How cancer manifest its self

1. ONCOLOGY
by: Ayanda Ndwandwe

2. What is Cancer?
∗ Cancer is a disorder of cell division (leading cause of
death).
∗ Cancer = tumor = neoplasm.
∗ Various forms of cancers differ in:
 Type.
 Aggressiveness.
 Responsiveness to drugs.
∗ Most common cancers are:
- Lung, colon, rectal.
- Breast (female) & prostate (male).

3. Oncology is concerned with:
The diagnosis of any cancer in a person.
Therapy.
Follow-up of cancer patients after successful
treatment.
Palliative care of patients with terminal
malignancies.
Ethicalquestions surrounding cancer care.
Screening efforts.

4. Characteristics of Cancer Cells:
1. Persistent proliferation & immortality.
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Self-sufficiency of growth signals.
Insensitivity to anti-growth signals.
Evading apoptosis.
Expression of telomerase.
2. Dedifferentiation.
3. Invasive growth.
4. Formation of metastases.
5. Sustained angiogenesis.

5. 1. DIAGNOSIS
2. THERAPY
4. ETHICAL ISSUES
3. PALLIATIVE CARE
5. PROGRESS AND RESEARCH
6. SPECIALTIES

6. DIAGNOSI
S
The most important
diagnostic tool
remains the medical
history
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•
•
•
•
Fatigue
Weight loss
Unexplained anemia,
Fever of unknown origin,
Paraneoplastic phenomena
and other signs

7. Diagnostic methods include : :
Diagnostic methods include

8. Spinal Cord
∗ Understanding the medullary
component
∗ Simply – relay station for input
and output of transmissions
∗ Important to know:
∗ Medial to lateral IS:
∗ Cervical to Sacral

9. ∗ Apart from in diagnosis, these modalities (especially
imaging by CT scanning) are often used to determine
operability, i.e. whether it is surgically possible to remove a
tumor in its entirety.

10. ∗ Generally, a "tissue diagnosis" (from a biopsy) is
considered essential for the proper identification of cancer.
When this is not possible, "empirical therapy" (without an
exact diagnosis) may be given, based on the available
evidence (e.g. history, x-rays and scans.)

12. THERAPY
It completely depends on the nature of the
tumor identified what kind of therapeutical
intervention will be necessary.
Certain disorders will require immediate
admission and chemotherapy, while others
will be followed up with regular physical
examination and blood tests.

13. THERAPY
Often, surgery is attempted
to remove a tumor entirely.
This is only feasible when
there is some degree of
certainty that the tumor can
in fact be removed.
Surgery is also used for the
palliative treatment of
some of cancers, e.g. to
relieve biliary obstruction,
or to relieve the problems
associated with some
cerebral tumors.

14. THERAPY
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
are used as a first-line radical
therapy in a number of
malignancies.
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
are commonly used for palliation,
where disease is clearly incurable:
in this situation the aim is to
improve the quality of and prolong
life.

15. THERAPY
Hormone manipulation is well established, particularly
in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer.
There is currently a rapid expansion in the use of
monoclonal antibody treatments, notably for
lymphoma(Rituximab), and breast cancer
(Trastuzumab).
Vaccine and other immunotherapies are the subject of
intensive research.

16. PALLIATIVE CARE
50% cancer cases
Radical treatment
A large number of cancer patients
will die from the disease
will die of other causes
PALLIATIVE CARE:
TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE
pain, nausea,
anorexia, fatigue,
immobility.
DEPRESSION
MORAL AND
SPIRITUAL ISSUES ARE
ALSO IMPORTANT

17. Spinal Cord
• Anatomy
• Tracts
• Ascending
• sensory
• Descending
• Motor

18. ETHICAL ISSUES
extent
the patient
need/want
know
progression
prognosis
Clinical trials
terminal illness
Withdrawal of active treatment.
"Do Not Resuscitate"
about life issues
SENSITIVITY AND VERY GOOD COMMUNICATION

19. Malignant transformations occurs when:
 Activation of oncogenes.
 Suppression of tumor suppressor genes.
 3-7 mutations must occur in a single cell to become
cancerous.
 Normal functioning immune system usually recognizes
these cells & destroy them.

21. ∗ There is a tremendous amount of research being conducted
on all frontiers of oncology, ranging from cancer cell
biology to chemotherapy treatment regimens and optimal
palliative care and pain relief

23. Don`t forget the old treatments that are very useful to
treat cancer such as:
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∗
∗
∗
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
The surgery
Bone marrow transplant

28. REFFENCE
Sandra Guiselly
Terrybear11
clinicaUniversidad Navarra
Neuroonco
Jhlavin