Relationships between green space quantity and perceived stress and mental wellbeing in deprived urban communities in Scotland - Robertson et al (2013)
•
2 gefällt mir•804 views
Presentation on the main findings of the GreenHealth (Green Health) Household Survey study, presented at the Environmental Design Research Association 'Healthy and Healing Places' conference (EDRA 44, Providence, Rhode Island, USA), May 2013.
Empfohlen
Empfohlen
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Andere mochten auch
Andere mochten auch (20)
Ähnlich wie Relationships between green space quantity and perceived stress and mental wellbeing in deprived urban communities in Scotland - Robertson et al (2013)
Ähnlich wie Relationships between green space quantity and perceived stress and mental wellbeing in deprived urban communities in Scotland - Robertson et al (2013) (20)
Mehr von Dr Lynette Robertson
Mehr von Dr Lynette Robertson (6)
Kürzlich hochgeladen
Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)
Relationships between green space quantity and perceived stress and mental wellbeing in deprived urban communities in Scotland - Robertson et al (2013)
- 2. Outline • Introduction – Background – The GreenHealth Project – Research Questions • Methodology – Study Design – Data Analysis • Results – Green Space Quantity – View to Green Space from Home • Summary • Conclusions
- 3. Background
- 11. GreenHealth • ‘The contribution of green and open space in public health and well‐being’ • Funded by the Scottish Government • April 2008 – March 2012 (2013) • Led by The James Hutton Institute www.hutton.ac.uk/projects/green‐health www.greenspacescotland.org.uk/greenhealth‐conference
- 13. Green Health: OPENspace & Heriot Watt • Examined the relationship between quantity, quality and accessibility of green space and health and wellbeing in deprived urban communities • Two main studies 1. Cortisol and green space quantity (Ward Thompson et al; Roe et al)
- 14. Green Health: OPENspace & Heriot Watt • Examined the relationship between quantity, quality and accessibility of green space and health and wellbeing in deprived urban communities • Two main studies 1. Cortisol and green space quantity (Ward Thompson et al; Roe et al) 2. Household Survey o Perceived health and wellbeing and green space quantity and quality o Green space accessibility and use (including Conjoint analysis) o Perceptions of green space
- 17. Methodology
- 18. Study Design • Cross‐sectional CAPI‐administered household questionnaire, June 2010 • Four deprived urban neighbourhoods, selected using Carstairs Deprivation Index and amount of green space coverage (low and high) – Edinburgh: Pilton & Craigmillar – Dundee: Stobswell & Fintry • All residents > 16 years (Included people in work, cortisol study = unemployed only) • Approximately 100 participants from each site (n = 406)
- 19. Study Design • Cross‐sectional CAPI‐administered household questionnaire, June 2010 • Four deprived urban neighbourhoods, selected using Carstairs Deprivation Index and amount of green space coverage (low and high) – Edinburgh: Pilton & Craigmillar – Dundee: Stobswell & Fintry • All residents > 16 years (Included people in work, cortisol study = unemployed only) • Approximately 100 participants from each site (n = 406)
- 20. Study Design • Cross‐sectional CAPI‐administered household questionnaire, June 2010 • Four deprived urban neighbourhoods, selected using Carstairs Deprivation Index and amount of green space coverage (low and high) – Edinburgh: Pilton & Craigmillar – Dundee: Stobswell & Fintry • All residents > 16 years (Included people in work, cortisol study = unemployed only) • Approximately 100 participants from each site (n = 406)
- 21. Study Design • Cross‐sectional CAPI‐administered household questionnaire, June 2010 • Four deprived urban neighbourhoods, selected using Carstairs Deprivation Index and amount of green space coverage (low and high) – Edinburgh: Pilton & Craigmillar – Dundee: Stobswell & Fintry • All residents > 16 years (Included people in work, cortisol study = unemployed only) • Approximately 100 participants from each site (n = 406)
- 22. Questionnaire Data • Health and wellbeing measures – Perceived Stress Scale, PSS (Cohen & Williamson, 1988)) – Mental Wellbeing, SWEMWBS ‐ Short Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale(Steward‐Brown et al., 2009) – Physical Activity – General Health – Life Satisfaction • Green space use (frequency, purpose…) • Green space accessibility (distance, views) • Green space perceptions (amount, quality, safety…) • Other e.g. Life Event, Life Conditions • Demographics (age, work status etc.)
