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AGED CARE
MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1
NSW Institute of Medical Education and Training
NSW Hospital Skills Program
Aged Care Module Version 1.1.
Sydney: NSW IMET 2010


This work is copyright. It may be reproduced in whole or in part for study or training purposes subject
to the inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. It may not be reproduced for commercial usage or sale.
Reproduction for purposes other than those indicated requires written permission from NSW IMET.


© NSW IMET March 2010
ISBN 978-0-9806955-6-4


For further copies of this document, please contact IMET, or
download a digital copy from the IMET website: www.imet.health.nsw.gov.au



Acknowledgements

This document is a curriculum that identifies capabilities required of doctors working in clinical areas related to
the care of older people in NSW. It will be a key supporting document for implementing the Hospital Skills Program,
which aims to improve the safety, efficiency and quality of healthcare in NSW Hospitals.


This document is the version of the Aged Care Module approved by the HSP State Training Council on 28 July 2009.
It was prepared by the HSP Aged Care Module Development Working Group, facilitated by Dr Jan Potter.




Membership of the Module Development Working Group comprised:
      Dr Jan Potter        Director of Acute Geriatric Services
      Prof Kichu Nair      Director, Centre of Medical Professional Development, HNEAHS
      Dr Janelle Farrar    Career Medical Officer, HNEAHS
      Dr Melanie Wroth Geriatrician
      Mr Peter Davy        Curriculum Developer, NSW IMET
Hospital Skills Program

AGED CARE                             Background
                                      The Hospital Skills Program (HSP) Aged Care Curriculum is a
P4    SECTION 1: Safe Patient Care
                                      framework which identifies the capabilities or competencies
P6    SECTION 2: Patient Assessment   required of doctors working in clinical areas relating to
                                      the care of older people in NSW. Doctors participating in
P8    SECTION 3: Patient Management   the HSP will be expected to have greater than two years
                                      of clinical postgraduate experience and not be currently
P11   SECTION 4: Common Problems      participating in a specialist vocational training program.
                 and Conditions
                                      The HSP curriculum has been developed by IMET, on behalf
                                      of NSW Health, as part of the broader Hospital Skills
                                      Program for this group of doctors. The curriculum aims to
                                      guide doctors, their employers and educators with regard to
                                      training needs, workplace responsibilities and clinical tasks.
                                      The HSP Aged Care Curriculum has drawn on existing work
                                      in this area (References: 1 – 6).

                                      In particular, the HSP framework was developed with
                                      reference to the Australian Curriculum Framework for
                                      Junior Doctors (ACFJD), prepared by the Confederation
                                      of Postgraduate Medical Education Councils (1). The
                                      HSP curriculum has a similar structure, comprising the
                                      categories of Clinical Management, Communication and
                                      Professionalism capabilities. The HSP curriculum also
                                      identifies common illness problems and conditions
                                      which are likely to be dealt with by HSP participants
                                      and describes the clinical skills and procedures to be
                                      achieved by HSP participants.




                                                                     MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 3
The HSP Aged Care Module
This document is the version of the Aged Care Curriculum        The document outlines the capabilities required for clinical
approved by the HSP State Training Council on 28 July           management in aged care contexts. It is intended that
2009. It was prepared by the HSP Aged Care Curriculum           future versions of the HSP curriculum will also include
Working Group, facilitated by Dr Jan Potter. An initial draft   suggested teaching and learning activities/resources to
was distributed for the purpose of obtaining feedback on        support the development of doctors’ capabilities, as well as
its accuracy and comprehensiveness and responses were           suggested assessment strategies and assessment tools to
received from 6 individuals and organisations. This version     determine HSP participants’ achievement of each capability.
has been prepared with regard to the feedback received.         Where possible suggested teaching and learning activities/
However it is expected as the HSP is implemented there          resources and assessment strategies/tools will be made
may be further curriculum revision and development              accessible via the IMET Online Learning Centre.
work required to ensure that the HSP fulfils its goals in
supporting the professional development needs of                Across all four sections, each Aged Care capability will be
non-specialist doctors in NSW.                                  allocated an HSP level. The three levels of the HSP (HSP 1,
                                                                2 and 3) address the increasing capability, knowledge and
The curriculum comprises four sections:                         skills developed by doctors in line with their increasing level
                                                                of workplace experience and training. Each of the three
   Section 1:     Safe Patient Care                             levels will broadly distinguish doctors in terms of proficiency,
   Section 2:     Patient Assessment                            experience, and workplace responsibility.
   Section 3:     Patient Management
   Section 4:     Common Problems and Conditions




References
1. Confederation of Postgraduate Medical Education Councils (2006) Australian Curriculum Framework
   for Junior Doctors, Version 2.1 www.cpmec.org.au/curriculum
2. Safety and Quality Council (2005) National Patient Safety Education Framework.
   The Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Healthcare, Commonwealth of Australia. www.patientsafety.org.au
3. IMET NSW Institute of Medical Education and Training (2007) A Hospital Skills Program for Staff Medical Officers
   (Non-Specialist Medical Staff) of NSW (Blueprint)
4. Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2009) Draft Physician Training Curriculum in Geriatric Medicine
5. World Health Organisation (2001) International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health
   in patient assessment (WHO ICF)
6. Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board (2007) Specialty Training Curriculum for Geriatric Medicine



HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
The following is a summary of the criteria on which the HSP levels have been determined.

