crops
Public acceptance of genetically modified cropsPublic acceptance of genetically modified crops
Public acceptance of genetically modified cropssaurabh Pandey.Saurabh784
 
CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sir
CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sirCDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sir
CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sirNushrat Jahan
 
Pathology cptr3 regeneration & healing
Pathology cptr3  regeneration & healingPathology cptr3  regeneration & healing
Pathology cptr3 regeneration & healingMBBS IMS MSU
 
Gene therapy - a Powerpoint Presentation
Gene therapy - a Powerpoint PresentationGene therapy - a Powerpoint Presentation
Gene therapy - a Powerpoint PresentationDavid Dy
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Xenotransplantation, Period 6
Xenotransplantation, Period 6Xenotransplantation, Period 6
Xenotransplantation, Period 6
 
Sbi4 u xenotransplantation
Sbi4 u xenotransplantationSbi4 u xenotransplantation
Sbi4 u xenotransplantation
 
Xenotransplantes
XenotransplantesXenotransplantes
Xenotransplantes
 
Xenotransplantation
XenotransplantationXenotransplantation
Xenotransplantation
 
Gene therapy
Gene therapyGene therapy
Gene therapy
 
Gene therapy
Gene therapy Gene therapy
Gene therapy
 
DrugScope Demo
DrugScope DemoDrugScope Demo
DrugScope Demo
 
antibody engineering and xenotransplantation
antibody engineering and xenotransplantation antibody engineering and xenotransplantation
antibody engineering and xenotransplantation
 
Graft Versus Host Disease
Graft Versus Host DiseaseGraft Versus Host Disease
Graft Versus Host Disease
 
Ejemplo de formulación de un problema (ABP)
Ejemplo de formulación de un problema (ABP)Ejemplo de formulación de un problema (ABP)
Ejemplo de formulación de un problema (ABP)
 
Bioethics of transgenic animals
Bioethics of transgenic animalsBioethics of transgenic animals
Bioethics of transgenic animals
 
Graft versus host disease
Graft versus host diseaseGraft versus host disease
Graft versus host disease
 
Stem cells
Stem cells Stem cells
Stem cells
 
Public acceptance of genetically modified crops
Public acceptance of genetically modified cropsPublic acceptance of genetically modified crops
Public acceptance of genetically modified crops
 
Transplantation ethical issues
Transplantation ethical issuesTransplantation ethical issues
Transplantation ethical issues
 
CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sir
CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sirCDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sir
CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sir
 
Genomic library
Genomic libraryGenomic library
Genomic library
 
Pathology cptr3 regeneration & healing
Pathology cptr3  regeneration & healingPathology cptr3  regeneration & healing
Pathology cptr3 regeneration & healing
 
Gene therapy - a Powerpoint Presentation
Gene therapy - a Powerpoint PresentationGene therapy - a Powerpoint Presentation
Gene therapy - a Powerpoint Presentation
 
Stem Cell
Stem CellStem Cell
Stem Cell
 

Ähnlich wie Xenotransplantation

Ethical Issues of Xenotransplantation.ppt
Ethical Issues of Xenotransplantation.pptEthical Issues of Xenotransplantation.ppt
Ethical Issues of Xenotransplantation.pptsehikib
 
Human Cloning
Human CloningHuman Cloning
Human Cloningzakir2012
 
Stem cell ethics 06
Stem cell ethics 06Stem cell ethics 06
Stem cell ethics 06pharmdude
 
Abolishment Of Animal Testing Essay
Abolishment Of Animal Testing EssayAbolishment Of Animal Testing Essay
Abolishment Of Animal Testing EssayLaura Benitez
 
The Human Microbiome, Supercomputers,and the Advancement of Medicine
The Human Microbiome, Supercomputers,and the Advancement of MedicineThe Human Microbiome, Supercomputers,and the Advancement of Medicine
The Human Microbiome, Supercomputers,and the Advancement of MedicineLarry Smarr
 
what is life and scientific method (talk1)
what is life and scientific method (talk1)what is life and scientific method (talk1)
what is life and scientific method (talk1)Nutjuda Ratchakrut
 
Cloning Endangered Species
Cloning Endangered SpeciesCloning Endangered Species
Cloning Endangered SpeciesMorganScience
 
Bmt challenges in biomedical research
Bmt challenges in biomedical researchBmt challenges in biomedical research
Bmt challenges in biomedical researcha1allen
 