- 23. Questionnaire Data • Health and wellbeing measures – Perceived Stress Scale, PSS (Cohen & Williamson, 1988)) – Mental Wellbeing, SWEMWBS ‐ Short Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale(Steward‐Brown et al., 2009) – Physical Activity – General Health – Life Satisfaction • Green space use (frequency, purpose…) • Green space accessibility (distance, views) • Green space perceptions (amount, quality, safety…) • Other e.g. Life Event, Life Conditions • Demographics (age, work status etc.)
- 25. Green Space Quantity: (1) Ward • UK CAS (Electoral District) Unit • Parks, woodlands, scrub + other natural environments; NO private gardens • Area – Min = 57 ha – Max = 689 ha – Median = 126 ha (IQR = 316)
- 26. Green Space Quantity: (2) Zone • Scottish ‘Data Zone’ Unit • GS = as Ward (Parks, woodlands, scrub + other natural environments) i. No private gardens ii. With gardens • Area – Min = 5 ha – Max = 445 ha – Median = 13 ha (IQR = 220) • Also 300m radius buffer = 28 ha
- 27. Green Space Quantity: (3) Hutton Land Use Class (HLUC) • Scotland Green Space Map Typologies (‘PAN65’) • Public open space, gardens, roadside trees and grass i. With woodlands ii. No woodlands • Areal units – Zone – 300m radius buffer
- 28. View to Green space from the home • Three point ordinal scale: – No view – Partial view – Full view • Recorded for each floor/level of the home
- 30. Data Analysis • Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression (Heirarchical, blocked) – Each green space measure – Controlling for: • Income (‘Income Coping’ – 4 point scale) • Deprivation (Carstairs Index) • Physical Activity ‐ with and without
- 31. Data Analysis • Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression (Heirarchical, blocked) – Each green space measure – Controlling for: • Income (‘Income Coping’ – 4 point scale) • Deprivation (Carstairs Index) • Physical Activity ‐ with and without • Sub‐groups: – Gender
- 32. Data Analysis • Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression (Heirarchical, blocked) – Each green space measure – Controlling for: • Income (‘Income Coping’ – 4 point scale) • Deprivation (Carstairs Index) • Physical Activity ‐ with and without • Sub‐groups: – Gender – ‘At home more’, identified according to Work Status: i. Looking after the home/family ii. Retired iii. Long term sick or disabled
- 33. Results
- 36. Sample Characteristics • n = 305 (Pilton, Stobswell & Fintry; Craigmillar removed) • Age o 16 – 87 years o Mean = 43.7 years (SD = 17.1) • Gender: 136 male (44.6%), 169 female (55.4%) • Ethnicity: White ‐ 96.1% Scottish, 1.6% other UK, 2.3% non‐UK • Income Coping o Very difficult = 6.6% o Difficult = 27.5% o Coping = 48.9% o Comfortable = 13.8%
- 39. Perceived Stress (PSS): was green space quantity a significant predictor? (i) Analysis by Gender
- 43. Partial Regression Plots Residuals of Y on the remaining explanatory variables vs residuals of the target explanatory variable on the remaining explanatory variables Moya‐Laraño & Corcobado (2008) ‘Plotting partial correlation and regression in ecological studies’ [Web Ecology 8: 35–46] o A more appropriate method for visualizing the true scatter of points around the partial regression line than plotting the dependent variable against the raw values of the independent variable
- 44. Partial Regression Plots Residuals of Y on the remaining explanatory variables vs residuals of the target explanatory variable on the remaining explanatory variables Moya‐Laraño & Corcobado (2008) ‘Plotting partial correlation and regression in ecological studies’ [Web Ecology 8: 35–46] o A more appropriate method for visualizing the true scatter of points around the partial regression line than plotting the dependent variable against the raw values of the independent variable o “Partial regression plots should be the ones displayed in publications because they accurately reflect the scatter of partial correlations”
- 45. Perceived Stress and Green Space Quantity: ‘At Home More’ sub‐group Men: n = 22 (Δr2 = 0.567, p < 0.01) Green space coverage: 26‐69 % Perceived stress: 2 – 18 Work status: ‐ Retired 77% ‐ Disabled or long‐term sick 23%
- 46. Perceived Stress and Green Space Quantity: ‘At Home More’ sub‐group Men: n = 22 (Δr2 = 0.567, p < 0.01) Women: n = 43 (GS = n.s.) Green space coverage: 26‐69 % Perceived stress: 2 – 18 Work status: ‐ Retired 77% ‐ Disabled or long‐term sick 23% Green space coverage: 24 ‐ 68 % Perceived stress: 0 – 27 Work status: ‐ Looking after home/family 41% ‐ Retired 50% ‐ Disabled or long‐term sick 9%
- 47. Perceived Stress and Green Space Quantity: Women At Home More Women: n = 43 (GS = n.s.)Differences between groups o Escape stress (p=0.000) o Life conditions (p=0.005) o Life event (p=0.016, could be a positive or negative event, but more events for the high stress‐high GS group) o Affect of life event (p=0.062) o GS Freq Summer (p=0.032) o Years in neighbourhood (p=0.039)