         HSP 1                                   HSP 2                                   HSP 3
     E   Has limited workplace experience in     Has moderate to large workplace         Has substantial workplace
         this discipline.                        experience                              experience in this discipline.
                                                 in this discipline.
   CP    Reliably recognises familiar            Recognises many atypical                Has an intuitive grasp of a situation
         situations and key issues. Has a        presentations, recognises case          as a means of linking understanding
         good working knowledge of the           specific nuances and their               of a situation to appropriate action.
         management of these. Decision-          relational significance, thus reliably
                                                                                         Able to provide a large repertoire of
         making is largely bound by              identifies key issues and risks.
                                                                                         management options.
         protocol. Demonstrates effective
                                                 Decision-making is increasingly
         clinical decision making and clinical                                           Has a comprehensive understanding
                                                 intuitive. Fluent in most procedures
         proficiency in defined situations.                                                of the hospital service, referral
                                                 and clinical management tasks.
                                                                                         networks and the links to
                                                                                         community services.
     R   Uses and applies integrated             Autonomously able to manage             Works autonomously, consults
         management approach for all             simple and common presentations         as required for expert advice and
         cases; consults prior to disposition    and consults prior to disposition or    consults admitting team about
         or definitive management; and            definitive management for more           patients who require admission
         arranges senior review of the           complex cases.                          and other medical specialists as
         patient in numerous instances,                                                  required.
                                                 Conducts family conference
         especially serious, complex, unclear
                                                 discussions about care planning         Autonomously conducts family
         or uncommon cases.
                                                 and discharge planning under            conference discussions about care
         Observes family conference              supervision of senior clinician.        planning and discharge planning
         discussions about care planning and                                             under supervision of senior
         discharge planning if requested by                                              clinician.
         senior clinician (and permitted by
         the family/carer(s)).
   PS    Level 2                                 Level 2 – 3                             Level 3




                                                                                  KEY
It is assumed that doctors will practise medicine with the degree of              E       Level of Experience
autonomy that is consistent with their level of experience (E), clinical          CP      Clinical Proficiency
proficiency (CP) and responsibility (R) to ensure patients receive care            R       Responsibility
which is appropriate, effective and safe. The levels are cross referenced         PS      Patient Safety
with levels described for Patient Safety (PS) competencies in the                 SRMO    Senior Resident Medical Officer
National Patient Safety Education Framework (2).                                  CMO     Career Medical Officer




                                                                                              MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 5
Hospital Skills Program

AGED CARE                               SECTION 1: Safe Patient Care
                                        1.1 SYSTEMS
SECTION 1: Safe Patient Care
                                        1.1.1 Manage the complex aged care environment to
   1.1   Systems                              the advantage of a patient in a holistic and ethical
   1.2 Risk and Prevention                    manner (HSP 2).
                                        1.1.2 Make the appropriate use of systems and methods
   1.3 Adverse Events and Near Misses
                                              that minimise error e.g. use of clinical protocols
   1.4   Public Health
                                              (HSP 1).
   1.5 Medication Safety                1.1.3 Actively participate in continuous quality
                                              improvement to medical practice as appropriate
                                              e.g. clinical audit (HSP 1).

                                        1.2 RISK AND PREVENTION

                                        1.2.1 Demonstrate an awareness of risk in the workplace
                                              (HSP 1).
                                        1.2.2 Recognise and implement responses to reduce or
                                              remove the effects of personal limitations that may
                                              contribute to risk and error (HSP 2).
                                        1.2.3 Identify and report potential risks to patients and
                                              staff (HSP 1).

                                        1.3 ADVERSE EVENTS AND NEAR MISSES

                                        1.3.1 Document and report adverse events in accordance
                                              with local incident reporting systems (HSP 1).
                                        1.3.2 Identify and manage adverse events and near misses
                                              (HSP 1).
                                        1.3.3 Evaluate and respond to the harm caused by errors
                                              and system failures (HSP 2).
                                        1.3.4 Practice the principles of “open disclosure” when
                                              communicating errors with patients and managers
                                              (HSP 1).




HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
1.4 PUBLIC HEALTH

1.4.1 Promote strategies for healthy ageing in the
      community (HSP 2).
1.4.2 Advocate on behalf of older persons on aged care
      health issues (HSP 2).
1.4.3 Inform authorities of ‘notifiable diseases’, if these
      are detected (HSP 1).
1.4.4 Demonstrate timely and appropriate management
      of a disease outbreak (HSP 2).

1.5 MEDICATION SAFETY

1.5.1 Describe and anticipate risks with particular
      medications likely to adversely affect older persons
      (HSP 2).
1.5.2 Collaborate with clinical pharmacists within hospitals
      and community pharmacists to reduce medication
      errors and to educate patients about the appropriate
      use of prescribed medication (HSP 2).
1.5.3 Advise junior doctors and nurses on the best use of
      medications with older patients (HSP 3)




                                                               MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 7
Hospital Skills Program

AGED CARE                                   SECTION 2: Patient Assessment
                                            2.1 PHYSIOLOGY OF AGEING (UNDERPINNING
                                                BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE ESSENTIAL FOR
SECTION 2: Patient Assessment
                                                THE ASSESSMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE)
   2.1   Physiology of Ageing
   2.2 Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment   2.1.1 Recognise the physiological changes that occur in all
                                                  organ systems as a consequence of ageing (HSP 1).
   2.3 Role of Aged Care Assessment Teams
                                            2.1.2 Apply relevant theories of ageing to medical practice
                                                  (HSP 2).
                                            2.1.3 Differentiate between normal and abnormal ageing
                                                  (HSP 1).
                                            2.1.4 Describe the effect of ageing on the special senses
                                                  (HSP 1).
                                            2.1.5 Describe how pharmacokinetics and
                                                  pharmacodynamics are altered by physiological
                                                  changes associated with ageing (HSP 1).




HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
2.2 COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC                                      2.3 ROLE OF AGED CARE ASSESSMENT
    ASSESSMENT                                                       TEAMS OR SERVICES (ACAT/ACAS) AND
                                                                     OTHER LOCALLY AVAILABLE SERVICES
2.2.1 Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the older
       person, including full system review, cognition,          2.3.1 Identify and utilise assessment services in the
       mental health, mobility and gait, bone health,                  patient’s community (HSP 2).
       continence, sexual health, nutritional wellbeing,         2.3.2 Identify the structure and function of Aged-Care
       immunisation status, medications and alcohol use                Assessment Teams/Services, including governance
       (HSP 2).                                                        and financing issues (HSP 2).
2.2.2 Describe how acute illness in old age often presents       2.3.3 Describe and support the role of geriatricians
       in an atypical manner (HSP 1).                                  (including legal aspects) in the ACAT/ACAS (HSP 2).
2.2.3 Describe the benefits for and possible discomfort
       experienced by elderly patients undergoing
       investigations (HSP 1).
2.2.4 Recognise that the age of the patient may affect
       the interpretation of investigation results (HSP 1).
2.2.5 Recognise that age may affect the carrying out and
       interpretation of investigations more difficult (HSP 1).
2.2.6 Recognise that heterogeneity in the older patient
       may affect the likelihood of false positive and false
       negative results (HSP 1).
2.2.7 Describe how there may be more than one condition
       present, and how many conditions may have
       multifactorial causes (HSP 1).
2.2.8 Summarise how different conditions interact, in
       terms of disease-disease, disease-drug and drug-drug
       interactions (HSP 1).
2.2.9 Describe the natural history of common illness
       problems and conditions affecting the older person
       outlined in Section 4 (HSP 1).
2.2.10 Describe how acute illness and immobilisation may
       cause other problems (HSP 1).
2.2.11 Demonstrate a willingness to go outside of the
       hospital or consulting room environment in practising
       medicine with elderly patients (HSP 2).




                                                                                            MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 9
Hospital Skills Program

AGED CARE                                     SECTION 3: Patient Management
                                               3.1 COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC
                                                   MANAGEMENT
SECTION 3: Patient Management
   3.1   Comprehensive Geriatric Management   3.1.1 Implement a holistic and ethical approach to patient
   3.2 Geriatric Pharmacology                       centred management (HSP 1).
                                              3.1.2 Recognise and demonstrate support of patients’
   3.3 Healthy Ageing
                                                    desire for independence (HSP 2).
   3.4 Rehabilitation and Community Care
                                              3.1.3 Recognise that the natural history of disease is likely to
   3.5 Palliative Care                              have effects on each patient management decision (HSP 1).
   3.6 Multi-disciplinary Family Conference   3.1.4 Recognise how competing co-morbidities will require
   3.7 Multi-disciplinary Team Work                 individualised management (HSP 2).
                                              3.1.5 Recognise that best available medical evidence regarding
                                                    management may not apply to each patient (HSP 1).
                                              3.1.6 Recognise that behavioural changes in older patients may
                                                    require treatment of the underlying cause(s) (HSP 1).
                                              3.1.7 Conduct ongoing monitoring, review and
                                                    management modification as required (HSP 2).
                                              3.1.8 Demonstrate a willingness to provide management
                                                    of older people’s problems across a range of settings
                                                    (e.g. home, community, and hospitals) (HSP 2).




HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
3.2 GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY                                       3.4 REHABILITATION AND COMMUNITY CARE

3.2.1 Summarise principles of geriatric pharmacology             3.4.1 Identify the factors that affect rehabilitation
      and how these principles underpin prescribing for                potential in the older person (HSP 2).
      older people (HSP 2).                                      3.4.2 Identify the appropriateness and challenges in the
3.2.2 Identify changes in pharmacokinetics related to                  conduct of comprehensive geriatric assessment in the
      normal ageing (HSP 2).                                           context of rehabilitation and community care (HSP 2).
3.2.3 Describe the changes in pharmacodynamics with              3.4.3 Compare the benefits and limitations of different
      normal ageing (HSP 2).                                           rehabilitation settings and identify resource
3.2.3 Describe the significance of poly-pharmacy for                    constraints (HSP 2).
      older people (HSP 2).                                      3.4.4 Summarise the aims, options, available resources
3.2.4 State the prevalence and spectrum of adverse drug                of discharge planning (HSP 2).
      reactions (HSP 2).                                         3.4.5 Identify factors which indicate that progress in
3.2.5 Identify the limitations of evidence for prescribing             rehabilitation is significant (HSP 2).
      for older people (HSP 2).                                  3.4.6 Describe the role of local needs assessors in the
3.2.6 Describe the epidemiologic principles of the critical            provision of access to supports and residential
      appraisal of reports of drug therapy for older people            facilities (HSP 2).
      (HSP 2).                                                   3.4.7 List specific indications for different types of care
3.2.7 Summarise the compliance issues in the context                   facilities and community care packages (HSP 2).
      of prescribing for older people (HSP 2).                   3.4.8 Identify and effectively utilise facilities providing
3.2.8 Collaborate with hospital based and community                    particular types of care in a given local region (HSP 2).
      pharmacists in prescribing and educating older patients
      about the appropriate use of medications (HSP 2).

