Situation assessment-and-analysis-of-women-children-youth-of-different-red-light-areas-in-the-districts-of-bihar

Situation Assessment andSituation Assessment and
Analysis of Women, Children &Analysis of Women, Children &
Youth of different Red LightYouth of different Red Light
Areas in the districts of BiharAreas in the districts of Bihar
Sponsored by
Conducted by
Mahila Development Centre, Rambagh Chowk
Muzaffarpur, Bihar, 842001, India
Telephone +91-621-2289428
Fax + 91-612-2249346
E-mail: mdc_2003@yahoo.co.in
Website: www.mahiladevelopmentcentre.org

Page No.
Acknowledgements 3
Research team 4
Executive summary 5
Chapter- 1
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Background and need of the study 13
1.3 Aims and objectives of the study 16
1.4 Study area 17
1.5 Methodology 18
1.6 Limitations 21
Chapter- 2
2.1 Legal frame work 22
2.2 Findings and Analysis 23
2.3 Case studies 37
Chapter-3
Recommendations 40
Conclusions 41
References 42
Appendixes 43
Mahila Development Center, Muzaffarpur
Survey - Red Light Areas in Bihar – June-2013
2
Table of contents

Acknowledgements
The purpose of this study is to analyze the current “Situation assessment and
analysis of women, children and youth of different red light areas in the districts
of Bihar,” their various demographic, socio-economic factors, knowledge, attitudes,
practices & behavior to address the issues faced by them. The aim of the study was to
come out with some viable leads for the general public, Non-governmental
organizations, International non-governmental organizations and the Government to
devise and formulate proper road map to curb the prostitution followed by
rehabilitation and reintegration of the exploited women and children in this
profession.
This research study would not have been possible without the keen effort of Mahila
Development Centre (MDC) in taking the lead role and providing the support. Nor
would it have been possible without the generous encouragement and assistance of
Geneva Global Office, India.
I would also like to thanks Mr Pramahans Prasad Singh, Founder of Mahila
Development Centre (MDC) for his valuable critical suggestions and guidance during
the conceptualization and planning of the study.
A special note of appreciation goes to my team of data analyst Mr. Ravi Ranjan Sinha
for the skill full handling of data and presentation of work.
It might be added that the purpose of the study will be more then fulfilled, if it
manages to spark off citizens, voluntary organization and public authorities to move
for a more effective implementation of women and child protection mechanism in the
country.
Last but not the least our special thanks to all the respondent families of Red-light
areas who were participated in this study to make my headway.
N.Haque
Consultant
3

Research Team -
Advisors:
Advisory Committee –
- Mr. Pramahans Prasad Singh – Secretary, Mahila Development
Centre
- Mr. Tarkeshwar Singh - Secretary SARTHI, Patna.
Principal guide: Mr. Pramahans Prasad Singh
Data Analyst: Mr. Ravi Ranjan Sinha
Research Associate: Mr. Mokhtar Ahmed
Research Associate: Mr. Abdur Rahim
Report written by: Mr. Nawaz Ul Haque,
Consultant
Name of Survey team members.
- Mohammad Salman,
- Mohammad Sadique,
- Mohammad Firoz,
- Mohammad Majid,
- Firoz Alam,
- Mohammad Pappu,
- Mohammad Ishteyaque,
- Mohammad Kunal,
- Mohammad Rahman,
- Mohammad Fahim Ahmad,
- Ravi Kumar,
- Pappu Kamti,
- Yasmin Khatun
- Rajiv Kumar,
- MohammadYunus,
- Mohammad Bashir
- Parmanand,
- Suraj Kumar,
- Geeta Devi,
- Meena,
- Julie
- Meena,
- Raushan Ara,
- SShweta
- NNaushaba
Executive summary
4

A detailed study on “Situation assessment and analysis of women, children and youth
of different red light areas in the districts of Bihar,” was taken up as test case and
focuses on the present condition of the community living in the red light areas. The
present study was an attempt to capture the rapid situational analysis of women,
children, and youth of red light areas, their various demographic, age, religion, socio-
economic factors, patterns and trend for migration and health. It should be
emphasized that the data is not based on secondary sources but what can be defined as
a sample of sufficient size (539 respondents) to yield reliable data.
The research team covered all red light areas spread in different districts of Bihar
purposefully and collected data. In addition research team gathers all secondary
information and other published reports on the subject. The following are the some of
the vital findings of this study.
1. Out of total 539 respondents, 336 (62.4 %) were males while only 203(37.6%)
were females.
2. The survey reveals that majority of the respondents were male and in the age
group of 26-30 years, which is same in the female age category. Only a small
proportion of respondents were reported to be of age group of 19-25 years.
3. Majority of the respondent populations were from Muslim community (81.26%).
It was due to more number of red light areas presences in the Purnea, Katihar and
Araria district where Muslim population were recorded high comparatively than
other districts red light areas.
4. Most of the respondents nearly 50% reported that their family occupation are
commercial sex worker or brothel keeper meaning that the majority range are in
the business of prostitution in a one way or another way.
5

5. Nearly (60.67) of the respondents were come higher income group more than
10,000. However (18.8%) respondents family income were in the range of 8000-
10,000. The respondents of Purnia, Katihar, Araria, Kishanganj have been
recorded low.
6. The nature of the respondent’s families Houses were in Pucca 304 (58.8 %)
category and 200 houses were in the type of Kutcha, 200 (38.68 %) type. It was
reported that they own houses; few are rented.
7. The distribution of 1542 children of 539 families by district division (table 6) and
it can be seen that Purnea and Kishanganj district has the highest numbers of boys
and girls on their account correspondingly to the table 5.
8. The survey reveals that nearly 52% children irrespective of their sex fall in the age
group of 6-14 years, 24% percent children were between 0-5 and 14-18 years
category, cumulatively more than 48%. It is evident from the table that the
concentration of children was in the category of 6-14years of age. These figures
assist the policy makers to form such guidelines and course of action for this age
class and also for early and adolescent group. Moreover this entire range are
minors and susceptible to any kind of exploitation.
9. Only 6.6% said there are cases of child abuse in the family. However 4.4%
answered no response. However it was revealed in informal discussions with the
respondents’ families that they don’t share the full information due to their fears
and apprehensions police raids and other precautions.
10. The survey found that 56.77% families have ration card and availing the facilities
of the public distribution system in the state. Whereas 229 (42.49%) families don’t
6