Organ cloning jarrett morley
Organ cloning jarrett morleyOrgan cloning jarrett morley
Organ cloning jarrett morleyMorganScience
 
Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture; the Biosafety Issues [Tarek Alfalah, U...
Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture; the Biosafety Issues [Tarek Alfalah, U...Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture; the Biosafety Issues [Tarek Alfalah, U...
Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture; the Biosafety Issues [Tarek Alfalah, U...UNESCO Venice Office
 
Animal Medical Research Presentation
Animal Medical Research PresentationAnimal Medical Research Presentation
Animal Medical Research Presentationluzmdlhh
 
Introduction of Animal Genetics & History of Genetics
Introduction of Animal Genetics & History of GeneticsIntroduction of Animal Genetics & History of Genetics
Introduction of Animal Genetics & History of GeneticsAashish Patel
 

Ähnlich wie Xenotransplantation (20)

Ethical Issues of Xenotransplantation.ppt
Ethical Issues of Xenotransplantation.pptEthical Issues of Xenotransplantation.ppt
Ethical Issues of Xenotransplantation.ppt
 
Human Cloning
Human CloningHuman Cloning
Human Cloning
 
Stem cell ethics 06
Stem cell ethics 06Stem cell ethics 06
Stem cell ethics 06
 
Abolishment Of Animal Testing Essay
Abolishment Of Animal Testing EssayAbolishment Of Animal Testing Essay
Abolishment Of Animal Testing Essay
 
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animalsTransgenic animals
Transgenic animals
 
Argumentative Essay On Human Cloning
Argumentative Essay On Human CloningArgumentative Essay On Human Cloning
Argumentative Essay On Human Cloning
 
Cloning, types and challenges
Cloning, types and challengesCloning, types and challenges
Cloning, types and challenges
 
Human cloning
Human cloningHuman cloning
Human cloning
 
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering
Genetic engineering
 
The Human Microbiome, Supercomputers,and the Advancement of Medicine
The Human Microbiome, Supercomputers,and the Advancement of MedicineThe Human Microbiome, Supercomputers,and the Advancement of Medicine
The Human Microbiome, Supercomputers,and the Advancement of Medicine
 
what is life and scientific method (talk1)
what is life and scientific method (talk1)what is life and scientific method (talk1)
what is life and scientific method (talk1)
 
Cloning Endangered Species
Cloning Endangered SpeciesCloning Endangered Species
Cloning Endangered Species
 
Bmt challenges in biomedical research
Bmt challenges in biomedical researchBmt challenges in biomedical research
Bmt challenges in biomedical research
 
Organ cloning jarrett morley
Organ cloning jarrett morleyOrgan cloning jarrett morley
Organ cloning jarrett morley
 
Ethics of embryo research
Ethics of embryo researchEthics of embryo research
Ethics of embryo research
 
Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture; the Biosafety Issues [Tarek Alfalah, U...
Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture; the Biosafety Issues [Tarek Alfalah, U...Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture; the Biosafety Issues [Tarek Alfalah, U...
Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture; the Biosafety Issues [Tarek Alfalah, U...
 
Animal Medical Research Presentation
Animal Medical Research PresentationAnimal Medical Research Presentation
Animal Medical Research Presentation
 
Introduction of Animal Genetics & History of Genetics
Introduction of Animal Genetics & History of GeneticsIntroduction of Animal Genetics & History of Genetics
Introduction of Animal Genetics & History of Genetics
 
Genetics2
Genetics2Genetics2
Genetics2
 
Essay On Cloning
Essay On CloningEssay On Cloning
Essay On Cloning
 

Mehr von Nikhil Bansal

Infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
Infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiologyInfertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
Infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiologyNikhil Bansal
 
Male infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
Male infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology Male infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
Male infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology Nikhil Bansal
 
Female infertility treatment interventional radiology Dr Nikhil Bansal
Female infertility treatment interventional radiology Dr Nikhil BansalFemale infertility treatment interventional radiology Dr Nikhil Bansal
Female infertility treatment interventional radiology Dr Nikhil BansalNikhil Bansal
 
Aortic aneurysm dissection
Aortic aneurysm dissectionAortic aneurysm dissection
Aortic aneurysm dissectionNikhil Bansal
 
TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT (TIPS)
TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT (TIPS)TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT (TIPS)
TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT (TIPS) Nikhil Bansal
 
