The Scientific Revolution began in the 16th-17th centuries and challenged traditional views in physics, astronomy, biology, and medicine. Notable figures included Copernicus, who proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system; Galileo, who used the telescope to observe celestial bodies and supported the heliocentric theory, leading to his trial by the Catholic Church; and Kepler, who formulated laws of planetary motion. The Scientific Revolution established new methodologies like empiricism and the scientific method, shifting from medieval reliance on ancient authorities to approaches based on observation and experimentation.