have a ration card. The statistics reveal depressing picture that government
officials when implementing government schemes unknowingly left the
communities of the red light areas. It was reported to be high in Purnea,
Kishanganj, Sitamarhi and Saharsa. We all know that how ration card is important
document beside it use in public distribution system.
11. Nearly 58.25% reported that they family members having operating bank account.
About 35.25% respondent replied negative. It is because of the fact that
sometimes bank require more documents and identifier to open account. Distance
is also one of the factors to the people living in the Red light Areas, for the reason
of loot and snatching.
12. About 91% of the respondent’s families get money loan from their relatives
(25.96%), followed by money lender (22.5%) and neighbors (21.52%). 18%
respondents’ families used the bank loan facilities.
13. On the subject of male member support or participation in the family decisions it
was found that (65.49%) respondent replied in affirmative. However 24.48%
respond negative. It is quite apparent that majority of the families living in the red
light areas were dominated by the male. On the other hand (24.48%) replied
negative. This probably indicates social vulnerability of livelihood and other
socioeconomic cultural factors.
14. The survey found that only (34.5%) children were immunized and vaccinated
against different diseases like Polio, Tetnus, and Diptehria etc. About (65.5%)
children were not immunized and vaccinated. The reasons for no immunization
and vaccination is mainly related with lack of will of parents and demand side
factors like singing, dancing, and prostitution etc.
7

15. About 60 persons were migrated for the purpose of better employment
opportunities whenever and wherever they are available through any mode. Out of
60 persons 50 percent of them are within the state and neighboring state. It was
reported high in Arwal, Begusarai, Purnea, Kishanganj and Munger.
16. The duration of migration was six months in majority of the cases (71.67%)
followed by One year (16.67%) cases of migration. Though the number of
migrated persons is less doesn’t mean trend of migration from red light areas are
low or reduced. People are very reluctant to answer such question because in some
cases migrated person never found again by the families they belonged.
17. Highest percentage of children (67.25%) falls in the category of school going
children. This fact implies that whilst these children are already vulnerable but
very much willing to go school. Nearly (13.29%) of children were enrolled in
school by their parents but they attended the school for short time and
consequently dropped out. About (19.46%) never attended any formal or informal
school.
18. It was found that female children belonging to the age group of 12-14 years are
more in drop-outs because of various reasons like poverty, lack of parent’s interest
etc. Moreover it has been observed that boys who left their education work as
daily labor, hawker, Chai seller etc.
19. The number of child labors report among 1542 children was only 294 (19.07%). It
was found that mostly are involved as domestic help followed by doing petty
8

works outside the community. The proportion of children belonging to Muslim
community is more or less high. The reasons came out from the discussions were
primarily poverty & economic distress.
Based on a careful analysis of the data as well as relying on the other secondary
sources and non-governmental findings, The red light area is the place where not only
commercial sex industry thrives but also every segment of the society which is
connected thereto. The need of the hour is to pay attention to the “communities “of
Red light areas and address the legitimate needs and rights of them and save their
children from being forced into the trade.
The study also recommends some suggestions for researcher s and NGOs working in
the field of prostitution and among commercial sex workers.
Chapter-1
Introduction
Prostitutes and prostitution are the words that always generate curiosity to the young
minds and at all times stimulate social researcher’s interest in the subject of sexual
exploitation of women and girls. Prostitution as a profession has a long history in
India. A whole chapter has been devoted to it in Kautilya’s Arthashastra written in
circa 300 BC and Vatsayana’s Kama Sutra written between the first and fourth
centuries AD. Vedic texts give account of a mythic empire builder, Bharata, and
prove that Devadasi (handmaiden of god) system of dedicating unmarried young girls
to gods in Hindu temples, which often made them objects of sexual pleasure to temple
priests and pilgrims, was an established custom in India by 300 AD1
.
The Mughal Empire (1526 -1857) also witnessed prostitution the word “Tawaif” and
“Mujra” became common during this era. During the Mughal era in the subcontinent
(1526 to 1857) prostitution had a strong nexus with performing arts. Mughals
9

patronized prostitution which raised the status of dancers and singers to higher levels
of prostitution. King Jahangir’s harem had 6,000 mistresses which denoted authority,
wealth and power.
Prostitution was formalized for the first time in the Indian subcontinent by the British
government in the mid-18th
century. The British colonialists enacted special laws,
created "red light" areas and assigned the task of protecting women sex workers to
law-enforcing agencies. Municipalities overlooking the sex districts were given the
responsibility of collecting taxes and providing health and sanitation services to the
brothels. ["Supply and demand: Karachi's "call girls"". GreatReporter.com. Retrieved
2008-05-04.]2
“A red-light area” is a part of an urban area where there is a concentration of
prostitution and sex-oriented businesses”
Indeed it is very difficult to estimate the actual number of prostitutes in contemporary
India due to the clandestine nature of the sex industry, geographical distribution and
different modes of working. Gilada’s estimates of 100,000 in Bombay, 100,000 in
Calcutta, 40,000 in Delhi, 40,000 in Pune and 13,000 in Nagpur are considered
overestimates by some critics and underestimates by others. People were acquainted
with prostitution through references to “loose women”, female “vagabonds” and
sexually active unmarried girls. The advent of AIDS has generated few empirical
studies along with intervention programmes in red-light areas of few large cities. The
findings of these studies corroborate the common knowledge that prostitutes, in
general, lead a poor standard of life in dilapidated and unhygienic environments. A
major portion of what their clients pay has been shared by pimps, landlords, madams,
financiers and policemen. They do not get nutritionally adequate food and they are
exploited by local traders who sell them essential goods. Because of the strong
prejudice against them they cannot take advantage of the government health facilities
and have to depend mostly on local quacks who charge them exorbitantly for
treatment and medicines. A large proportion of them suffer intermittently from
various kinds of STDs. Most of them are forced to enter this occupation because of
10