MRI KNEE JOINT ANATOMY
MRI KNEE JOINT ANATOMYMRI KNEE JOINT ANATOMY
MRI KNEE JOINT ANATOMYNikhil Bansal
 
The mediastinum BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
The mediastinum BY Dr Nikhil BansalThe mediastinum BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
The mediastinum BY Dr Nikhil BansalNikhil Bansal
 
The normal chest BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
The normal chest BY Dr Nikhil BansalThe normal chest BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
The normal chest BY Dr Nikhil BansalNikhil Bansal
 
Epidemiology of Malaria
Epidemiology of MalariaEpidemiology of Malaria
Epidemiology of MalariaNikhil Bansal
 
Contraindication of Tonsillectomy
Contraindication of TonsillectomyContraindication of Tonsillectomy
Contraindication of TonsillectomyNikhil Bansal
 
Optical rehabilitation or Correction of Aphakia
Optical rehabilitation  or Correction of AphakiaOptical rehabilitation  or Correction of Aphakia
Optical rehabilitation or Correction of AphakiaNikhil Bansal
 
Plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammation
Plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammationPlasma derived chemical mediators of inflammation
Plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammationNikhil Bansal
 
Laboratory diagnosis of HIV
Laboratory diagnosis of HIVLaboratory diagnosis of HIV
Laboratory diagnosis of HIVNikhil Bansal
 

Mehr von Nikhil Bansal (20)

Infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
Infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiologyInfertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
Infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
 
Male infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
Male infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology Male infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
Male infertility treatment Dr Nikhil Bansal interventional radiology
 
Female infertility treatment interventional radiology Dr Nikhil Bansal
Female infertility treatment interventional radiology Dr Nikhil BansalFemale infertility treatment interventional radiology Dr Nikhil Bansal
Female infertility treatment interventional radiology Dr Nikhil Bansal
 
Corona virus
Corona virusCorona virus
Corona virus
 
Aortic aneurysm dissection
Aortic aneurysm dissectionAortic aneurysm dissection
Aortic aneurysm dissection
 
Dvt
DvtDvt
Dvt
 
TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT (TIPS)
TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT (TIPS)TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT (TIPS)
TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT (TIPS)
 
MRI KNEE JOINT ANATOMY
MRI KNEE JOINT ANATOMYMRI KNEE JOINT ANATOMY
MRI KNEE JOINT ANATOMY
 
The mediastinum BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
The mediastinum BY Dr Nikhil BansalThe mediastinum BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
The mediastinum BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
 
The normal chest BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
The normal chest BY Dr Nikhil BansalThe normal chest BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
The normal chest BY Dr Nikhil Bansal
 
Epidemiology of Malaria
Epidemiology of MalariaEpidemiology of Malaria
Epidemiology of Malaria
 
Contraindication of Tonsillectomy
Contraindication of TonsillectomyContraindication of Tonsillectomy
Contraindication of Tonsillectomy
 
Optical rehabilitation or Correction of Aphakia
Optical rehabilitation  or Correction of AphakiaOptical rehabilitation  or Correction of Aphakia
Optical rehabilitation or Correction of Aphakia
 
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
 
Senile Cataract
Senile Cataract Senile Cataract
Senile Cataract
 
Post Mortem Changes
Post Mortem ChangesPost Mortem Changes
Post Mortem Changes
 
Pneumoconiosis
PneumoconiosisPneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis
 
Plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammation
Plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammationPlasma derived chemical mediators of inflammation
Plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammation
 
Plague
Plague Plague
Plague
 
Laboratory diagnosis of HIV
Laboratory diagnosis of HIVLaboratory diagnosis of HIV
Laboratory diagnosis of HIV
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfDolisha Warbi
 
Cure of patients which terminally ill.pdf
Cure of patients which terminally ill.pdfCure of patients which terminally ill.pdf
Cure of patients which terminally ill.pdfrg0000009
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
 
Arthroscopic Surgery in Indore : A Minimally Invasive Guide to Joint Health
Arthroscopic Surgery in Indore : A Minimally Invasive Guide to Joint HealthArthroscopic Surgery in Indore : A Minimally Invasive Guide to Joint Health
Arthroscopic Surgery in Indore : A Minimally Invasive Guide to Joint HealthGokuldas Hospital
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportNARMADAPETROLEUMGAS
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communicationskatiequigley33
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxNaveenkumar267201
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxkomalt2001
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...Sujoy Dasgupta
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
 