 3.3 HEALTHY AGEING

3.3.1 Promote cardiovascular health in older people via
      emphasising the importance of medical check-
      ups, regular exercise, avoidance of risky alcohol
      consumption, cessation of smoking, regular dental
      care and appropriate eating habits (HSP 2).
3.3.2 Promote healthy eating in older people through the
      provision of accurate and useful advice on dietary
      requirements (HSP 2).
3.3.3 Promote strategies for the physical and mental health
      of older people through the provision of information on
      the benefits of regular physical exercise and maintaining
      interests in hobbies, social interaction and other
      recreational activities (HSP 2).
3.3.4 Promote strategies for safety at home to prevent
      falls and fractures for older people (HSP 2).

                                                                                             MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 11
3.5 PALLIATIVE CARE                                           3.6 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
                                                                  FAMILY CONFERENCE
3.5.1 Provide empathic care and advice for patients and
       carers with the inevitability of death (HSP 2).        3.6.1 Demonstrate caring, empathic respect for all, including
3.5.2 Display equanimity by maintaining appropriate                 patients, families and team members (HSP 2).
       professional distance while providing empathic         3.6.2 Display constructive communication in encounters
       care (HSP 2).                                                with patients and their families and with colleagues
3.5.3 Describe the natural history of life-limiting disease         and team members (HSP 2).
       (HSP 2).                                               3.6.3 Describe the role of the family conference in care
3.5.4 Respect the patient’s informed decisions regarding            planning and discharge planning (HSP 2).
       treatment options and, the content of advanced         3.6.4 Identify and effectively employ the members of the
       care directives (HSP 2).                                     multi-disciplinary team that contribute to the family
3.5.5 Implement consensus decision making and utilise               conference (HSP 2).
       the Guardianship board when the patient is not         3.6.5 Describe the legal requirement to obtain patients’
       legally competent to make their own decisions                consent to discuss their private affairs (HSP 2).
       (HSP 2).
3.5.6 Summarise the concepts of palliative care (HSP 2).
3.5.7 Describe relevant legal issues pertaining to end of     3.7 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM WORK
       life decisions and palliative care including not for
       resuscitation documentation and withholding of         3.7.1 Display respect for all team members (HSP 2).
       tube feeding, antibiotics (HSP 2).                     3.7.2 Demonstrate a willingness to contribute to the
3.5.8 Summarise the difference between the “doctrine of             professional development of team members and
       double effect” (i.e. hastened death as a side effect         also to learn from them (HSP 2).
       of symptom relieving therapy) and euthanasia (i.e.     3.7.3 Identify the roles of the members of the multi-
       hastened death as an aim of therapy) (HSP 2).                disciplinary team (HSP 2).
3.5.9 Implement palliative care in terminal cancer            3.7.4 Recognise the values of other clinical disciplines
       management (HSP 2).                                          (e.g. physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech
3.5.10 Implement palliative care for non-cancer disease             pathology, neuro-psychology and specialist nursing)
       (HSP 2).                                                     participating in health teams (HSP 2).
3.5.11 Provide effective pain management (HSP 2).             3.7.5 Describe the benefits of multi-disciplinary
3.5.12 Provide management for symptoms other than                   team approach and the importance of effective
       pain (HSP 2).                                                communication and leadership within the multi-
3.5.13 Organise the implementation of institutional and             disciplinary team (HSP 2).
       community supports available for palliative            3.7.6 Recognise the role of case-conferences as one
       care (HSP 2).                                                of the means of optimising team function (HSP 2).




HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
Hospital Skills Program

AGED CARE                                      SECTION 4:
                                               Common Problems and Conditions
SECTION 4: Common Problems and Conditions
                                               NEURODEGENERATIVE AND MENTAL HEALTH
   4.1   Depression in Older People            DISORDERS IN OLDER PEOPLE
   4.2 Delirium in Older People
   4.3 Cognitive Impairment in Older People    4.1 DEPRESSION IN OLDER PEOPLE
   4.4 Dementia in Older People
                                               4.1.1 Describe the epidemiology of depression in older
   4.5 BPSD                                           people (HSP 2).
   4.6 Impaired Homeostasis                    4.1.2 List clinical features of depression, including atypical
       and Reduced Reserve                            presentations and anxiety (HSP 2).
   4.7 Major Bone Disorders in Older People    4.1.3 Summarise the consequences of depression including
   4.8 Falls and their Sequelae                       suicide risk, and the impact on recovery from other
       and Older People                               illnesses (HSP 2).
   4.9 Urinary Incontinence and Retention      4.1.4 Describe the relationship between physical illness and
   4.10 Constipation and Faecal Incontinence          depression (HSP 2).
                                               4.1.5 Recognise that depression is not “inevitable” part of
   4.11 Vascular Disease
                                                      ageing and is treatable.
   4.12 Wounds and Ulcers                      4.1.6 Describe the relationship between brain disease and
   4.13 Sleep Disturbances                            depression (HSP 2).
   4.14 Visual and Hearing Impairment          4.1.7 Identify organic causes of depression e.g.
   4.15 Nutritional Problems                          hypercalcemia (HSP 2).
   4.16 Dental Problems                        4.1.8 Recognise risk factors in the use of medications which
                                                      may cause depression or make it worse (HSP 2).
   4.17 Elder Abuse
                                               4.1.9 Identify treatments of depression (including
   4.18 Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunction              pharmacotherapy, supportive psychotherapy,
                                                      electroconvulsive therapy) (HSP 2).
                                               4.1.10 Identify side effects of therapy (HSP 2).
                                               4.1.11 Summarise the relationships between depression and
                                                      alcohol and other drugs which may be abused (HSP 2).