adverse circumstances. Many prostitutes send a part of their income to their families.
A survey conducted in a red-light area of Calcutta in 1987 found that 59% of
prostitutes were abandoned by their husbands and many of them were originating in
Murshidabad district, where young women in many poor families are expected to go
into prostitution, remit a substantial amount of money (Rs. 475 per month, on an
average) to their families.
Factors influencing women to become prostitutes in India
Based on the materials collected during a study on risk factors associated with
cervical cancer among prostitutes in Domjur, Howrah, West Bengal, report of
Sociological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta explored various
biosocial factors which may lead women to prostitution. When family and marital ties
fail or disintegrate for various reasons, the life situations which a woman encounters
may themselves generate a “process” of anchorlessness. In India, interviews with 33
female prostitutes in Domjur, Howrah District, West Bengal, were conducted to
understand the processes by which women become prostitutes. Of them, 84.8% were
Hindus, 72.7% of whom were from lower castes. Thirty-one prostitutes were illiterate.
The prostitutes tended to have most recently worked as domestic workers, casual
laborers or farm laborers. The main reason for leaving their last occupation was
obligation to provide sex services. Twenty-one of them were married. More than
50%, who had been married before the age of 18, became prostitutes before 25 and
were older than 30. Sixty-six percent did not engage in illicit sex before becoming
prostitutes. About 20% had been prostitutes for more than 15 years. Most prostitutes
earned about Rs. 1000 per month. Sixty-six percent had a maximum number of five
clients/day. Three prostitutes had as many as seven to eight clients/day. Life events
and their reactions that led them to become prostitutes belonged to two categories: (1)
women who were either widowed (17 women) or abused by husband and in-laws (4
women), leaving them with no social or economic support and (2) women who chose
prostitution as an easy means to support themselves (9 women) or because they had
sexual urges or were curious (3 women) 3
.
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Girl prostitution
An estimated 85% of all prostitutes in Calcutta and Delhi enter the sex work at an
early age. Their numbers are rising. The promotion of tourism has given impetus and
thrust to this. These girl prostitutes are primarily located in low-middle income areas
and business districts and are known by government officials. Brothel keepers
regularly recruit young girls. An estimated 33% of prostitutes are young girls. In
Bangalore, Calcutta, Delhi and Hyderabad, there are an estimated 10,000 girl
prostitutes. UNICEF estimates about 300,000 child prostitutes. Girl prostitutes are
grouped as common prostitutes, singers and dancers, call girls, religious prostitutes or
devadasis and caged brothel prostitutes. Religious prostitutes are mainly found in the
South. Caged ones are found in Bombay. A little over 50% of prostitutes come from
other countries, such as Nepal and Bangladesh. The girls tend to come from urban
slums and poor rural areas. High prostitute supply regions include Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal states. About
85% are Hindus and about 66% are from scheduled castes and tribes. Bangalore and
Bombay have a higher proportion of girl prostitutes. The causes of prostitution
include ill treatment by parents, bad company, family prostitutes, social customs,
inability to arrange marriage, lack of sex education, media, prior incest and rape, early
marriage and desertion, lack of recreational facilities, ignorance and acceptance of
prostitution. Most of them enter involuntarily and then become a part of the system of
exploitation.4
A survey sponsored by the Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) in 1991 in six
metropolitan cities of India indicated that the population of women and child victims
of commercial sexual exploitation would be between 70,000 to 1,00,000. It also
revealed that about 30% of them are below 18 years of age.5
The major contributory
factors for the commercial sexual exploitation of women and children are poverty and
unemployment or lack of appropriate
rehabilitation. 70% of them are illiterates. 43% of them desire to be rescued. Most of
those who want to leave have given the reasons of desiring to save their children from
commercial sexual exploitation and protection of the future of their children, fear of
12

diseases etc. The others continue to be exploited due to absence of alternative sources
of income, social non acceptability, family customs, poverty, ill health and their
despondence. Commercial sexual exploitation is found in a concentrated manner in
brothels and red light areas. The more dispersed form may be found along major
highways, in massage parlors, guest houses, call girl rackets, cabaret shows, female
escort services etc.
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Background and need of the study
Mahila Development Centre (MDC) is a nongovernmental organization registered
under Society Registration Act, 1860 working primarily with the children of Red
Light Area of Muzaffarpur for
their mainstreaming and
rehabilitation. It was started by
Servodaya Activist Mr.
Pramhans Prasad Singh who
was also associated with veteran
leader Lok Nayak Jai Prakash
Narain. The main objective of the
MDC is rehabilitation of commercial Sex Workers and their children through
implementation of welfare program of government and nongovernment programs.
The organization has been involved with the girl children of the commercial sex
workers in order to prevent them
from the net of brothels. The
focused strategy of MDC is
empowerment of girls through
counseling, vocational training,
capacity building training and
exposure visits. MDC also aims
to build a different future for a
new generation of children and youth and, in this community in particular, where
marriage at 13 or 14 remains a norm, for adolescent girls. The situation has improved
as more children have been enabled to access education and vocational training. There
is a long way to go but MDC has struggled to maintain its momentum and tried hard
to get support from government and NGOs to address the problems of commercial sex
workers and their family. Earlier MDC had done a detailed study of the
Chaturbhujsthan area community, which is a famous Red Light Area of north Bihar
14

and worked on the gaps found out from study. It yields good result and many of the
families of area community move towards from their older profession to more
dignified ones. To know more viable solutions for intervention, Mahila Development
Centre took up the task to conduct an in-depth study – “Situation assessment and
analysis of women, children and youth of different red light areas in the districts
of Bihar,” their various demographic, socio-economic factors, knowledge,
attitudes, practices & behavior to address the issues faced by them. The aim of
the study was to come out with some viable leads for the for the general public,
Nongovernmental organization, International nongovernmental organization and the
Government to devise and formulate proper road map to curb the prostitution
followed by rehabilitation and reintegration of the exploited women and children in
this profession.
The study is limited to the state of Bihar, however, it is equally useful for the policy
makers, social scientists, social reformers, and NGO’s who are interested in finding
the way out to rehabilitate the commercial sex workers as well as rehabilitation of
their children. The study is useful for other states too since it provides insights for
understanding of the dynamics of social problems of red light areas and steps for care,
protection, and welfare of families with their children living there.
Brief state profile -
Bihar is a state in northern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical
size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population [82,998,509
(43,243,795 male and 39,754,714 female).] Nearly 85% of Bihar's population lived in
rural areas. The sex ratio was 919 females per 1000 males. Bihar has a total literacy
rate of 63.82% (75.7% for males and 55.1% for females), recording a growth of 20%
in female literacy over the period of a decade. As of 2011 census, the density has
surpassed 1,000 per square kilometer, India's densest state, but is still lower than West
Java or Banten of Indonesia. It is bounded by Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the
north, Northern part of West Bengal to the east and by Jharkhand to the south. The
Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the
15

middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km, which is 7.2%
of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while
the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika.
In 2000, Bihar was subdivided, the southern part becoming the state of Jharkhand.
Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in
India. Ancient Bihar was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical
India. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya Empire as well as
one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably
under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.
Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.
Close to Patna, Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the
5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and
truly international universities of the time. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its
first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
Since the late 1970s, Bihar lagged behind other Indian states in social and economic
development terms. Economists and social scientists claimed that this is a direct result
16

of the policies of the central government, such as the freight equalization policy, its
apathy towards Bihar, lack of Bihari sub-nationalism (resulting in no spokesperson for
the state), and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company.
The state government has however made significant strides in improving
governance. The improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state
through increased investment in infrastructure, better health care facilities, greater
emphasis on education, and a diminution in crime and corruption. Indian and global
business and economic leaders feel that Bihar now has good opportunity to sustain its
growth and thus they have shown interest in investing in the state.
Additionally, for the period 2011–2012, Bihar was also India's fastest growing state,
with a growth rate of 13.1% for the year 2011–12, which had followed a growth rate
of 14.8% for the previous year. Bihar has managed to record 11.95% annual growth
rate, the highest among all the states, during the 11th Plan period.
The Present study -
The present study was intended to capture the Situational assessment and analysis of
women, children and youth of different red light areas in the districts of Bihar, their
various demographic, socio-economic factors, knowledge, attitudes, practices &
behavior.
Aims and objectives of the study -
To have a detailed analysis of:
1. Demographic information;
2. Impact of family economic profile;
3. Family social profile;
4. Number of families involved in sex work;
5. Nature, extent and quality of Health problems of children in the area;
6. Patterns of Migration and its mode;
7. To access and analyze the problems of the Red Light Area and Community;
17

8. To research and develop innovative intervention approach for the organization in
the Red Light Areas;
Study area -
The study was conducted in 14 districts in Bihar state. The operational 25 red light
areas of these districts were purposively selected for this study as indicated in table
below.
Sl. District Red light Areas
1. Araria
1. Uttari Rampur, Forbesganj
2. Khawaspur, Forbesganj
3. Kishanganj
3. Hathi Patti Road, Khagra
4. Samesar
5. Bibiganj
6. Bishanpur
7. Premnagar, Bahadurganj
8. Katihar 8. Kulipada
9. Saharsa 9. Bhartiya Nagar, Khiriyahi
10. Purnea
10. Raja Nagar, ‘O’ Mile
11. Rahmatnagar, Khankah
12. Mujrapatti, Gulab Bagh
13. Abdullahnagar, Ghosh Pada Khushkibagh
14. Rautara
15. Harda
16. Amrapalinagar, Banmankhi
17. Madhepura 17. Gaushala Chowk, Murliganj
18. Munger 18. Shrawan Bazar
19. Sitamarhi 19. Boha Tola
20. Arwal 20. Janakpur
21. Bettiah 21. Nazni Chowk
22. Begusarai 22. Kapasiya Agrasen Chowk
23. Muzaffarpur 23. Chaturbhuj Asthan
24. Bhojpur 24. Vikram Bazar
25. Gaya 25. Sarai Mohallah near tower
Table-1
18

Methodology -
While considering the aims and the objectives the following sets of information were
identified as crucial to the study:
• Personal backgrounds: age , Occupation , family backgrounds, religion ,
educational status, marital status and dependents
• Health status of women/child /youth
• Migration
• Indebtedness
• Personal /family/ Area based problems
Research design -
The design for this study was an exploratory and descriptive survey which sought to
elicit facts and information on the situation of women, children and youth of these
areas, as well as respondent’s beliefs and opinion and vividly describe them.
The study population -
All the population of the study living in the red light areas. Extensive efforts were
made to achieve a representative sample of the study population. Thus, prior to the
selection of respondents a comprehensive exercise was undertaken to select the red
light areas of the districts. Thereafter multiple sites of 14 districts were selected from
where unequal proportions of study subjects were enlisted due to availability of them.
Selection of districts -
19

The selections of districts in the state were based on presence of Red light Areas in
the district. Further efforts were made to cover the districts with large concentrations.
Sampling procedure -
The respondents were purposively selected as they were available in required red light
areas. In each area, the respondents were randomly selected. Random sampling was
used to select respondent household. In all 539 respondents were interviewed. Table
below illustrates the distribution of respondents of the study.
District Areas Covered No. of Sample Total
Arariya
1. Khwaspur 18
43
2. Rampur Utri 25
Arwal
3. Janakpur Dham 17
25
4. Janakpur Sarai 8
Begusarai 5. Agrasen Chowk 25 25
Katihar 6. Kulipada 25 25
Kishanganj
7. Bibiganj 10
100
8. Khagda Haathi Patti 47
9. Premnagar 10
10. Samoswar Haat 13
11. Bishanpur Haat 20
Madhepura 12. Gaushala Chowk & Thana Road 12 12
Munger 13. Srawan Bazar/ Toparpana Bazar 25 25
Muzzafarpur 14. Chaturbhuj Asthan 25 25
Purnea
15. Abdullah Nagar 25
150
16. Amar Pali Nagar 24
17. Banmankhi 26
18. Majrapatti 25
19. Rahmat Nagar 25
20. Raja Nagar,O-Mile 25
Saharsa 21. Bhartiya Nagar 38 38
Sitamarhi 22. Boha Tola 25 25
West Champaran 23. Nazni Chowk 25 25
Bhojpur 24. Vikram Bazar 10 10
Gaya 25. Sarai Mohallah near tower 11 11
Total 539 539
20