Cure of patients which terminally ill.pdf
Cure of patients which terminally ill.pdfCure of patients which terminally ill.pdf
Cure of patients which terminally ill.pdf
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
 
Arthroscopic Surgery in Indore : A Minimally Invasive Guide to Joint Health
Arthroscopic Surgery in Indore : A Minimally Invasive Guide to Joint HealthArthroscopic Surgery in Indore : A Minimally Invasive Guide to Joint Health
Arthroscopic Surgery in Indore : A Minimally Invasive Guide to Joint Health
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project report
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
 
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
 

Xenotransplantation

  • 1. Pigs and Humans  What is xenotransplantation?  History of . . .  Statistics  Biological Concept of . . .  Ethical Issues of . . .  Where are we going with . . .  Works Cited  Photos Cited Dr Nikhil Bansal J.N.M.C.,Wardha
  • 2. Xenotransplantation refers to the practice of transplanting, implanting, or infusing living cells, tissues, or organs from one species to another.
  • 3. 1682 – Bone from a dog was used in Russia in an attempt to repair his injured skull. This attempt was reported successful, but the Russian had the bone removed soon after surgery under threat of the church of excommunication.  Late 1800’s – Frog Skins were often used as a way of healing burns or skin ulcers by grafting said skin directly onto the patient’s skin. One British Army surgeon was known to have claimed using this procedure a plethora of times with good results.  1905 – French Surgeon grafts kidney tissues from a rabbit into a child, the child died two weeks later  1920 – Doctor Serge Voronoff transplanted tissues from the testicles of monkeys into older men, claiming that the procedure brought sexual rejuvenation. Among his patients was the famous poet William Butler Yeats.
  • 4. 1963-4 – Thomas Starzl grafts baboon kidneys into six patients. The patients only lasted between 19 and 98 days.  1963-4 – 12 patients received Chimpanzee kidneys , however, most failed within two months of the surgery, though one did live for nine months, the longest time for a xenotransplantation patient to live up to this date.  1964 – A 68-year-old man dies two hours after receiving a Chimpanzee heart.  1969-1974 – Chimpanzee livers were transplanted into three children. They only survived between one to fourteen days.  1977 – A 25-year-old woman receives a baboon heart but dies only six hours after surgery. About the same time a 60-year-old man receives a chimpanzee heart to assist his own heart, but dies four days after.
  • 5. 1984 – Baby Faye receives a baboon heart and dies 20 days later.  1992 – Using a four-drug “cocktail” to assist the transplantation of a baboon liver a patient lives for 71 days. However, the patient died of a brain hemorrhage and the type of rejection typical was not seen.  1992 – A pig liver was placed besides the patients own liver in hopes that the extra liver would assist the patient’s liver long enough for a human donor to be found. The patient died after 32 hours.  1993 – Baboon marrow and kidney transplant, patient dies after 26 days.  1995 – Immune cells from a Baboon used for an AIDS patient. Condition improved though cells died quickly.  1997 – Pig fetal nerve cells used in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Pig cells survived in one patient for over 7 months
  • 6. Only 5% of the organs needed are available  1990 United States – 21,914 people in need of transplants, 12,580 received them  1990-1999 United States – 59% increase in rate of organ donors  2001 United States – 80,374 people in need of transplants  2001 United States – 6,124 people died waiting for transplants
  • 7. 1996-2000 Canada – Waiting list grows by 62%  1996-2000 Canada – Number of transplants increases by 22%  1999 Canada – 170 (approximately 40% of those on the waiting list) people die waiting for transplants  2001 Canada – Almost 4,000 people waiting for transplants, a 15.6% increase in 3 years
  • 8. The Need for Organ Donors grows at 15% per year  2004 Australia – In a survey two-thirds say they would use an animal organ to save their life  2004 Australia – Survey shows 7 out of 10 males would agree to xenotransplantation  2004 Australia – Survey shows 6 out of 10 woman would agree to xenotransplantation
  • 9. Modern Uses  Transplanted animal cells to be used for hemophillia, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease  Organ Transplants  A Way of delivering genes of therapeutic importance
  • 10. Primates vs. Pigs  Pigs have larger organs  Pigs are already slaughtered every day for meat  Primates have smaller organs  Primates share most of our genetic make up  Primates are not available in mass
  • 11. Existing Problems and Worries  25 known diseases can be contacted from pig to human  Rejection rate is higher  Public Health risks  Perfection of Cloning
  • 12. Solutions to the Problems  Selective breeding  Genetic alterations  Containment  New and more powerful drugs  More Research Pig Organ
  • 13. Religion  Jewish – Forbidden to eat any part of a pig  Heart is the seat of the soul  No hybridization of man with any other species
  • 14. Animal Rights  Physical discomfort  Psychological discomfort  Why should animals suffer for humans?  The right to life