                                                                          MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 13
4.2 DELIRIUM IN OLDER PEOPLE                                     4.3 COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
                                                                     IN OLDER PEOPLE
4.2.1 State the definition and the epidemiology of delirium,
      including its prognosis and recognise that delirium        4.3.1 Summarise causes of cognitive impairment (HSP 2).
      is not normal and requires urgent medical attention        4.3.2 Utilise appropriate investigations of cognitive
      (HSP 2).                                                          impairment (HSP 2).
4.2.2 Recognise that delirium is potentially reversible and it   4.3.3 Describe the natural history and prognosis of
      is more common in patients with pre-existing brain                cognitive impairment (HSP 2).
      damage and dementia (HSP 2).                               4.3.4 Describe the management of cognitive impairment
4.2.3 Identify signs of substance abuse and withdrawal                  including pharmacotherapy (HSP 2).
      (HSP 2).                                                   4.3.5 Summarise the effects of cognitive impairment on
4.2.4 Identify factors for the supportive management of                 the patient, their family and society (HSP 2).
      delirium (HSP 2).                                          4.3.6 Describe the symptom management of cognitive
4.2.5 Identify factors in the environment that may be                   impairment (HSP 2).
      modified to optimise delirium care (HSP 2).                 4.3.7 Describe disease modifying therapy for cognitive
4.2.6 Summarise the legal position of prescribing                       impairment (HSP 2).
      pharmacologic and/or implementing physical                 4.3.8 Recognise the importance of and support the decision-
      restraints (HSP 2).                                               making capacity in older people (for example with
4.2.7 Define the consent issues pertaining to delirium (HSP 2).          regard to wills, Advance Care Directives, Power of
                                                                        Attorney and Enduring Guardianship) (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.3.9 Use community and other local social support structures
                                                                        for people with cognitive impairment (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.3.10 Describe the effects of cognitive impairment on the
                                                                        ability to drive and the doctor’s role in assessment,
                                                                        counselling and notification (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.3.11 Describe the manifestations of cognitive impairment
                                                                        including BPSD (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.3.12 Utilise the ethics of consent and disclosure in treating
                                                                        people with cognitive impairment and liaising with
                                                                        their carers and family (HSP 2).




HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
4.4 DEMENTIA IN OLDER PEOPLE

4.4.1 State the prevalence and incidence of dementia (HSP 2).
4.4.2 Summarise current theories of dementia syndromes,         4.5.11 Summarise consent issues for therapy, including
      including molecular and genetic bases (HSP 1).                   use of restraints for people with BSPD (HSP 2).
4.4.3 Demonstrate a willingness to treat people with            4.5.12 Describe the natural history and prognosis of BSPD
      dementia as worthy of help and invest the time it                (HSP 2).
      takes in providing treatment (HSP 2).                     4.5.13 Describe social support structures for people affected
4.4.4 Recognise that people with dementia can have a                   by BSPD (HSP 2).
      good quality of life despite their diagnosis (HSP 2).     4.5.14 Recognise that hospital security staff and police can
4.4.5 Recognise people with dementia have rights (HSP 2).              help manage violent disruptive patients with BPSD
4.3.6 Demonstrate respect for people, even if they have                and utilise this support where appropriate (HSP 2).
      dementia (HSP 2).                                         4.5.15 Summarise issues related to decision-making in
4.3.7 Describe the differentiation of dementia from other              people with BSPD and state the role of decision
      problems and conditions such as delirium and                     making proxies and the role of the Guardianship
      depression (HSP 1).                                              Tribunal (HSP 2).

4.5 BEHAVIOURAL AND PSYCHIATRIC                                 4.6 IMPAIRED HOMEOSTASIS
    SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA (BPSD)                                     AND REDUCED RESERVE

4.5.1 Recognise that BPSD is part of a disease process,         4.6.1 Summarise the concept of reduced homeostasis in
       rather than a manifestation of bad behaviour (HSP 2).          older people, including describing the concept of
4.5.2 Carefully balance management options where there                reduced reserve and the fine balance of homeostasis
       is conflict between patients’ apparent interests and            (HSP 2).
       those of patients’ caregivers (HSP 2).                   4.6.2 Recognise the balance of homeostasis in the older
4.5.3 Demonstrate a willingness to be the patients’                   person and typical ways in which homeostasis
       advocate since patients with BPSD are generally                can be disrupted (e.g. postural hypotension due to
       unable to advocate for themselves (HSP 2).                     medications, pressure ulceration due to sedation and
4.5.4 Demonstrate a willingness to treat people with BSPD             immobilisation) (HSP 2).
       as worthy of help and invest the time it takes in        4.6.3 Anticipate, recognise and manage the effects of
       treatment (HSP 2).                                             prolonged immobilisation (e.g. deconditioning,
4.5.5 State the prevalence and incidence of BPSD (HSP 2).             pressure ulceration) (HSP 2).
4.5.6 Describe the clinical manifestations and features of      4.6.4 Recognise the prevalence of sarcopenia in older age,
       BPSD (HSP 2).                                                  chronic disease and obesity (HSP 2).
4.5.6 Summarise current theories regarding the causes of        4.6.5 Summarise the effects of exercise on older people
       BPSD (HSP 2).                                                  and the type and amount of exercise recommended
4.5.7 Summarise the effects of BPSD on the patient, carers,           (HSP 2)
       family and society (HSP 2).
4.5.8 Describe appropriate investigations of BPSD (HSP 2).
4.5.9 Describe management of BSPD, including
       pharmacotherapy (HSP 2).
4.5.10 Describe the symptom management of BSPD (HSP 2).