Table-2
Red light Areas district marked by RED STAR
21

Data collection
Both primary and secondary methods were used in soliciting information for the
study. The secondary information was
collected from different internet
resources-documents, progress reports,
annual reports and other published
material of the Government of India.
While the primary information was
collected through interview schedules
designed to collect primary data from
sampled respondents
Data processing and analysis -
Data collected from the field was captured, cleaned and validated to ensure the
integrity of the data set. Qualitative and quantitative information from the focus group
discussions was categorized into relevant themes to identify common themes, patterns
and interrelationships. The coded data was analyzed using EXCEL. Given this, the
data entered in a computer file, tabulated and central tendencies were calculated using
statistical methods. Descriptive statistics were produced and relevant statistical charts
were used to represent information.
Limitations -
1. The survey was administered in a day time after 9 AM, so that everybody is busy
in his work and unable to give time and furnished complete details.
2. Majority of the respondents are unable to understand the questionnaire and
refused the study team to give any interview even after repeated requests due to
their pseudo fear of police raids and other precautions.
3. Problems of non-response and other attitudinal biases connected with perceptional
questions.
22

4. The investigators during the conduct of field work posed some difficulty in getting
their responses
The above field veracity should be kept in mind while the reader interprets the result.
Chapter-2
2.1 Legal frame work -
The Constitution of India, under Article 23(1), prohibits trafficking in Human beings
and forced labor6
. The relevant provisions under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) are 293,
294, 317, 339, 341, 342, 354, 359, 361, 362, 363, 365 and 366, 370, 371, 372, 373,
375, 376, 496, 498, 506, 509 and 511. The suppression of human traffic in women
and girls Act 1956 (SITA) was enacted under Article 35 of Indian Constitution with
the object of inhibiting or abolishing trafficking in women and girls. It was also in
pursuance of the UN’s Trafficking Convention, which India signed on 9 May, 1950
The Act aimed to rescue exploited women and girls, to prevent the deterioration of
public morals and to stamp out the evil of prostitution that was rampant in various
parts of the country. In 1978, SITA was amended. This was owing to the realization
that this social evil needed to be curbed and that the existing provisions had failed to
do so. In 1986, SITA was drastically amended and renamed the Immoral Traffic
(Prevention) Act, 1956. The Act is a special legislation that deals exclusively with
trafficking and sex work in India. It does not criminalize prostitution or prostitutes per
se, but mostly punishes acts by third parties facilitating prostitution like brothel
keeping, living off earnings and procuring, even where sex work is not coerced.
The Act defines the term brothel, child, corrective institutions, prostitutions,
protective home, public place, special police officer and trafficking officer. The law
confers inside powers on the concerned authorities to matters of the rescue and
rehabilitation of victims and survivors and providers for strong action against
exploiters, including inaction from brothels, surveillance, externment, as well as
aggravated punishment when the offences are committed on children. Under Section 5
of the ITP Act procuring, inducing or taking a child or a minor for the sake of
prostitution is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term of not less than 7
23

years but which may extend for life. Under Section 6 where a child is found with a
person in a brothel there is a presumption of guilt for detaining the child on the person
and he shall be punishable with imprisonment. Under Section 7 where a person
commits the offence of prostitution in respect of a child or minor he shall be
punishable with imprisonment for not less than 7 years or for life for a term which
may extend to 10 years as well as the payment of fine.
2.2 Findings and Analysis -
Profile of respondents -
The survey involved a total 539 respondents from 12 districts of Bihar covering 25
Red light areas viz. Araria, Arwal, Begusarai, Katihar, Kishanganj, Madhepura,
Munger, Muzafferpur, Purnea, Sahrsa, Sitamarhi, West Champaran, Bhojpur and
Gaya. Out of total 539 respondents, 336 (62.4 %) were males while only 203 (37.6%)
were females. Table 1 gives the percentage distribution of Respondents by Age and
Sex. The survey reveals that majority of the respondents were male and in the age
group of 26-30 years, which is same in the female age category. Only a small
proportion of respondents were reported to be of age group of 19-25 years.
Table 1: Percentage of Distribution of respondents by age & Sex
Religion
From table 2 it is very clearly visible that the majority of the respondent populations
were from Muslim community
24
Age
Group
Responden
t
6-14
years
15-18
years
19-25
years
Percentage
26-30
years
Percentage
Male 336 0 0 20 80.00 316 61.48
Female 203 0 0 5 20.00 198 38.52
Total 539 0 0 25 4.64 514 95.36
Religion Number Percentage
Hindu 101 18.74
Muslim 438 81.26
Sikh 0 0.00
Christian 0 0.00
Total 539 100.00
Table-2

(81.26%). It was due to more number of red light areas presences in the Purnea,
Katihar and Araria district where Muslim population were recorded high
comparatively, than other districts red light areas. No proportion of Christian and Sikh
were found.
Occupation of Household
The occupation of respondents has been shown in table 3. Most of the respondents
reported that
their family
occupation
are
commercial
sex worker
or brothel
keeper
meaning that the
majority range are
in the business of
prostitution in a one
way or another way.
A significant
number of
respondents also
said that they were
involved in labor
work. About
24.30% were involved in commercial sex work besides they also occupied
with some other works like petty business like running small shops to augment their
income.
25
Occupation of Household Head Number Percentage
Brothel Keeper / Commercial sex worker 136 25.23
Govt. Service 2 0.37
Labor 128 23.74
Private 49 9.09
Commercial sex worker 131 24.30
Traditional 1 0.18
No Response 91 16.88
Total 539 100
Table-3