  • 15. Arguments For Xenotransplantation  Bible technicalities  Importance of human life  Inspectors for animals  Pigs are already slaughtered daily  Use as few primates as possible
  • 16. Although to date there still hasn’t been any long term success with xenotransplantation scientists are optimistic that humans will no longer have any shortage of organs, tissues, or cells for transplantation. Scientists are continually conducting experiments to find new ways to solve any existing problems and to help prevent any new problems. These range from developing new medications for rejection to breeding genetically engineered pigs for the specific use of xenotransplantation. Although there have been some ethical issues raised, there doesn’t seem to be any obstacles in the way of these remarkable experiments.
  • 17. Berger, Alan H. and Gil Lamont. “Animal Organs Won’t Solve the Transplantation Shortage.” USA Today. 128.2654 (1999) : 56  Boyce, Nell. “Mixing Species – and crossing a live?” U.S. News & World Report. 27, Oct. 2003 : 58+.  Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Organ Farm. Carlton Books Limited, 2001.  Cooper, David K.C. “Clinical Xenotransplantation – how close are we?” Lancet. 362.9383 (2003) : 3.  D’Silva, Joyce. “Dying to live.” Chemistry and Industry. 4 Dec. 2000: 767  Editorial. “Xeno’s paradox: putting animal organs into humans is a risk to public health.” The Economist. 341.7997 (1996) : 16.  Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.” Biological Sciences Review. 12.2 (1999) : 36.  Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America. 277.1 (1997) : 54-6.
  • 18. Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice McCormick. “The Supply of organs for transplantation: issues and challenges.” Nephrology Nursing Journal. 20.1 (2003) : 17(12).  Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.” Encyclopedia of Animal Science. Marcel Dekker, 2005.  Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal to human organ transplantation: a way out of the dilemma.” Journal of Medical Ethics. 30.1 (2004) : 92- 6  Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of Xenotransplantation” http://www.viewingspace.com Aug. 1999.  Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.” Australian Business Intelligence. 22, Aug. 2004: N/A  Travis, John. “Pig virus raises xenotransplantation alarms.” Science News. 151.16 (1997) : 245
  • 19. “Baby Fae.” Photo. Aug. 1999. The History of Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct. 2005. <http://www.viewingspace.com>     Collony, Sandra. “Baboon Near Cage.” Illustration. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotrans plantation_files/image002.jpg>     Collony, Sandra. “Lots of Little Pigs.” Photo. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. < http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotranspl antation_files/image002.jpg>  Collony Sandra. “Two Pigs Cartoon.” Photo. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. < http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotranspl antation_files/image002.jpg>
  • 20. “Doctors at Work.” Photo. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.scienceandsociety.emory.edu/GMO/Xenotra nsplantation_files/image002.jpg>   Forna, Shiela. “Baboon/Pig.” Illustration. 2000. Merger Signals in Xenotransplantation Research. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v6/n11/images/n m1100_1195_I1.jpg>  “Heteroptic Mouse Model of Xenotransplantation.” Illustration. 2001. Vascular Biology and Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.wlab.gu.se/em/index-filer/image008.jpg>   Loss, Martin. “Pig Organ.” Photo. 2004. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <h  Organ Farm. “Monkey Under.” Photo. Primates, Baboons, and Pigs. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.xenodiaries.org/images/babop3.jpg>  Pharma, Novartis. “Little Pig and Organ.” Illustration. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.novartistransplantation.de/pub/organtransp lantation/images/geschichte_xenotx.jpg>
  • 21. “Pig to Human.” Illustration. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.liberation-mag.org.uk/0413.jpg>   “Porky Cartoon.” Illustration. 2000. Xenotransplantation Humor. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.crt- online.org/cartoons/xeno3.gif>   Sue Cue Direct. “Xenotransplantation: She Has the Right to Listen, but Not to Speak.” 02 Oct. 2005. Prints by Sue Coe 1979-Present. Sue Coe Direct. 11 Oct. 2005. <http://images.google.com/imgres? imgurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/xeno1.jpg&im grefurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/prntlist.htm& h=500&w=392&sz=55&tbnid=sUx3e_BhI_EJ:&tbnh=127 &tbnw=99&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq %3DXenotransplantation%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den %26lr%3D>   “Three Pictures Combined.” Photos. 20 Oct. 2005. <http://www.juris.uqam.ca/images/xenotransplantation.j pg>   Unipublic. “Xenokunst.” Illustration. 26 July 2003. Dr. Claude Kaufmann. 11 Oct. 2005. <http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/mag azin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E5 5EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825>

