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Accuracy and reproducibility of 3-dimensional
digital model measurements
     ^
Marines Vieira S. Sousa,a Eliziane Cossetin Vasconcelos,a Guilherme Janson,b Daniela Garib,c
and Arnaldo Pinzanc
Bauru, Brazil


      Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of measurements made on 3-dimensional
      digital models obtained with a surface laser scanner (D-250; 3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Methods:
      Twenty orthodontic dental casts of permanent dentitions were selected. Three-dimensional images were
      obtained on this scanner and analyzed by using the Geomagic Studio 5 software (Raindrop Geomagic, Inc,
      Morrisville, NC). Measurements were made with a digital caliper directly on the dental casts and also digitally
      on the digital models. Fifteen anatomic dental points were identified, and a total of 11 linear measurements
      were taken from each cast, including arch length and width. Dependent t tests were used to evaluate
      intraexaminer reproducibility and measurement accuracy on the digital models. Results: No statistically signif-
      icant differences were found between the measurements made directly on the dental casts and on the digital
      models. Conclusions: Linear measurements on digital models are accurate and reproducible. Digital models
      obtained with the surface laser scanner are reliable for measurements of arch width and length. (Am J Orthod
      Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:269-73)




T
       he fast and continuous advances in computer sci-                            in the screen. Digital casts also have the advantage of
      ences have resulted in increased usage of new                                allowing a “virtual treatment” and a “virtual setup.”3
      technologies in all levels of modern society. Ortho-                             Several studies in the literature have verified the
dontics has also been influenced by this phenomenon.                                accuracy of angular and linear measurements on
Computer-based records are routine in many orthodon-                               3-dimensional digital models with different softwares
tic offices. Digital models are increasingly available and                          and found divergent results.1,4-12 Recently, Leifert
provide qualified diagnostic images at a reasonable                                 et al4 evaluated the accuracy of digital models using
cost.1 Digital record storage has several advantages:                              OrthoCad software. They measured mesiodistal tooth
easy access, need for less physical space, and ability to                          widths and arch lengths, and found slight but statisti-
share information via the Internet with other profes-                              cally significant differences in some measurements.
sionals.2 With new advances in 3-dimensional dental                                They concluded that, despite these differences, digital
and orthodontic softwares, orthodontists can examine                               models are clinically acceptable and reproducible when
intra-arch and interarch relationships digitally. Trans-                           compared with traditional model analyses. Similar
verse relationships between maxillary and mandibular                               results were found by other authors using the same
arches can be better evaluated when 3-dimensional                                  software,1,5-7 Pointstream software,8 and Emodel
models are viewed in occlusion in different perspectives                           software.9-11
                                                                                       Bell et al13 observed no statistically significant differ-
From the Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of S~o   a    ences between linear measurements made on digital
Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.                                                              models using the C3D-builder software and conven-
a
  Postgraduate student.                                                            tional models, validating the virtual evaluation. On the
b
  Professor and head.
c
  Associate professor.                                                             other hand, Redlich et al12 measured 3-dimensional
The authors report no commercial, proprietary, or financial interest in the prod-   scanned orthodontic models with cross-section planes
ucts or companies described in this article.                                       reconstructed by Teledent software. They observed dif-
Reprint requests to: Marin^s Vieira S. Sousa, Department of Orthodontics, Bauru
                          e
Dental School, University of S~o Paulo, Alameda Octvio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75,
                              a                      a                             ferences of 1.19 to 3 mm between measurements of
Bauru, S~o Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil; e-mail, dra.marines@uol.com.br.
          a                                                                        space taken from digital and conventional models,
Submitted, August 2011; revised and accepted, December 2011.                       showing significantly less crowding when using the lin-
0889-5406/$36.00
Copyright Ó 2012 by the American Association of Orthodontists.                     ear measurements from the digital models. They con-
doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.12.028                                                    cluded that the accuracy of linear measurements on
                                                                                                                                           269
270                                                                                                          Sousa et al




          Fig 1. A, Early formation of the virtual image of dental casts; B, digital image completely finished.