It was found that 9.09% were involved in some kind of private work. Thus economic
hardship is one of the aspect and push factors for them to engaged them in direct or
indirect process of, part of commercial sex industry. 16.88% replied no response
against this question compel the researcher to assume that respondents either don’t
disclose their occupation or involved in “family traditional” activities directly or not
direct way.
Monthly Family Income of Respondents
Nearly (60.67) of the respondents were come higher income group more than 10,000.
However (18.8%) respondents family
income were in the range of 8000-
10,000. The respondents of Purnia,
Katihar, Araria, Kishanganj have been
recorded low. Point to be noted that
some of the red light areas in the above
mentioned districts where standard of
26
Monthly
Income
Number Percentage
1000 to 3000 3 0.56
3000 to 5000 28 5.19
5000 to 8000 60 11.13
8000 to 10000 98 18.18
Above 10,000 327 60.67
No Response 23 4.27
Total 539 100.00
Table-4

living is below the normal life standard. This limits the chances of the respondents’
income from their regular “work”. Regarding the primary source of income indicated
that majority were engaged in commercial sex work. Thus we can see the positive
correlation between income of the respondents and poverty stricken districts where
the living conditions are very poor. (Table 4)
Type of House -
The nature of the respondent’s family
Houses were - Pucca (concrete) 304
(58.8 %) category and 200 houses
were in the type of Kutcha (earthen) (38.68 %) type. It was reported that they own
houses; few houses, however are rented (Table 4a). The number of semi pucca (mixed
concrete and earthen) house were however found to be very nominal – only 24
(4.45%)
Percentage distribution of children by Districts (0-18 yrs)
27
Nature of
House
Number Percentage
Kutcha 210 38.96
Pucca 304 56.40
Semi pucca 24 4.45
Total 539 100
Table-4a

Table 5 gives the distribution of
children by the districts where they
were living at the time of interview.
The survey reveals that majority of
the children belong to the districts –
Kishanganj, Purnea, Saharsa,
Sitamarhi, Araria, & Arwal
respectively. Kishanganj and Purnea,
however account for the maximum,
i.e., 19.97 percent and 20.04 percent
children population respectively.
Percentage distribution of children by Districts and Sex
28
District Number Percentage
Ara 28 1.82
Arariya 106 6.87
Arwal 103 6.68
Begusarai 80 5.19
Gaya 29 1.88
Katihar 55 3.57
Kishanganj 308 19.97
Madhepura 30 1.95
Munger 86 5.58
Muzzafarpur 84 5.45
Purnea 309 20.04
Saharsa 125 8.11
Sitamarhi 124 8.04
West Champaran 75 4.86
Total 1542 100
Table-5

Table 6 represents the distribution of 1542 children of 539 families by district division
and it can be seen that Purnea and Kishanganj district has the highest numbers of boys
and girls on their account correspondingly to the table 5.
District Number Percentage Boys Percentage Girls Percentage
Ara 28 1.82 12 1.56 16 2.07
Arariya 106 6.87 52 6.75 54 6.99
Arwal 103 6.68 44 5.71 59 7.64
Begusarai 80 5.19 34 4.42 46 5.96
Gaya 29 1.88 14 1.82 15 1.94
Katihar 55 3.57 26 3.38 29 3.76
Kishanganj 308 19.97 163 21.17 145 18.78
Madhepura 30 1.95 16 2.08 14 1.81
Munger 86 5.58 36 4.68 50 6.48
Muzzafarpur 84 5.45 39 5.06 45 5.83
Purnea 309 20.04 157 20.39 152 19.69
Saharsa 125 8.11 70 9.09 55 7.12
Sitamarhi 124 8.04 69 8.96 55 7.12
West Champaran 75 4.86 38 4.94 37 4.79
Total 1542 100 770 100 772 100
Table-6
Percentage Distribution of RLA children Age & Sex
29

The survey reveals that nearly 52% children irrespective of their sex fall in the age
group of 6-14 years, 24%
percent children were between
0-5 and 14-18 years category,
cumulatively more than 48%. It
is evident from the table that the
concentration of children was in
the category of 6-14years of
age. These figures assist the
policy makers to form such
guidelines and course of action for this age class and also for early and adolescent
group. Moreover this entire range are minors and susceptible to any kind of
exploitation.
Case of child abuse in the family
Respondents were asked to describe any case of child abuse in their family. Out of
total 539 respondents, 480 (89.0%) respondents
replied in negative. 6.6% said there are cases of child abuse in the family. However
4.4% answered no response. However it was revealed in informal discussions with the
30
Age
Group in
years
Children in Red-light areas
Boys Percentage Girls
Percen
tage
Total
Percen
tage
0-5 185 24.03 185 23.96 370 23.99
6-14 398 51.69 401 51.94 799 51.82
14-18 187 24.29 186 24.09 373 24.19
Total 770 100 772 100 1542 100
Table-7
Case of Child
abuse in the
family
Family Percentage
Yes 35 6.6
No 480 89.0
No Response 24 4.4
Total 539 100
Table-8

respondents’ families that they don’t share the full information due to their fears and
apprehensions police raids and other precautions (Table 8).
How many families have ration card
The survey found that 56.77% families have ration card and availing the facilities of
the public distribution system in the state.
Whereas 229 (42.49%) families don’t have
a ration card. The statistics reveal
depressing picture that government officials
when implementing government schemes
unknowingly left the communities of the red
light areas. It was reported to be high in
Purnea, Kishanganj, Sitamarhi and Saharsa.
We all know that how ration
card is important document
beside it use in public
distribution system (Table 9)
Do any Adult member in your family have their name in voter list?
Questions were asked about the adult family members have their name in voter list.
About majority of the respondent 88.4% said they had the name of adult family
members in the area voter list and they also exercised their voting rights. It was highly
reported in Purnea and Kishanganj districts. Only small proportion of respondents
(5.8%) replied negative.
31
Families Having Ration card Number Percentage
Yes 306 56.77
No 229 42.49
No Response 4 0.74
Total 539 100.00
Table-9

Over all appears that majority of the respondents have identity proof of Indian citizen
but don’t have a ration card which caters the basic needs of the people.
Does any family Member Have Bank Account
The respondents were asked regarding any family member have bank account. Nearly
58.25% reported that they family members having operating bank account. About
35.25% respondent replied negative. It is because of the fact that sometimes bank
require more documents and identifier to open account. Distance is also one of the
factors to the people living in the Red light Areas, for the reason of loot and snatching
(Table 11)
Do family members take loan, if Yes from whom
32
Do any Adult
member in your
family have their
name in voter list
Number Percentage
Yes 477 88.4
No 31 5.8
No Response 31 5.8
Total 539 100.00
Table-10
Does any
Family Member
have Bank A/C
Number Percentage
No 190 35.25
Yes 314 58.25
No Response 35 6.50
Total 539 100
Table -11