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. (picture) http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/magazin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E55EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825
  2. Xenotransplantion is hoped to help fill the dire need for organs and to possibly completely alleviate the need for human organ donors. Pigs and primates – mostly baboons and chimpanzees – are the animals most often used in medical experiments concerning Xenotransplantation. Pigs are what scientists hope to use as organ donors while the primates are used as substitutes for human patients. Picture - http://www.liberation-mag.org.uk/0413.jpg Notes – Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and J. Braeckman. “ Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal to human organ transplantation: a way out of the dilemma.” Journal of Medical Ethics . 30.1 (2004) : 92-6
  3. The idea of combining human an animal parts is not a new one. Ancient Greeks were known for stories with beings such as centaurs and fauns, while Egyptian gods were represented by human torsos with the head of one type of animal or another. There are still stories about cross species animals such as the jack-a-lope in modern day folk lore and early freak shows were known to take different parts of different animals and sew them together for their audiences to view. However, the earliest know attempt of using this “cross-species” idea for medical purposes is cited in 1682. Picture - http://www.scienceandsociety.emory.edu/GMO/Xenotransplantation_files/image002.jpg Notes – Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America . 277.1 (1997) : 54-6. Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of Xenotransplantation” http://www.viewingspace.com Aug. 1999.
  4. Xenotransplantation attempts did not pick up again until the late 1900’s and since then has maintained a steady interest in the scientific and medical world. Although there have been many attempts on both the young and old, none of the patients have lasted for a significant amount of time. Up to date the longest living patient of xenotransplantation was nine months. Whether the patient is young or old doesn’t seem to have much, if any influence on how well and/or long the patient lasts. Picture – http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v6/n11/images/nm1100_1195_I1.jpg Notes - Notes – Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America . 277.1 (1997) : 54-6. Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of Xenotransplantation” http://www.viewingspace.com Aug. 1999. Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America . 277.1 (1997) : 54-6.
  5. One of the most famous attempts at xenotransplantation is known as the “Baby Faye Case.” The infant was born prematurely with a malformed heart. She received a baboon heart which failed after only twenty days despite the use of new immunosuppressive drugs. It is suggested that the baboon heart was too large for her body to handle. Unfortunately such tragedies are becoming more common with the rise of needed organ donors and the supply coming drastically short. Picture – http://www.viewingspace.com Notes - Notes – Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America . 277.1 (1997) : 54-6. Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of Xenotransplantation” http://www.viewingspace.com Aug. 1999.
  6. Statistics help illustrate the reasons behind xenotransplantation. Only a very small percent, 5% in fact, of people who need transplants to survive get the organs needed. Even the 5% who do get those organs have to be wary of rejection and will more than likely be on medications for the rest of their lives. Even with the increase of organ donors on the rise the problem persists and thousands die each year in the United States alone because of the lack of organs. Just think about how much more dire the need would be if we were aware of every person who was in need of an organ. Pictures - http://www.juris.uqam.ca/images/xenotransplantation.jpg Notes - Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice McCormick. “The Supply of organs for transplantation: issues and challenges.” Nephrology Nursing Journal . 20.1 (2003) : 17(12). Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.” Encyclopedia of Animal Science . Marcel Dekker, 2005. Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal to human organ transplantation: a way out of the dilemma.” Journal of Medical Ethics . 30.1 (2004) : 92-6 Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.” Australian Business Intelligence . 22, Aug. 2004: N/A
  7. The problem is much the same in our Neighbor Canada, though because of our higher population the amount seems less drastic. Within four years there is a 62% jump for the need of organs while there is a only 22% increase in organ donors. Though there is a steady increase in both the waiting list and the organ donors, the waiting list consistently and continually out does the organ donors. The need for xenotransplantation is becoming more and more apparent. Pictures - http://www.novartistransplantation.de/pub/organtransplantation/images/geschichte_xenotx.jpg Notes - Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice McCormick. “The Supply of organs for transplantation: issues and challenges.” Nephrology Nursing Journal . 20.1 (2003) : 17(12). Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.” Encyclopedia of Animal Science . Marcel Dekker, 2005. Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal to human organ transplantation: a way out of the dilemma.” Journal of Medical Ethics . 30.1 (2004) : 92-6 Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.” Australian Business Intelligence . 22, Aug. 2004: N/A