- 48. Mental Wellbeing (SWEMWBS): was green space quantity a significant predictor? (i) Analysis by Gender
- 50. Mental Wellbeing (SWEMWBS) and Green Space Quantity: At Home More sub‐group Men: n = 22 (Δr2 = 0.08, p < 0.01) Women: n = 43 (GS = n.s.) Green space coverage: 22 ‐ 69 % Mental Wellbeing: 19 ‐35 Work status: ‐ Retired 77% ‐ Disabled or long‐term sick 23% Green space coverage: 22 ‐ 69 % Mental Wellbeing: 17 – 35 Work status: ‐ Looking after home/family 41% ‐ Retired 50% ‐ Disabled or long‐term sick 9%
- 52. View to green space from the home • Perceived stress – No significant association (for any group)
- 53. View to green space from the home • Perceived stress – No significant association (for any group) • Mental wellbeing – Significant inverse association for women (r = ‐ .114 , p < 0.05), but not for men – Not a significant predictor
- 54. View to green space from the home • Perceived stress – No significant association (for any group) • Mental wellbeing – Significant inverse association for women (r = ‐ .114 , p < 0.05), but not for men – Not a significant predictor • BUT, most participants had no view from their home…
- 55. View to green space • Physical Activity – Significant positive association for women at home more group (r = .263 , p < 0.05)
- 56. View to green space • Physical Activity – Significant positive association for women at home more group (r = .263, p < 0.05, n = 43) – Women who had a partial or full view from their home were on average 10 times more active than those women with no view from their home – Men: no difference, but n is small in comparison (n=22)
- 57. Summary • Green space quantity in the residential environment was linked with perceived stress, and to a lesser extent mental wellbeing. • The strength and direction of relationships varied by gender and likely amount of time spent at home – Men: lower perceived stress was associated with increasing amounts of green space, particularly those likely to spend more time at home – Women: the relationship between GS quantity and stress was more complicated for women than for men, with only some women showing the same patterns as men • Having a view from the home was not associated with better perceived stress or mental wellbeing; however, most participants had no view.
- 58. Summary • Green space quantity in the residential environment was linked with perceived stress, and to a lesser extent mental wellbeing. • The strength and direction of relationships varied by gender and likely amount of time spent at home – Men: lower perceived stress was associated with increasing amounts of green space, particularly those likely to spend more time at home – Women: the relationship between GS quantity and stress was more complicated for women than for men, with only some women showing the same patterns as men • Having a view from the home was not associated with better perceived stress or mental wellbeing; however, most participants had no view.
- 59. Summary • Green space quantity in the residential environment was linked with perceived stress, and to a lesser extent mental wellbeing. • The strength and direction of relationships varied by gender and likely amount of time spent at home – Men: lower perceived stress was associated with increasing amounts of green space, particularly those likely to spend more time at home – Women: the relationship between GS quantity and stress was more complicated for women than for men, with only some women showing the same patterns as men • Having a view from the home was not associated with better perceived stress or mental wellbeing; however, most participants had no view.
- 60. Summary • Green space quantity in the residential environment was linked with perceived stress, and to a lesser extent mental wellbeing. • The strength and direction of relationships varied by gender and likely amount of time spent at home – Men: lower perceived stress was associated with increasing amounts of green space, particularly those likely to spend more time at home – Women: the relationship between GS quantity and perceived stress was more complicated for women than for men, with only some women showing the same patterns as men • Having a view from the home was not associated with better perceived stress or mental wellbeing; however, most participants had no view.
- 61. Summary • Green space quantity in the residential environment was linked with perceived stress, and to a lesser extent mental wellbeing. • The strength and direction of relationships varied by gender and likely amount of time spent at home – Men: lower perceived stress was associated with increasing amounts of green space, particularly those likely to spend more time at home – Women: the relationship between GS quantity and perceived stress was more complicated for women than for men, with only some women showing the same patterns as men • Having a view from the home was not associated with better perceived stress or mental wellbeing, but was associated with higher levels of physical activity.