Based on reported data, 91% replied yes, most of the respondent’s families get money
loan from their relatives (25.96%), followed by money lender (22.5%) and neighbors
(21.52%). About 18% respondents’s families used the bank loan facilities.
This means that greater part preferred all options to get money except the bank.
The above statistics show the substantial chunk of the respondent families was
dependent on relatives, money
lender & neighbors due to easy
availability of money not
considering the high rate of interest
charged by moneylenders or
sometimes relatives or neighbors
which is nearly 18-20 percent per month( Table -12).
Do male members support family and participate in family decisions.
In the context of male member support or participation to the family, it was found that
(65.49%) respondent replied in affirmative. However 24.48% respond negative. It is
quite apparent that majority of the families living in the red light areas were
33
Loan Taking From Number Percentage
Bank 97 18.00
Money Lender 121 22.45
Neighbor 116 21.52
Relative 140 25.97
Total 539 100.00
Table-12

dominated by the male. On the other hand (24.48%) replied negative. This probably
indicates social vulnerability of livelihood and other socioeconomic cultural factors
(Table -13).
Percentage distribution of Immunization and vaccination of children.
The survey found that only (34.5%)
children were immunized and vaccinated against different diseases like Polio,
Tetanus, and Diphtheria etc. About (65.5%) children were not immunized and
vaccinated. The reasons for no immunization and vaccination is mainly related with
lack of will of parents and demand side factors like singing, dancing, and prostitution
etc (Table 14)
Percentage distribution of number of persons migrates within state, neighboring
state and metro cities.
District
Migration Within State
Neighboring
State
Metro
cities
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Ara 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
34
Do Male
Members
support
Family
Number Percentage
No 132 24.48
Yes 353 65.49
No
Response 54 10.03
Total 539 100
Table-13
Immunization
and vaccination
of children
Number Percentage
Yes 532 34.5
No 1010 65.5
Total no of
children
1542 100.00
N=1542

Arariya 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Arwal 17 28.33 15 83.33 2 9.52 0 0.00
Begusarai 13 21.67 0 0.00 13 61.90 0 0.00
Gaya 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Katihar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Kishanganj 7 11.67 0 0.00 3 14.29 4 19.05
Madhepura 3 5.00 0 0.00 1 4.76 2 9.52
Munger 7 11.67 3 16.67 2 9.52 2 9.52
Muzzafarpur 4 6.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 19.05
Purnea 9 15.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 42.86
Saharsa 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Sitamarhi 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
West Champaran 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Total
60
100.0
0
18 30.00 21 35.00 21 35.00
Table 15
Table 15 reflects the status of no person migrates within state, neighboring state and
metro cities. About 60 persons were migrated for the purpose of better employment
opportunities whenever and wherever they are available through any mode. Out of 60
persons 50 percent of them are within the state and neighboring state. It was reported
high in Arwal, Begusarai, Purnea, Kishanganj and Munger.
35

Duration of Migration
The duration of migration was six months in majority of the cases (71.67%) followed
by One year (16.67%) cases of migration.
Though the number of migrated persons is less
doesn’t mean trend of migration from red light areas are low or reduced. People are
very reluctant to answer such question because in some cases migrated person never
found again by the families they belonged.
When asked about the whom they migrated with, the responses were as expected
nearly 50% migrated with known
persons, not with relatives and parents. It
was found that 20 percent replied “no
response”. The common age of migration
was above 14 years of age meaning that entire range of 14-18 which is in the minor
class and very vulnerable group to any form of exploitation. People are unaware of
safe and unsafe migration.
36
Duration Number Percentage
Six Month 43 71.67
One Year 10 16.67
Two Year 2 3.33
Above Two Year 4 6.67
No Response 1 1.67
Total 60 100
Table-15
Migration
Through Number Percentage
Known Person 30 50.00
Relative 10 16.67
Parents 0 0.00
Unknown Person 0 0.00
Total 60 100.00
Table-16

Educational scenario of children.
Table 19 evidently shows that the highest percentage of children fall in the category
of school going children. This fact implies that
whilst these children are already vulnerable but
very much willing to go school. Nearly (13.29%)
of children were enrolled in school by their
parents but they attended the school for short time
and consequently dropped out. About (19.46%) never attended any formal or informal
school.
It was found that female children belonging to the age group of 12-14 years are more
in drop-outs because of various reasons like poverty, lack of parent’s interest etc.
Moreover it has been observed that boys who left their education work as daily labor,
hawker, Chaiwala (tea vendor) etc (Table 19).
37
Common Age of
Migration
Number Percentage
Less than 14 Year 1 1.67
Above than 14 Year 59 98.33
Total 60 100
Table-18
Category Number Percentage
Enrolled in school
(studying)
1037 67.25
Ever attended school 205 13.29
Never attended any
school
300 19.46
Total 1542 100.00
Table-19

Child Labor
The number of child labors report among 1542 children was only 294 (19.07%). It
was found that mostly are involved as domestic help followed by doing petty works
outside the community. The proportion of children belonging to Muslim community
is more or less high. The reasons came out from the discussions were primarily
poverty & economic distress.
38
District
Child Labor
Total Children
No %
Ara 9 3.06 28
Arariya 27 9.18 106
Arwal 18 6.12 103
Begusarai 17 5.78 80
Gaya 3 1.02 29
Katihar 8 2.72 55
Kishanganj 50 17.01 308
Madhepura 5 1.70 30
Munger 14 4.76 86
Muzzafarpur 15 5.10 84
Purnea 54 18.37 309
Saharsa 24 8.16 125
Sitamarhi 34 11.56 124
West Champaran 16 5.44 75
Total 294 19.07 1542