digital models is sometimes questionable, especially in        The digital images of the dental models were en-
severely crowded dentitions.                                   larged on screen to facilitate measurements. All the
    No previous study has validated digital models ob-         direct and virtual measurements were made by the
tained from the 3Shape scanner (D-250; 3Shape, Copen-          2 examiners.
hagen, Denmark) for linear orthodontic measurements.               Fifteen anatomic dental points were identified on
Considering the controversies aforementioned and that          each pair of casts (plaster and digital models) by using
digital models are increasingly available for both dental      the modified Euclidean distance matrix analysis14 (Fig
practice and research in orthodontics, the purpose of this     2). Arch widths and lengths were measured as shown
study was to determine the accuracy and reproducibility        in Figure 3. A total of 11 measurements were made on
of arch widths and lengths obtained with the surface la-       each dental model.
ser scanner 3Shape.                                                The dental cast and digital model measurements
                                                               were repeated for 5 randomly selected patients after
MATERIAL AND METHODS                                           15 days by both examiners. The random errors were
    Twenty orthodontic dental models from patients             evaluated with Dahlberg's formula,15 and the system-
under treatment, in the permanent dentition, were              atic errors were investigated with dependent t tests.
selected. The sample size was calculated before the            The results were considered significant at P 0.05. Be-
study; it was estimated that a sample size of 10 to 13         cause there were no significant intraexaminer differ-
dental models was needed to obtain a statistical power         ences, the average between the 2 operators was used
of 95%.10 These dental casts belonged to a prospective         for both methods.
study for which the first premolars had been extracted
according to the orthodontic treatment plans. The den-         Statistical analysis
tal casts were digitized by using the 3Shape D-250                Dependent t tests were used for intergroup compar-
3-dimensional scanner. This scanner operates with              isons. The results were considered significant at
a main laser beam, with 2 cameras to capture the image.        P 0.05.
The images are automatically processed by the 3Shape
Sewer Scan software, which generated files with the
STL (stereolithography) extension for each dental model        RESULTS
(Fig 1).                                                           The individual intraexaminer random errors ranged
    Two examiners (M.V.S.S. and E.C.V.) were trained           from 0.054 (distance 3-4) to 0.955 (distance 14-15)
sufficiently in using both methods: measuring with              for the physical measurements, and from 0.064 (distance
a digital caliper, and manipulation and measuring of           1-5) to 0.943 (distance 12-13) for the digital measure-
the virtual images with the software.                          ments. There were no significant systematic errors for
    The measurements were obtained from conventional           either examiner (Tables I and II).
dental casts with a digital caliper with 0.01-mm accuracy          No statistically significant differences were found
(Mitutoyo Co, Kanagawa, Japan). Three-dimensional              between the physical and digital measurements
images were analyzed by using Geomagic Studio 5                of the dental models for arch width and length
software (Raindrop Geomagic, Inc, Morrisville, NC).            (Table III).




August 2012  Vol 142  Issue 2                       American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Sousa et al                                                                                                             271




Fig 2. The measurements between selected points: 1-2             Fig 3. Example a measurement obtained with the digital
distance, tip to tip of the cusps of the canines; 3-4 dis-       method (distance 1-2: cusp tip to cusp tip of the canines).
tance, tip to tip of the buccal cusps of the second premo-
lars; 5-6 distance, tip to tip of the mesiobuccal cusps of the
first molars; 1-5 distance, the cusp tip of the right canine to   above the calculated minimum and also because
the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the right first molar; 2-6 dis-       previous studies with digital models used similar
tance, the cusp tip of the left canine to the mesiobuccal        sample sizes.5,6,8
cusp tip of the left first molar; 7-8 distance, the cervical          The reproducibility of the linear measurements made
and middle points of the lingual surface of the right second
                                                                 directly on the dental casts and on the digital models was
premolar to the cervical and middle points of the lingual
                                                                 high in this study (Tables I and II). These results agree
surface of the left second premolar; 9-10 distance, the
cervical and middle points of the lingual surface of the         with previous findings.1,10,13,17
right first molar to the cervical and middle points of the lin-       Landmarks can be difficult to identify, and the exam-
gual surface of the left first molar; 11-12 distance, the mid-    iner's opinion concerning the exact location of a point
point of the mesial marginal ridge of the right first molar to    can vary at random. This study showed that errors can
the uppermost distal point of the incisal edge of the right      be reduced by precise definitions of points if the exam-
lateral incisor; 12-13 distance, the uppermost distal point      iners are previously trained.
of the incisal edge of the right lateral incisor to the upper-       The linear measurements on the digital models
most mesial point of the incisal edge of the right central in-   showed no significant differences when compared with
cisor; 13-14 distance, the uppermost mesial point of the         measurements with the digital caliper on the physical
incisal edge of the right central incisor to the uppermost
                                                                 dental casts (Table III). Points on the digital models
distal point of the incisal edge of the left lateral incisor;
                                                                 were easy to identify with the Geomagic Studio 5 soft-
14-15 distance, the uppermost distal point of the incisal
edge of the left lateral incisor to the midpoint of the mesial   ware. A simple click on 2 points is enough for the pro-
marginal ridge of the left first molar.                           gram to generate a linear measurement automatically.
                                                                 Additionally, this software allows moving the images
                                                                 around the 3 axes of rotation and magnifying the im-
DISCUSSION                                                       ages. Magnification of the virtual image is an excellent
    Geomagic Studio 5 was used instead of the software           advantage compared with the plaster models, because
that comes with the 3Shape scanner because no authors            anatomic details can be more accurately viewed. Bell
have investigated its accuracy in the dental literature.         et al13 comparatively assessed direct measurements on
    The 20 pairs of dental models selected for this study        22 dental casts and measurements from computer-
were derived from orthodontic patients with Class I and          generated 3-dimensional images using a photostereo-
Class II malocclusions, with severe dental crowding,             metric technique. They found no statistically significant
treated with premolar extractions.16 Patients with severe        difference between either type of measurement. Their
tooth crowding were selected for this study because the          results agree with ours.
difficulty in performing linear measurements on dental                On the other hand, some authors have found differ-
casts increases with malocclusion complexity.4,5,8,10,12         ent and smaller values for some linear distances taken
Sample size seemed to be adequate because it was                 from virtual models compared with the physical