  8. I did look for American Statistics on what the average American thought about Xenotransplantation, but had no luck. However, in Australia at least the majority agrees that they would agree to xenotransplantation if they were in the position of needing any organ or tissue to save their lives. (Here maybe ask the class to raise their hands if, knowing what they know of the subject at this time and assuming their life span would be at least a few years, if they would agree to xenotransplantation, ask why or why not, remember to ask at the end of the lecture to show their hands again and ask why they might have changed their minds) Some people object to the idea and would not go through this process to save their lives, we will go into this a little more later when we discuss ethics. Picture -http://www.xenodiaries.org/images/bab9.jpg Notes - Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice McCormick. “The Supply of organs for transplantation: issues and challenges.” Nephrology Nursing Journal . 20.1 (2003) : 17(12). Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.” Encyclopedia of Animal Science . Marcel Dekker, 2005. Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal to human organ transplantation: a way out of the dilemma.” Journal of Medical Ethics . 30.1 (2004) : 92-6 Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.” Australian Business Intelligence . 22, Aug. 2004: N/A
  9. Stem cells, an already hot topic, have a high role to play in xenotransplantation. As you might have noted animal stem cells did not make any appearance in the historical overview of xenotransplantation even into the 1990’s, they idea is a fairly new one. The animal stem cells would perform the same function as human stem cells or hoped to assume, and because of the fact that these stem cells would not come from human embryos scientists hope to gain more support in their research. Organ transplants have been the main theme in xenotransplantation for the most part as can be seen in the history of xenotransplantation. There are a couple of different ways these organs can be used. The most common is to replace the original organ with the animal organ. Another idea is to actually add the animal organ as a helper to the human organ as both a permanent and temporary fix. One of the more obscure, but still important uses of xenotransplantation is the delivery of genes for therapeutic purposes. The idea behind this is the hope that certain animal sources might be genetically engineered to better express a gene under regulated conditions. Picture - http://www.wlab.gu.se/em/index-filer/image008.jpg Notes - Boyce, Nell. “Mixing Species – and crossing a live?” U.S. News &amp; World Report . 27, Oct. 2003 : 58+. Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America . 277.1 (1997) : 54-6. Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.” Encyclopedia of Animal Science . Marcel Dekker, 2005.
  10. The biggest and most obvious reasons pigs are the animal being considered for organ donors is because their organs closely match ours in size while most primates have considerably smaller organs. Another reason is their availability, one does not find baboon farms everywhere while pigs are readily available almost anywhere. Another reason primates are no longer considered candidates as organ donors is because they so resemble humans that more people object to their slaughter than pigs. Even so, both primates and pigs play a part in xenotransplantation. Because primates share 98% of our genetic make up they are ideal to be used as substitute humans until the process is perfected. Because they are used for this purpose primates can be used pretty sparingly in these experiments. Picture - http://www.xenodiaries.org/images/babop3.jpg Notes - Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Organ Farm . Carlton Books Limited, 2001.
  11. Of the 25 diseases that humans can get from pigs, including anthrax, influenza, scabies, rabies, leptospirosis and erysipelas,the one scientists are chiefly concerned with is pig retrovimses. Scientists agree that the other 24 diseases can be easily taken care of by containment, but pig retrovimses is more worrying because one it is part of a pigs genetic make up and two because HIV is a form of retrovimses and is also connected with causing mutations that form into cancer. As a consequence there could be a public health risk and some are afraid of a massive outbreak. Although this is a big concern a bigger concern is rejection. Our bodies have cells called T-Cells which will attack any substance that the body believes to be invasive and harmful. Human to human organ transplants often have problems with organ rejection so one could just imagine the problems of rejection when it comes to human to pig transplants. One other problem is not in the procedure but in the breeding. It is likely that once they have the “perfect” genetically engineered pig that there will be a lot of cloning. While we are getting closer and closer to getting cloning perfect, we are not quite there. There are still problems with deformations and abnormalities which is a valid concern for those who expect to be getting organs from these animals. Picture - http://www.crt-online.org/cartoons/xeno3.gif Notes - Berger, Alan H. and Gil Lamont. “Animal Organs Won’t Solve the Transplantation Shortage.” USA Today . 128.2654 (1999) : 56 D’Silva, Joyce. “Dying to live.” Chemistry and Industry . 4 Dec. 2000: 767 Editorial. “Xeno’s paradox: putting animal organs into humans is a risk to public health.” The Economist . 341.7997 (1996) : 16. Travis, John. “Pig virus raises xenotransplantation alarms.” Science News . 151.16 (1997) : 245