2.3 Case studies
1. Megha (name changed)
Megha started dancing in orchestra to support her family. Her father was a
drunkard and died due to heavy use of alcohol. She was a star orchestra dancer
and has many friends in orchestra team. These friends tricked her into sex work.
She had no choice but to entertain customers for her living. It was during this time
that she fell in love with a pimp, and got married to him. Her husband was a
drunkard, womanizer and a chain smoker. He never gave any money for
household expenses. She had to borrow money to manage the family. One day her
husband was found dead. Megha found it very difficult to meet both the ends with
her two children, after his demise. She was, therefore, compelled to enter into sex
work again for the sake of her sons.
It was during this time that she came in contact with the peer educators of Mahila
Development Centre a Geneva Global Inc. funded project. She was counseled and
motivated by the counselor to become a peer educator herself. Today, for more
than one year she is working as a peer educator for the female sex workers in
Muzaffarpur red light area. She at the same time regularly takes part in activities
of organization and provides us all possible help. She opened a cosmetic store and
started her own business. Now she is happy to earn bread with respect and dignity.
2. Rukhsana Khatoon (name changed)
19 year old Rukhsana Khatoon, was an unemployed youth of Chaturbhuj Asthan.
Her family's sole occupation was traditional sex work. She was very good in
studies. Though a bright student, her family didn’t support her in her studies. They
expected her to support in profession like pimping or support sisters and mother or
accept traditional trade. She opposed sex work and kept herself away from these
39

types of activities. After completing her Intermediate, Rukhsana was on the
lookout for a stable job but the job market was very limited that too for a mere
Intermediate holder. She needed to find a vocation. She applied for and cleared
the criteria for the Computer software diploma being run by MDC, finishing her
training successfully. Upon completion of this course she was selected by
Hyundai car Showroom. She is now working there as a Sales Executive. She is
extremely happy. Not only had she landed a job soon after completing her studies;
the job gave her the opportunity to interact with many people and also gain
knowledge from them. She is able to save a good deal of money and she uses this
to shore up the family kitty.
3. Nazia (name Changed)
Nazia has fought many obstacles to complete her matriculation (10th
Standard).
Her mother has stopped her education because she is young and beautiful and
Nazia is afraid that people will know she is the daughter of a Tawayaf. Her
grandmother, Benazir Begum, was a great artiste in her time and continues to be a
singer today. Unfortunately this unique historical art is no longer respected as it
should be and her training in Taalim (the traditional education of the arts) has
been unable to provide her with an income – she is now a mobile sex-worker. The
family suffers many problems and it seemed likely that Nazia would have been
forced into her mother’s profession. She has taken participation in the vocational
training education of computer education trade. After completion of course she
joined a private school as a computer teacher. She is very happy and extending her
thanks to GG project for providing an opportunity, a pointer towards earning with
respect. She has decided to marry with a good boy.
4. Seema (name changed)
Seema is a daughter from the community. Her father is a tailor and very poor. He
is an alcoholic and beats her and her mother when he is drunk. He has also been
suffering from TB and the family has heavy expenses in medicines for him. There
40

are 8 children of whom Seema is the eldest. She is a beautiful teenager and fully
understands the problems of her family. Her mother is a maid but is forced to do
sex-work as well to support her husband’s drink habit. He beats her and the
daughters with the intention of forcing them to take up sex work to further support
the family.
MDC project staffs encouraged the girl to go to school and she was admitted in
Bipin High School, Bettiah. She went to school regularly and actively taking part
in activities as volunteer in GG MDC project. She also admitted in screen printing
training. After completion of vocational training in screen printing she was able to
earn money out of her learnt skill. She has been able to protect her mother from
her father and has warned him that she will report his behavior to the police, since
when her father has ceased to beat her and has reduced his use of alcohol so their
lives have become more normal.
41

Chapter 3
Recommendations -
The following points are concise recommendation for researchers and NGOs working
in the field of prostitution.
• Work with other Government & Non-governmental agencies to develop a broader
understanding of communities of commercial sex worker problems and issues
living in the red light areas, also wide agreement on rehabilitation of CSWs.
• Develop Information, Education and Communicative (IEC) materials for women
living in the red light areas communities about their rehabilitation schemes and
supports provided by the governments and NGOs.
• Develop a model for an aggressive exit strategy to support women leaving
prostitution.
• Develop a lobbying strategy for each political party for rehabilitation and
reintegration of commercial sex workers in the mainstream of the society through
dignified means.
• Support interventions at grassroots level for the children of commercial sex
workers for their education, livelihood and pursue them to live with dignity.
• Harder punishments for those people who involved in human trafficking,
procurement and selling of girls and women for prostitution.
42

• General public should be aware and educated about human trafficking and its
modern innovative forms i.e. safe & unsafe migration.
Conclusions -
The prostitution in India is the result of several factors - intense poverty, broken
Homes, poor family lives and abused home lives are the major ones. Human
trafficking is also contributing its share. The women in our society are the worst
sufferers and facing acute pain in fighting these concerns on all fronts of their struggle
to sustain themselves in the human society. Women who enter in the field of
prostitution of their own volition are often targeted and exploited by external harmful
forces. The red light area is the place where not only commercial sex industry thrives
but also every segment of the society which is connected thereto. The need of the hour
is to pay attention to the “communities “of Red light areas and address the legitimate
needs and rights of them and save their children from being forced into the trade.
43

References used for the assessment.
1. Nag M. Sexual behavior in India with risk of HIV/AIDS transmission; health
transmission,1995;5:293-305
2. "Supply and demand: Karachi's "call girls"". GreatReporter.com. Retrieved 2008-
05-04.
3. Thappa DM, Singh N, Kaimal S, Prostitution in India and its role in the spread of
HIV infection, Indian J Sex transm Dis 2007;28:69-75
4. Thappa DM, Singh N, Kaimal S, Prostitution in India and its role in the spread of
HIV infection, Indian J Sex transm Dis 2007;28:69-75
5. Report of the committee on prostitution, child prostitution and children of
prostitutes, Department of Women and Child Development, MOHRD,
Government of India, 1998.
6. P.M Bakshi, constitution of India, Universal Law Publication Private Limited
2009
General Readings:-
1. Prostitution. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/prostitution.
2. A Study of the Children of Chaturbhuj Asthan The Red-Light District of
Muzaffarpur, Bihar, 2007
3. Bihar. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar.
44

4. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol 46.
5. Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956.
45

Appendixes -
46

Survey Form
47

48

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