2. Ch. 8: A Growing Nation How did the growth of Canada during the 1870’s and 1880’s affect the people in the various region?
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4. British Columbia By 1868 the gold rush was over, but the colony needed to provide expensive services like roads They chose to join Canada over the United States because of the future railroad
5. P.E.I. This colony was also indebt because they were building their own railway. Canada paid their debts and offered a steamship service to the mainland.
6. Treaties with First Nations In order to settle the west and begin a transcontinental railway, MacDonald had to make deals with the Native peoples living there
7. This became known as the Numbered Treaties There were 11 in total. The main terms included the following:
11. It started along the banks of the Assiniboine and Red Rivers in the late 1700’s. By 1869 the population was approximately 12 000 and the majority was Metis.
12. Metis(see pp. 148/9) they were a mixed people descended from French, British and First Nations. They belong in neither group, so they slowly created their own identity.
13. Most spoke at least three languages (French, English and Michif). Michif was a combination of French and Nehinawe (Cree). Most Metis were of Christian Faith
14. There main source of food was the Buffalo The hunt include 100 000 men and followed strict rules. Farming was another source of food and income
15. Events at Red River * The Metis worried over what would happen to them because of the purchase of the North-west Territories. They feared for their lands.
16. Red River Settlement Surveyors Arrive In the summer of 1869 the surveyors arrived and started marking off land which included Metis farms. This upset the Metis and Louis Riel confronted them
17. Red River Settlement National committee of the Metis After the surveyors left, they united to decide how to protect their lands. The Montreal educated Riel was an important figure
18. Red River Settlement Forming a Provisional Government After driving back the Lt.-Governor of NWT, the Metis took control of Fort Garry They believed they owned the land and should be negotiated with like other colonies joining Canada
19. Red River Settlement Negotiating A Bill of Rights was drafted and sent to Ottawa, This included issues on education and rights to land.
20. Red River Settlement Trouble at Fort Garry Some non-Metis settlers disagreed with the Metis and were jailed. After planned escapes and threats Thomas Scott was executed.
21. Red River Settlement Trouble in Ottawa This led to disagreements in Ottawa French-speaking Canadians saw him as a hero, while the English thought he was a murderer. MacDonald avoided the issue.
22. Red River Settlement The Province of Manitoba MacDonald finally worked out an agreement with the Metis. This became the Manitoba Act and the creation of a new province of Canada.
23. Red River Settlement Riel Leaves Over the next five years Riel is threatened, elected to Parliament and exiled for 5 years. (see p. 153) After his term of 5 years was over he would be given amnesty.
24. A Plan for the Country In late 1873 MacDonald resigns because of a conflict of interest accusation. Alexander Mackenzie leads the government for 5 years. MacDonald is re-elected based on his Plan for the Country.
25. A Plan for the Country National Policy This is a set of main ideas a government uses when it makes decisions or makes policy and law. MacDonald believed the National Policy should be focused on the Economy
26. A Plan for the Country National Policy (cont.) This included manufacturing its own products from its own resources The second point was encouraging immigration The third point was building a national railway to move both product and people across Canada.
27. A Plan for the Country Encouraging Immigration This was inspired through homesteading Homesteading allowed new immigrants move to areas never farmed before. They were sold 64.7 hectares for $10
28. A Plan for the Country Canadian Pacific Railway It began in 1880, eight years after it was promised to British Columbia and the rest of the colonies who joined Confederation.
29. A Plan for the Country A Difficult Job Building the railway across the prairies was the easiest part because it was flat Greater challenges were faced along the north shores of the Great Lakes
30. A Plan for the Country The greatest challenge was the steep Rocky Mountains. Upon its completion in 1885 it was the longest railway in the world But, this came a great cost in money and lives.
31. A Plan for the Country Chinese Railway Workers The contractors had trouble find people willing to do the very dangerous jobs. Plus the cost of labour was increasing Both of these problems were solved with Chinese Immigrants
32. A Plan for the Country Between 1881 and 1884 approx. 17 000 Chinese men immigrated to Canada Conditions were horrible Little food, shelter and wages added with the dangerous jobs dealing with explosives
33. Effects of the National Policy This policy worked well for Central Canada. But, East and West were disappointed with the results
34. Effects of the National Policy Problems in the West Cost of shipping raw materials were very high making it hard to make a profit With no manufacturing industry they depended on Central industries. This lead to high prices for manufactured goods
35. Effects of the National Policy Problems and the East High import taxes slowed down International trade High prices for manufactured goods did not match the return on raw materials shipped to Central Canada
36. Effects of the National Policy The Government’s Response Nothing was done satisfy the complaints of West and East This would become a wedge within Canadian Politics for the next 130 years