  12. One of the easiest fixes is selected breeding. By selecting the healthiest pigs for breeding you are more likely to get healthy, strong piglets, and if once the piglets are born there is still worry then the piglets can be taken away from their mother by early weaning and hand raising into isolation. Another step for getting healthy pigs is genetic alteration and then cloning of these “super pigs”. While cloning has not been perfected, further research will hopefully solve those problems still present. Not only can all this specialty breeding help get rid of the threat of diseases, it can also lead to organs that are less likely to be rejected by the human body. While there are already drugs for people who have had transplants to treat and prevent rejection, more powerful ones are being worked on and tested, though the ultimate goal is to be rid of the need for these drugs, which are often taken for life by the patient. And of course, more research will always bring more understanding which leads to improved methods. Picture - http://www.schrem.de/viszeralchirurgie/forschung/situs2.jpg Notes - Cooper, David K.C. “Clinical Xenotransplantation – how close are we?” Lancet . 362.9383 (2003) : 3. Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America . 277.1 (1997) : 54-6.
  13. There is a surprising lack of opposition from the religious community. Although the heart was considered the seat of the soul for many years by many religions the idea has mostly faded out to be replaced with the idea that the body is of little importance when it comes to the soul. By far the biggest problem, as seen by religious people, is that have hybridization, but few are even worried about this since there is no actual sexual contact. Picture - http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotransplantation_files/image002.jpg Notes - Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.” Biological Sciences Review . 12.2 (1999) : 36.
  14. The belief that animals should never be used in scientific experiments to aid humans is not new. However, the reasons and logic vary from one group to another. Some people just think it’s physically cruel, others think more about the psychology and others think equally about both. Many think it should start with the right simply to live. Because pigs are used to slaughter for meat anyways, most people seem to be concerned about the well being of the primates. Also the pigs are not generally harmed until the actual time of death. The primates, however, will be put through many operations and physical discomforts. Many also claim that because primates of a thinking process closer to our own that they suffer much more psychologically. The primates also tend to live in smaller cages with more uncomfortable transfers from one place to another. (picture) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/xeno1.jpg&amp;imgrefurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/prntlist.htm&amp;h=500&amp;w=392&amp;sz=55&amp;tbnid=sUx3e_BhI_EJ:&amp;tbnh=127&amp;tbnw=99&amp;hl=en&amp;start=2&amp;prev=/images%3Fq%3DXenotransplantation%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D Notes - Berger, Alan H. and Gil Lamont. “Animal Organs Won’t Solve the Transplantation Shortage.” USA Today . 128.2654 (1999) : 56 Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Organ Farm . Carlton Books Limited, 2001. D’Silva, Joyce. “Dying to live.” Chemistry and Industry . 4 Dec. 2000: 767 Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.” Biological Sciences Review . 12.2 (1999) : 36.
  15. Because religious objections are far and few between there are not many arguments against their logic. What arguments there are come directly from the Bible or Torah, such as saying God put animals on earth for our benefit and that because there is no sexuality involved its alright. One of the biggest arguments is that human life comes before animal life. One way to look at is if there was a pig in the road or a person and you were forced to hit one or the other with your truck which would you choose to hit? Scientific facilities all claim that the animals under their care are never unnecessarily injured and the fact that they are regularly inspected for malpractice should be good enough to solve any doubts. Many scientists also feel that before anyone complains about pigs being killed for xenotransplantation they need to get the meat off people’s tables first. As far as the primates used, they use as few as possible and never used endangered species. Now, before going further I’d again like a show of hands of those who would agree to xenotransplantation. For those of you who have changed their mind since the last time I asked, explain why. Picture - http://www.mos.org/cst/article/2904/image_14691.jpg Notes – Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Organ Farm . Carlton Books Limited, 2001. Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.” Biological Sciences Review . 12.2 (1999) : 36.
  16. (picture) http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/magazin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E55EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825
  17. (picture) http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/magazin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E55EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825
  18. (picture) http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/magazin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E55EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825
  19. (picture) http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/magazin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E55EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825
  20. (picture) http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/magazin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E55EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825