American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics                           August 2012  Vol 142  Issue 2
272                                                                                                                        Sousa et al



 Table I. Casual and systematic errors of examiner 1                    Table II. Casual and systematic errors of examiner 2
 (Dahlberg and dependent t tests)                                       (Dahlberg and dependent t tests)
               Measurement 1 Measurement 2                                            Measurement 1 Measurement 2
                   (mm)          (mm)                                                     (mm)          (mm)

 Measurement Mean         SD     Mean      SD     Dahlberg    P         Measurement Mean         SD     Mean      SD     Dahlberg    P
 Caliper                                                                Caliper
   1-2          28.894   4.480   29.044   4.563    0.233     0.299        1-2          28.860   4.523   28.440   4.277    0.409     0.290
   3-4          36.88    3.701   36.918   3.939    0.054     0.895        3-4          37.084   3.959   36.918   4.196    0.298     0.298
   5-6          43.528   4.046   43.564   3.977    0.482     0.802        5-6          43.774   4.313   43.228   4.295    0.544     0.253
   1-5          19.268   2.312   18.734   2.793    0.232     0.344        1-5          19.278   2.263   18.990   2.344    0.250     0.057
   2-6          18.454   2.293   17.654   2.744    0.694     0.119        2-6          18.300   2.313   18.082   2.442    0.224     0.206
   7-8          27.328   2.629   27.162   2.606    0.482     0.220        7-8          26.994   2.773   26.996   2.705    0.061     0.973
   9-10         37.208   2.530   37.462   2.290    0.833     0.565        9-10         37.142   2.345   37.094   2.377    0.093     0.676
   11-12        18.722   2.348   18.618   2.422    0.694     0.621        11-12        18.674   1.828   18.714   2.072    0.240     0.854
   12-13        12.206   1.273   12.304   1.263    0.913     0.463        12-13        11.996   1.404   12.142   1.297    0.181     0.270
   13-14        12.134   1.721   12.358   1.647    0.833     0.275        13-14        12.348   1.693   12.342   1.540    0.258     0.978
   14-15        19.18    1.834   19.342   1.985    0.955     0.557        14-15        18.196   1.809   18.272   2.048    0.203     0.697
 3-dimensional image                                                    3-dimensional image
   1-2          28.706   4.062   28.856   4.518    0.389     0.611        1-2          29.102   4.516   29.044   4.563    0.106     0.562
   3-4          36.778   3.857   36.662   4.233    0.152     0.761        3-4          36.946   3.833   37.024   4.035    0.208     0.623
   5-6          43.288   3.858   43.446   4.502    0.624     0.768        5-6          43.634   4.251   43.526   4.251    0.135     0.504
   1-5          19.174   2.504   19.258   2.473    0.389     0.277        1-5          19.012   2.627   18.950   2.636    0.064     0.659
   2-6          17.626   2.839   17.930   2.581    0.790     0.689        2-6          17.980   2.562   18.092   2.575    0.077     0.297
   7-8          26.976   2.421   27.370   2.339    0.624     0.144        7-8          27.410   2.804   27.172   2.453    0.447     0.469
   9-10         37.224   2.691   37.196   2.500    0.889     0.799        9-10         37.128   2.527   37.228   2.542    0.128     0.359
   11-12        18.604   1.830   18.916   1.685    0.790     0.605        11-12        19.376   1.965   19.472   1.990    0.191     0.501
   12-13        11.640   1.404   11.822   1.382    0.943     0.356        12-13        12.128   1.656   12.012   1.690    0.118     0.382
   13-14        12.318   1.226   12.866   1.843    0.889     0.223        13-14        12.610   1.730   12.582   1.616    0.068     0.726
   14-15        18.288   2.146   18.492   1.977    0.971     0.743        14-15        19.180   1.834   19.442   1.811    0.249     0.235