                                                                                          MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 15
4.7 MAJOR BONE DISORDERS                                         4.9 URINARY INCONTINENCE
     IN OLDER PEOPLE                                                  AND RETENTION IN OLDER PEOPLE

4.7.1 Demonstrate a proactive approach to prevention,             4.9.1 Actively include assessment of continence as part
      diagnosis and management of major bone disorders                  of the routine history (HSP 2).
      (HSP 2).                                                    4.9.2 Demonstrate sensitivity in management (HSP 2).
4.7.2 Describe the prevalence, incidence and risk factors of      4.9.3 Describe the prevalence, incidence and aetiology
      osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteoarthritis in older            of the various forms of urinary incontinence and
      people (HSP 2).                                                   retention (HSP 2).
4.7.3 Describe potential preventive strategies of major           4.9.4 Describe the pharmacological, behavioural and multi-
      bone disorders (HSP 2).                                           disciplinary approach to management of urinary
4.7.4 Summarise the spectrum of treatment of major bone                 incontinence and retention (HSP 2).
      disorders (HSP 2).                                          4.9.5 Summarise the role of medication and surgery in the
4.7.5 Summarise the social and economic costs of                        management of urinary incontinence and retention
      osteoporotic fractures (HSP 2).                                   (HSP 2).
4.7.6 Describe the role of harm minimisation e.g. use of          4.9.6 Summarise the use of appropriate aids and appliances
      hip protectors in older people (HSP 2).                           in the management of urinary incontinence and
4.7.7 Recognise the silent epidemic of osteoporosis in                  retention and the relative costs of these (HSP 2).
      older people (HSP 2).                                       4.9.7 Summarise the social and psychological effects of
4.7.8 Recognise the high prevalence of vitamin D                        incontinence (HSP 2).
      deficiency in older people (HSP 2).                          4.9.8 Recognise the clinical indications for in-dwelling
                                                                        catheters and their adverse effects.
 4.8 FALLS AND THEIR SEQUELAE
     AND OLDER PEOPLE                                             4.10 CONSTIPATION AND FAECAL
                                                                       INCONTINENCE IN OLDER PEOPLE
4.8.1 Advocate for system change to prevent and reduce the
      incidence of falls, within homes, community settings,       4.10.1 Demonstrate sensitivity in management of
      hospitals and residential care facilities (HSP 2).                 constipation and faecal incontinence (HSP 2).
4.8.2 Demonstrate a proactive approach to diagnosis and           4.10.2 Actively include the assessment of continence as
      management (HSP 2).                                                part of the routine history (HSP 2).
4.8.3 Describe the prevalence, incidence and aetiology of         4.10.3 Describe the physiology of defecation (HSP 2).
      falls (HSP 2).                                              4.10.4 Describe the prevalence, incidence and aetiology of
4.8.4 Summarise the physical and psychological                           constipation and faecal incontinence (HSP 2).
      consequences of falls.                                      4.10.5 Summarise the role of pharmacological and non-
4.8.5 Summarise fall reduction strategies (HSP 2).                       pharmacological management of constipation and
4.8.6 Describe the social and economic costs of falls (HSP 2).           faecal incontinence (HSP 2).
4.8.7 Recognise the role of harm minimisation e.g. use of         4.10.6 Summarise the social and psychological impact of
      hip protectors in older people (HSP 2).                            constipation and faecal incontinence (HSP 2).
4.8.8 Describe strategies to minimise risk of falls in hospital   4.10.7 Summarise the use of appropriate aids and appliances
      (HSP 2).                                                           in the management of faecal incontinence and the
4.7.9 Summarise the legal aspects of falls, including the                relative costs of these (HSP 2).
      need to report falls that lead to death (HSP 2).            4.10.8 Recognise the risk situations for development of
                                                                         constipation and implement preventative actions (HSP 2).

HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
4.11 VASCULAR DISEASE IN OLDER PEOPLE                            4.14 VISUAL AND HEARING
                                                                      IMPAIRMENT IN OLDER PEOPLE
4.11.1 Describe the incidence, prevalence and spectrum
       of vascular disease in older people (cardiovascular,      4.14.1 Advocate the use of management strategies which
       cerebrovascular, renovascular and peripheral vascular)           optimise the quality of life for older people with
       (HSP 2).                                                         visual and/or hearing impairment (HSP 2).
4.11.2 Summarise the effects of vascular disease on the          4.14.2 Show willingness to make extra effort to
       physical and mental function of older people (HSP 2).            communicate with people who have visual and/or
4.11.3 Describe the primary and secondary prevention of                 hearing impairment (HSP 2).
       vascular disease in older people (HSP 2).                 4.14.3 Describe the incidence, prevalence and aetiology of
4.11.4 Describe the evidence based pharmacological and                  visual and hearing impairment in older people (HSP 2).
       non-pharmacological management of vascular                4.14.4 Describe the natural history of conditions that cause
       disease affecting older people (HSP 2).                          visual and hearing impairment and potential for
                                                                        therapy (HSP 2).
4.12 WOUNDS AND ULCERS IN OLDER PEOPLE                           4.14.5 Summarise the prevention strategies for visual and
                                                                        hearing impairments.
4.12.1 Summarise the principles of ulcer healing and             4.14.6 Describe the assistive services, devices and aids
       moist wound management, including the use of a                   which help those with visual and/or hearing
       multifactorial approach, where indicated (HSP 2).                impairment (HSP 2).
4.12.2 Recognise the risk situations for development of          4.14.7 Summarise the social, psychological and physical
       ulceration with the view of prevention (HSP 2).                  consequences of sensory deprivation (HSP 2).