measurements for both tooth sizes and arch dimen-                      measurements in depth compared with conventional
sions.9,10,12 A possible cause for these differences is                dental casts. For intermolar width, digital measurements
that the software provides a 3-dimensional view of inter-              tended to produce smaller values than did manual mea-
proximal contacts on an enlarged image, and also be-                   surements. Conversely, digital measurements produced
cause digital measurements can be made on selected                     larger values when measuring palatal depth.
sections of the image.9,10 The user can rotate the cast                    A possible explanation for the high accuracy in our
on the screen to accurately assess the points chosen as                study is that the examiners were previously calibrated.
the greatest diameter, but this process is still difficult.             In addition, the latest version of the 3Shape scanner
The resolution of the software is high, but it is difficult             has the laser beam emitted from bottom to top,
to choose the exact contact point between 2 teeth.                     eliminating the discrepancies of the first generation
When estimating the contact areas, the operator will                   of 3-dimensional scanners.11 Our findings suggest
tend to underestimate the measurements.                                that linear measurements of arch width and length
   This problem, combined with the difficulty of mea-                   on digital models with the 3Shape scanner are highly
suring teeth in a crowded dentition, can lead to wrong                 accurate and reproducible. More studies should be
decisions. For example, a severely crowded dentition                   carried out with the same modality of scanner to eval-
underestimated as moderately crowded would impact                      uate depth measurements, tooth sizes, and arch size
the extraction decision.12                                             discrepancies.
   According to Santoro et al6 and Quimby et al,1 de-
pending on the orthodontist's training, abilities, and                 CONCLUSIONS
preferences, measuring on a computer screen can be
more or less accurate than the traditional gauge-on-                   1.   The reproducibility of digital measurements of arch
cast method. Moreover, Kusnoto and Evans11 found                            width and length on digital models was similar
that digital models produced more accurate measure-                         to direct measurements on the dental casts with
ments in height and width, but less accurate                                a caliper.




August 2012  Vol 142  Issue 2                                American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Sousa et al                                                                                                                                         273




 Table III. Accuracy of the measurements on the digital dental casts (dependent t tests)
                              Digital caliper (mm)                        Geomagic software (mm)
                                                                                                                   Difference between
 Measurement                Mean                 SD                  Mean                       SD                   methods (mm)                   P
 1-2                       30.619               5.410                31.507                    6.227                     À0.888                   0.388
 3-4                       38.384               5.868                38.479                    5.937                     À0.095                   0.403
 5-6                       44.923               5.054                44.775                    5.131                       0.148                  0.184
 1-5                       18.459               2.379                18.546                    2.446                     À0.087                   0.704
 2-6                       18.637               2.472                18.517                    2.667                       0.120                  0.655
 7-8                       27.222               2.820                27.446                    2.832                     À0.224                   0.054
 9-10                      37.561               2.036                37.677                    1.985                     À0.116                   0.123
 11-12                     18.559               2.387                18.858                    2.485                     À0.299                   0.124
 12-13                     12.513               2.092                12.435                    2.095                       0.078                  0.606
 13-14                     13.339               2.431                13.656                    2.513                     À0.317                   0.061
 14-15                     19.235               2.652                19.345                    2.702                     À0.110                   0.194



2.   Measurements of arch width and length on digitized                          8. Asquith J, Gillgrass T, Mossey P. Three-dimensional imaging of
     models showed high accuracy.                                                   orthodontic models: a pilot study. Eur J Orthod 2007;29:
                                                                                    517-22.
3.   Digital models can be used for storing cast models                          9. Mullen SR, Martin CA, Ngan P, Gladwin M. Accuracy of space anal-
     and for research with satisfactory degrees of accu-                            ysis with emodels and plaster models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Or-
     racy and reproducibility of linear measurements of                             thop 2007;132:346-52.
     arch width and length.                                                     10. Stevens DR, Flores-Mir C, Nebbe B, Raboud DW, Heo G, Major PW.
                                                                                    Validity, reliability, and reproducibility of plaster vs digital study
                                                                                    models: comparison of peer assessment rating and Bolton analysis
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American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics                                               August 2012  Vol 142  Issue 2

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Accuracy of 3 d models mesurements

  • 1. TECHNO BYTES Accuracy and reproducibility of 3-dimensional digital model measurements ^ Marines Vieira S. Sousa,a Eliziane Cossetin Vasconcelos,a Guilherme Janson,b Daniela Garib,c and Arnaldo Pinzanc Bauru, Brazil Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of measurements made on 3-dimensional digital models obtained with a surface laser scanner (D-250; 3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Methods: Twenty orthodontic dental casts of permanent dentitions were selected. Three-dimensional images were obtained on this scanner and analyzed by using the Geomagic Studio 5 software (Raindrop Geomagic, Inc, Morrisville, NC). Measurements were made with a digital caliper directly on the dental casts and also digitally on the digital models. Fifteen anatomic dental points were identified, and a total of 11 linear measurements were taken from each cast, including arch length and width. Dependent t tests were used to evaluate intraexaminer reproducibility and measurement accuracy on the digital models. Results: No statistically signif- icant differences were found between the measurements made directly on the dental casts and on the digital models. Conclusions: Linear measurements on digital models are accurate and reproducible. Digital models obtained with the surface laser scanner are reliable for measurements of arch width and length. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:269-73) T he fast and continuous advances in computer sci- in the screen. Digital casts also have the advantage of ences have resulted in increased usage of new allowing a “virtual treatment” and a “virtual setup.”3 technologies in all levels of modern society. Ortho- Several studies in the literature have verified the dontics has also been influenced by this phenomenon. accuracy of angular and linear measurements on Computer-based records are routine in many orthodon- 3-dimensional digital models with different softwares tic offices. Digital models are increasingly available and and found divergent results.1,4-12 Recently, Leifert provide qualified diagnostic images at a reasonable et al4 evaluated the accuracy of digital models using cost.1 Digital record storage has several advantages: OrthoCad software. They measured mesiodistal tooth easy access, need for less physical space, and ability to widths and arch lengths, and found slight but statisti- share information via the Internet with other profes- cally significant differences in some measurements. sionals.2 With new advances in 3-dimensional dental They concluded that, despite these differences, digital and orthodontic softwares, orthodontists can examine models are clinically acceptable and reproducible when intra-arch and interarch relationships digitally. Trans- compared with traditional model analyses. Similar verse relationships between maxillary and mandibular results were found by other authors using the same arches can be better evaluated when 3-dimensional software,1,5-7 Pointstream software,8 and Emodel models are viewed in occlusion in different perspectives software.9-11 Bell et al13 observed no statistically significant differ- From the Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of S~o a ences between linear measurements made on digital Paulo, Bauru, Brazil. models using the C3D-builder software and conven- a Postgraduate student. tional models, validating the virtual evaluation. On the b Professor and head. c Associate professor. other hand, Redlich et al12 measured 3-dimensional The authors report no commercial, proprietary, or financial interest in the prod- scanned orthodontic models with cross-section planes ucts or companies described in this article. reconstructed by Teledent software. They observed dif- Reprint requests to: Marin^s Vieira S. Sousa, Department of Orthodontics, Bauru e Dental School, University of S~o Paulo, Alameda Octvio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, a a ferences of 1.19 to 3 mm between measurements of Bauru, S~o Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil; e-mail, dra.marines@uol.com.br. a space taken from digital and conventional models, Submitted, August 2011; revised and accepted, December 2011. showing significantly less crowding when using the lin- 0889-5406/$36.00 Copyright Ó 2012 by the American Association of Orthodontists. ear measurements from the digital models. They con- doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.12.028 cluded that the accuracy of linear measurements on 269