4.13 SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN OLDER PEOPLE                          4.15 NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
                                                                      IN OLDER PEOPLE
4.13.1 Describe the aetiology and management of
       sleep disorders both pharmacological and non-             4.15.1 Describe the optimal nutritional state (HSP 2).
       pharmacological (HSP 2).                                  4.15.2 Describe the methods of nutrition assessment with
4.13.2 Describe the effect of sleep disturbance on performance          older people (HSP 2).
       status and the risk of delirium and depression.           4.15.3 Identify common micronutrient and vitamin
4.13.3 Summarise the hazards and limited efficacy of                     deficiency in older people (HSP 2).
       medications commonly used for insomnia (HSP 2).           4.15.4 Describe the incidence, prevalence and aetiology of
                                                                        obesity and malnutrition in older people (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.15.5 Summarise the consequences of obesity and
                                                                        malnutrition in older people (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.15.6 Summarise the nutrition and dietary issues in
                                                                        culturally and linguistically diverse groups (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.15.7 Promote appropriate nutrition for older people (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.15.8 Manage obesity and malnutrition in older people
                                                                        (HSP 2).
                                                                 4.15.9 Recognise the ethical considerations around tube
                                                                        and artificial feeding (HSP 2).




                                                                                            MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 17
4.16 DENTAL PROBLEMS IN OLDER PEOPLE                        4.17 ELDER ABUSE

4.16.1 Describe the common dental problems in older         4.17.1 Describe the diagnosis and management of elder
       people (HSP 2).                                             abuse (HSP 2).
4.16.2 Summarise the consequences of poor dentition         4.17.2 Describe the incidence, prevalence and risk factors
       and oral health (HSP 2).                                    of different types of elder abuse (verbal, financial
4.16.3 Summarise the preventive strategies for optimising          and physical), and neglect (HSP 2).
       dental health in older people (HSP 2).               4.17.3 Demonstrate an awareness of and a high index of
4.16.4 Advocate for older people’s access to dental                suspicion regarding elder abuse (HSP 2).
       services (HSP 2).                                    4.17.4 Demonstrate the willingness to invest the time and
4.16.5 Show a willingness to arrange dental services as            energy required to assess possible elder abuse (HSP 2).
       required for older people (HSP 2).                   4.17.5 Seek multidisciplinary team help as required (HSP 2).
4.16.6 Describe how dentures and plates/ prostheses         4.17.6 Summarise management options for responding to
       work and their limitations.                                 elder abuse, including legal avenues (HSP 2).
                                                            4.17.7 Summarise aspects of the complex relationships
                                                                   between abused and abusers and recognise that
                                                                   abuse may go unreported by victims (HSP 2).
                                                            4.17.8 Recognise that both abusers and the abused may
                                                                   need help (HSP 2).

                                                            4.18 SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

                                                            4.18.1 Describe the physiological changes in sexuality that
                                                                   occur with age (HSP 2).
                                                            4.18.2 Explain the multidisciplinary approach to responding to
                                                                   unwanted or “inappropriate” sexual behaviour (HSP 2).
                                                            4.18.3 Describe the approaches to the effect of illness and
                                                                   medication sexual function (HSP 2).
                                                            4.18.4 Take history and conduct examination of older people
                                                                   to assess sexual dysfunction (HSP 2)




HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
NSW Institute of Medical Education and Training (IMET)
Building 12 Gladesville Hospital
GLADESVILLE NSW 2060
Tel: (02) 9844 6551
Fax: (02) 9844 6544
Email: info@imet.health.nsw.gov.au
Post: Locked Bag 5022, GLADESVILLE NSW 1675

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Hospital Skills Program Aged Care Curriculum