  • 2. 270 Sousa et al Fig 1. A, Early formation of the virtual image of dental casts; B, digital image completely finished. digital models is sometimes questionable, especially in The digital images of the dental models were en- severely crowded dentitions. larged on screen to facilitate measurements. All the No previous study has validated digital models ob- direct and virtual measurements were made by the tained from the 3Shape scanner (D-250; 3Shape, Copen- 2 examiners. hagen, Denmark) for linear orthodontic measurements. Fifteen anatomic dental points were identified on Considering the controversies aforementioned and that each pair of casts (plaster and digital models) by using digital models are increasingly available for both dental the modified Euclidean distance matrix analysis14 (Fig practice and research in orthodontics, the purpose of this 2). Arch widths and lengths were measured as shown study was to determine the accuracy and reproducibility in Figure 3. A total of 11 measurements were made on of arch widths and lengths obtained with the surface la- each dental model. ser scanner 3Shape. The dental cast and digital model measurements were repeated for 5 randomly selected patients after MATERIAL AND METHODS 15 days by both examiners. The random errors were Twenty orthodontic dental models from patients evaluated with Dahlberg's formula,15 and the system- under treatment, in the permanent dentition, were atic errors were investigated with dependent t tests. selected. The sample size was calculated before the The results were considered significant at P 0.05. Be- study; it was estimated that a sample size of 10 to 13 cause there were no significant intraexaminer differ- dental models was needed to obtain a statistical power ences, the average between the 2 operators was used of 95%.10 These dental casts belonged to a prospective for both methods. study for which the first premolars had been extracted according to the orthodontic treatment plans. The den- Statistical analysis tal casts were digitized by using the 3Shape D-250 Dependent t tests were used for intergroup compar- 3-dimensional scanner. This scanner operates with isons. The results were considered significant at a main laser beam, with 2 cameras to capture the image. P 0.05. The images are automatically processed by the 3Shape Sewer Scan software, which generated files with the STL (stereolithography) extension for each dental model RESULTS (Fig 1). The individual intraexaminer random errors ranged Two examiners (M.V.S.S. and E.C.V.) were trained from 0.054 (distance 3-4) to 0.955 (distance 14-15) sufficiently in using both methods: measuring with for the physical measurements, and from 0.064 (distance a digital caliper, and manipulation and measuring of 1-5) to 0.943 (distance 12-13) for the digital measure- the virtual images with the software. ments. There were no significant systematic errors for The measurements were obtained from conventional either examiner (Tables I and II). dental casts with a digital caliper with 0.01-mm accuracy No statistically significant differences were found (Mitutoyo Co, Kanagawa, Japan). Three-dimensional between the physical and digital measurements images were analyzed by using Geomagic Studio 5 of the dental models for arch width and length software (Raindrop Geomagic, Inc, Morrisville, NC). (Table III). August 2012 Vol 142 Issue 2 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
  • 3. Sousa et al 271 Fig 2. The measurements between selected points: 1-2 Fig 3. Example a measurement obtained with the digital distance, tip to tip of the cusps of the canines; 3-4 dis- method (distance 1-2: cusp tip to cusp tip of the canines). tance, tip to tip of the buccal cusps of the second premo- lars; 5-6 distance, tip to tip of the mesiobuccal cusps of the first molars; 1-5 distance, the cusp tip of the right canine to above the calculated minimum and also because the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the right first molar; 2-6 dis- previous studies with digital models used similar tance, the cusp tip of the left canine to the mesiobuccal sample sizes.5,6,8 cusp tip of the left first molar; 7-8 distance, the cervical The reproducibility of the linear measurements made and middle points of the lingual surface of the right second directly on the dental casts and on the digital models was premolar to the cervical and middle points of the lingual high in this study (Tables I and II). These results agree surface of the left second premolar; 9-10 distance, the cervical and middle points of the lingual surface of the with previous findings.1,10,13,17 right first molar to the cervical and middle points of the lin- Landmarks can be difficult to identify, and the exam- gual surface of the left first molar; 11-12 distance, the mid- iner's opinion concerning the exact location of a point point of the mesial marginal ridge of the right first molar to can vary at random. This study showed that errors can the uppermost distal point of the incisal edge of the right be reduced by precise definitions of points if the exam- lateral incisor; 12-13 distance, the uppermost distal point iners are previously trained. of the incisal edge of the right lateral incisor to the upper- The linear measurements on the digital models most mesial point of the incisal edge of the right central in- showed no significant differences when compared with cisor; 13-14 distance, the uppermost mesial point of the measurements with the digital caliper on the physical incisal edge of the right central incisor to the uppermost dental casts (Table III). Points on the digital models distal point of the incisal edge of the left lateral incisor; were easy to identify with the Geomagic Studio 5 soft- 14-15 distance, the uppermost distal point of the incisal edge of the left lateral incisor to the midpoint of the mesial ware. A simple click on 2 points is enough for the pro- marginal ridge of the left first molar. gram to generate a linear measurement automatically. Additionally, this software allows moving the images around the 3 axes of rotation and magnifying the im- DISCUSSION ages. Magnification of the virtual image is an excellent Geomagic Studio 5 was used instead of the software advantage compared with the plaster models, because that comes with the 3Shape scanner because no authors anatomic details can be more accurately viewed. Bell have investigated its accuracy in the dental literature. et al13 comparatively assessed direct measurements on The 20 pairs of dental models selected for this study 22 dental casts and measurements from computer- were derived from orthodontic patients with Class I and generated 3-dimensional images using a photostereo- Class II malocclusions, with severe dental crowding, metric technique. They found no statistically significant treated with premolar extractions.16 Patients with severe difference between either type of measurement. Their tooth crowding were selected for this study because the results agree with ours. difficulty in performing linear measurements on dental On the other hand, some authors have found differ- casts increases with malocclusion complexity.4,5,8,10,12 ent and smaller values for some linear distances taken Sample size seemed to be adequate because it was from virtual models compared with the physical American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics August 2012 Vol 142 Issue 2
  • 4. 272 Sousa et al Table I. Casual and systematic errors of examiner 1 Table II. Casual and systematic errors of examiner 2 (Dahlberg and dependent t tests) (Dahlberg and dependent t tests) Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 1 Measurement 2 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Measurement Mean SD Mean SD Dahlberg P Measurement Mean SD Mean SD Dahlberg P Caliper Caliper 1-2 28.894 4.480 29.044 4.563 0.233 0.299 1-2 28.860 4.523 28.440 4.277 0.409 0.290 3-4 36.88 3.701 36.918 3.939 0.054 0.895 3-4 37.084 3.959 36.918 4.196 0.298 0.298 5-6 43.528 4.046 43.564 3.977 0.482 0.802 5-6 43.774 4.313 43.228 4.295 0.544 0.253 1-5 19.268 2.312 18.734 2.793 0.232 0.344 1-5 19.278 2.263 18.990 2.344 0.250 0.057 2-6 18.454 2.293 17.654 2.744 0.694 0.119 2-6 18.300 2.313 18.082 2.442 0.224 0.206 7-8 27.328 2.629 27.162 2.606 0.482 0.220 7-8 26.994 2.773 26.996 2.705 0.061 0.973 9-10 37.208 2.530 37.462 2.290 0.833 0.565 9-10 37.142 2.345 37.094 2.377 0.093 0.676 11-12 18.722 2.348 18.618 2.422 0.694 0.621 11-12 18.674 1.828 18.714 2.072 0.240 0.854 12-13 12.206 1.273 12.304 1.263 0.913 0.463 12-13 11.996 1.404 12.142 1.297 0.181 0.270 13-14 12.134 1.721 12.358 1.647 0.833 0.275 13-14 12.348 1.693 12.342 1.540 0.258 0.978 14-15 19.18 1.834 19.342 1.985 0.955 0.557 14-15 18.196 1.809 18.272 2.048 0.203 0.697 3-dimensional image 3-dimensional image 1-2 28.706 4.062 28.856 4.518 0.389 0.611 1-2 29.102 4.516 29.044 4.563 0.106 0.562 3-4 36.778 3.857 36.662 4.233 0.152 0.761 3-4 36.946 3.833 37.024 4.035 0.208 0.623 5-6 43.288 3.858 43.446 4.502 0.624 0.768 5-6 43.634 4.251 43.526 4.251 0.135 0.504 1-5 19.174 2.504 19.258 2.473 0.389 0.277 1-5 19.012 2.627 18.950 2.636 0.064 0.659 2-6 17.626 2.839 17.930 2.581 0.790 0.689 2-6 17.980 2.562 18.092 2.575 0.077 0.297 7-8 26.976 2.421 27.370 2.339 0.624 0.144 7-8 27.410 2.804 27.172 2.453 0.447 0.469 9-10 37.224 2.691 37.196 2.500 0.889 0.799 9-10 37.128 2.527 37.228 2.542 0.128 0.359 11-12 18.604 1.830 18.916 1.685 0.790 0.605 11-12 19.376 1.965 19.472 1.990 0.191 0.501 12-13 11.640 1.404 11.822 1.382 0.943 0.356 12-13 12.128 1.656 12.012 1.690 0.118 0.382 13-14 12.318 1.226 12.866 1.843 0.889 0.223 13-14 12.610 1.730 12.582 1.616 0.068 0.726 14-15 18.288 2.146 18.492 1.977 0.971 0.743 14-15 19.180 1.834 19.442 1.811 0.249 0.235 measurements for both tooth sizes and arch dimen- measurements in depth compared with conventional sions.9,10,12 A possible cause for these differences is dental casts. For intermolar width, digital measurements that the software provides a 3-dimensional view of inter- tended to produce smaller values than did manual mea- proximal contacts on an enlarged image, and also be- surements. Conversely, digital measurements produced cause digital measurements can be made on selected larger values when measuring palatal depth. sections of the image.9,10 The user can rotate the cast A possible explanation for the high accuracy in our on the screen to accurately assess the points chosen as study is that the examiners were previously calibrated. the greatest diameter, but this process is still difficult. In addition, the latest version of the 3Shape scanner The resolution of the software is high, but it is difficult has the laser beam emitted from bottom to top, to choose the exact contact point between 2 teeth. eliminating the discrepancies of the first generation When estimating the contact areas, the operator will of 3-dimensional scanners.11 Our findings suggest tend to underestimate the measurements. that linear measurements of arch width and length This problem, combined with the difficulty of mea- on digital models with the 3Shape scanner are highly suring teeth in a crowded dentition, can lead to wrong accurate and reproducible. More studies should be decisions. For example, a severely crowded dentition carried out with the same modality of scanner to eval- underestimated as moderately crowded would impact uate depth measurements, tooth sizes, and arch size the extraction decision.12 discrepancies. According to Santoro et al6 and Quimby et al,1 de- pending on the orthodontist's training, abilities, and CONCLUSIONS preferences, measuring on a computer screen can be more or less accurate than the traditional gauge-on- 1. The reproducibility of digital measurements of arch cast method. Moreover, Kusnoto and Evans11 found width and length on digital models was similar that digital models produced more accurate measure- to direct measurements on the dental casts with ments in height and width, but less accurate a caliper. August 2012 Vol 142 Issue 2 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
  • 5. Sousa et al 273 Table III. Accuracy of the measurements on the digital dental casts (dependent t tests) Digital caliper (mm) Geomagic software (mm) Difference between Measurement Mean SD Mean SD methods (mm) P 1-2 30.619 5.410 31.507 6.227 À0.888 0.388 3-4 38.384 5.868 38.479 5.937 À0.095 0.403 5-6 44.923 5.054 44.775 5.131 0.148 0.184 1-5 18.459 2.379 18.546 2.446 À0.087 0.704 2-6 18.637 2.472 18.517 2.667 0.120 0.655 7-8 27.222 2.820 27.446 2.832 À0.224 0.054 9-10 37.561 2.036 37.677 1.985 À0.116 0.123 11-12 18.559 2.387 18.858 2.485 À0.299 0.124 12-13 12.513 2.092 12.435 2.095 0.078 0.606 13-14 13.339 2.431 13.656 2.513 À0.317 0.061 14-15 19.235 2.652 19.345 2.702 À0.110 0.194 2. Measurements of arch width and length on digitized 8. Asquith J, Gillgrass T, Mossey P. Three-dimensional imaging of models showed high accuracy. orthodontic models: a pilot study. Eur J Orthod 2007;29: 517-22. 3. Digital models can be used for storing cast models 9. Mullen SR, Martin CA, Ngan P, Gladwin M. Accuracy of space anal- and for research with satisfactory degrees of accu- ysis with emodels and plaster models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Or- racy and reproducibility of linear measurements of thop 2007;132:346-52. arch width and length. 10. Stevens DR, Flores-Mir C, Nebbe B, Raboud DW, Heo G, Major PW. Validity, reliability, and reproducibility of plaster vs digital study models: comparison of peer assessment rating and Bolton analysis REFERENCES and their constituent measurements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Or- 1. Quimby ML, Vig KWL, Rashid RG, Firestone AR. The accuracy and thop 2006;129:794-803. reliability of measurements made on computer-based digital 11. Kusnoto B, Evans CA. Reliability of a 3D surface laser scanner for models. Angle Orthod 2004;74:298-303. orthodontic applications. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 2. Marcel T. Three-dimensional on-screen virtual models. Am J Or- 122:342-8. thod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;119:666-8. 12. Redlich M, Weinstock T, Abed Y, Schneor R, Holdstein Y, Fischer A. 3. Hajeer MY, Millett DT. Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: A new system for scanning, measuring and analyzing dental casts part I. J Orthod 2004;31:62-70. based on a 3D holographic sensor. Orthod Craniofac Res 2008;11: 4. Leifert MF, Leifert MM, Efstratiadis SS, Cangialosi TJ. Compar- 90-5. ison of space analysis evaluations with digital models and plas- 13. Bell A, Ayoub AF, Siebert P. Assessment of the accuracy of a three- ter dental casts. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136: dimensional imaging systems for archiving dental study models. J 16.e1-4. Orthod 2003;30:219-23. 5. Zilberman O, Huggare JA, Parikakis KA. Evaluation of the validity 14. Ayoub AF, Stirrups DR, Moos KF. Assessment of chin surgery by of tooth size and arch width measurements using conventional a coordinate free method. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;23:6-10. and three-dimensional virtual orthodontic models. Angle Orthod 15. Dahlberg G. Statistical methods for medical and biological stu- 2003;73:301-6. dents. New York: Interscience Publications; 1940. 6. Santoro M, Galkin S, Teredesai M, Nicolay OF, Cangialosi TJ. Com- 16. Sousa MVS, Scanavini MA, Sannomiya EK, Velasco LG, Angelieri F. parison of measurements made on digital and plaster models. Am J Influence of low level laser on the speed of orthodontic movement. Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;124:101-5. Photomed Laser Surg 2011;29:191-6. 7. Costalos PA, Sarraf K, Cangialosi TJ, Efstratiadis S. Evaluation of 17. Okunami TR, Kusnoto B, BeGole E, Evans CA, Sadowsky C, the accuracy of digital model analysis for the American Board of Fadavif S. Assessing the American Board of Orthodontics objective Orthodontics objective grading system for dental casts. Am J grading system: digital vs plaster dental casts. Am J Orthod Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:624-9. Dentofacial Orthop 2007;131:51-6. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics August 2012 Vol 142 Issue 2