  • 1. AGED CARE MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1
  • 2. NSW Institute of Medical Education and Training NSW Hospital Skills Program Aged Care Module Version 1.1. Sydney: NSW IMET 2010 This work is copyright. It may be reproduced in whole or in part for study or training purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. It may not be reproduced for commercial usage or sale. Reproduction for purposes other than those indicated requires written permission from NSW IMET. © NSW IMET March 2010 ISBN 978-0-9806955-6-4 For further copies of this document, please contact IMET, or download a digital copy from the IMET website: www.imet.health.nsw.gov.au Acknowledgements This document is a curriculum that identifies capabilities required of doctors working in clinical areas related to the care of older people in NSW. It will be a key supporting document for implementing the Hospital Skills Program, which aims to improve the safety, efficiency and quality of healthcare in NSW Hospitals. This document is the version of the Aged Care Module approved by the HSP State Training Council on 28 July 2009. It was prepared by the HSP Aged Care Module Development Working Group, facilitated by Dr Jan Potter. Membership of the Module Development Working Group comprised: Dr Jan Potter Director of Acute Geriatric Services Prof Kichu Nair Director, Centre of Medical Professional Development, HNEAHS Dr Janelle Farrar Career Medical Officer, HNEAHS Dr Melanie Wroth Geriatrician Mr Peter Davy Curriculum Developer, NSW IMET
  • 3. Hospital Skills Program AGED CARE Background The Hospital Skills Program (HSP) Aged Care Curriculum is a P4 SECTION 1: Safe Patient Care framework which identifies the capabilities or competencies P6 SECTION 2: Patient Assessment required of doctors working in clinical areas relating to the care of older people in NSW. Doctors participating in P8 SECTION 3: Patient Management the HSP will be expected to have greater than two years of clinical postgraduate experience and not be currently P11 SECTION 4: Common Problems participating in a specialist vocational training program. and Conditions The HSP curriculum has been developed by IMET, on behalf of NSW Health, as part of the broader Hospital Skills Program for this group of doctors. The curriculum aims to guide doctors, their employers and educators with regard to training needs, workplace responsibilities and clinical tasks. The HSP Aged Care Curriculum has drawn on existing work in this area (References: 1 – 6). In particular, the HSP framework was developed with reference to the Australian Curriculum Framework for Junior Doctors (ACFJD), prepared by the Confederation of Postgraduate Medical Education Councils (1). The HSP curriculum has a similar structure, comprising the categories of Clinical Management, Communication and Professionalism capabilities. The HSP curriculum also identifies common illness problems and conditions which are likely to be dealt with by HSP participants and describes the clinical skills and procedures to be achieved by HSP participants. MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 3
  • 4. The HSP Aged Care Module This document is the version of the Aged Care Curriculum The document outlines the capabilities required for clinical approved by the HSP State Training Council on 28 July management in aged care contexts. It is intended that 2009. It was prepared by the HSP Aged Care Curriculum future versions of the HSP curriculum will also include Working Group, facilitated by Dr Jan Potter. An initial draft suggested teaching and learning activities/resources to was distributed for the purpose of obtaining feedback on support the development of doctors’ capabilities, as well as its accuracy and comprehensiveness and responses were suggested assessment strategies and assessment tools to received from 6 individuals and organisations. This version determine HSP participants’ achievement of each capability. has been prepared with regard to the feedback received. Where possible suggested teaching and learning activities/ However it is expected as the HSP is implemented there resources and assessment strategies/tools will be made may be further curriculum revision and development accessible via the IMET Online Learning Centre. work required to ensure that the HSP fulfils its goals in supporting the professional development needs of Across all four sections, each Aged Care capability will be non-specialist doctors in NSW. allocated an HSP level. The three levels of the HSP (HSP 1, 2 and 3) address the increasing capability, knowledge and The curriculum comprises four sections: skills developed by doctors in line with their increasing level of workplace experience and training. Each of the three Section 1: Safe Patient Care levels will broadly distinguish doctors in terms of proficiency, Section 2: Patient Assessment experience, and workplace responsibility. Section 3: Patient Management Section 4: Common Problems and Conditions References 1. Confederation of Postgraduate Medical Education Councils (2006) Australian Curriculum Framework for Junior Doctors, Version 2.1 www.cpmec.org.au/curriculum 2. Safety and Quality Council (2005) National Patient Safety Education Framework. The Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Healthcare, Commonwealth of Australia. www.patientsafety.org.au 3. IMET NSW Institute of Medical Education and Training (2007) A Hospital Skills Program for Staff Medical Officers (Non-Specialist Medical Staff) of NSW (Blueprint) 4. Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2009) Draft Physician Training Curriculum in Geriatric Medicine 5. World Health Organisation (2001) International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health in patient assessment (WHO ICF) 6. Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board (2007) Specialty Training Curriculum for Geriatric Medicine HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
  • 5. The following is a summary of the criteria on which the HSP levels have been determined. HSP 1 HSP 2 HSP 3 E Has limited workplace experience in Has moderate to large workplace Has substantial workplace this discipline. experience experience in this discipline. in this discipline. CP Reliably recognises familiar Recognises many atypical Has an intuitive grasp of a situation situations and key issues. Has a presentations, recognises case as a means of linking understanding good working knowledge of the specific nuances and their of a situation to appropriate action. management of these. Decision- relational significance, thus reliably Able to provide a large repertoire of making is largely bound by identifies key issues and risks. management options. protocol. Demonstrates effective Decision-making is increasingly clinical decision making and clinical Has a comprehensive understanding intuitive. Fluent in most procedures proficiency in defined situations. of the hospital service, referral and clinical management tasks. networks and the links to community services. R Uses and applies integrated Autonomously able to manage Works autonomously, consults management approach for all simple and common presentations as required for expert advice and cases; consults prior to disposition and consults prior to disposition or consults admitting team about or definitive management; and definitive management for more patients who require admission arranges senior review of the complex cases. and other medical specialists as patient in numerous instances, required. Conducts family conference especially serious, complex, unclear discussions about care planning Autonomously conducts family or uncommon cases. and discharge planning under conference discussions about care Observes family conference supervision of senior clinician. planning and discharge planning discussions about care planning and under supervision of senior discharge planning if requested by clinician. senior clinician (and permitted by the family/carer(s)). PS Level 2 Level 2 – 3 Level 3 KEY It is assumed that doctors will practise medicine with the degree of E Level of Experience autonomy that is consistent with their level of experience (E), clinical CP Clinical Proficiency proficiency (CP) and responsibility (R) to ensure patients receive care R Responsibility which is appropriate, effective and safe. The levels are cross referenced PS Patient Safety with levels described for Patient Safety (PS) competencies in the SRMO Senior Resident Medical Officer National Patient Safety Education Framework (2). CMO Career Medical Officer MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 5
  • 6. Hospital Skills Program AGED CARE SECTION 1: Safe Patient Care 1.1 SYSTEMS SECTION 1: Safe Patient Care 1.1.1 Manage the complex aged care environment to 1.1 Systems the advantage of a patient in a holistic and ethical 1.2 Risk and Prevention manner (HSP 2). 1.1.2 Make the appropriate use of systems and methods 1.3 Adverse Events and Near Misses that minimise error e.g. use of clinical protocols 1.4 Public Health (HSP 1). 1.5 Medication Safety 1.1.3 Actively participate in continuous quality improvement to medical practice as appropriate e.g. clinical audit (HSP 1). 1.2 RISK AND PREVENTION 1.2.1 Demonstrate an awareness of risk in the workplace (HSP 1). 1.2.2 Recognise and implement responses to reduce or remove the effects of personal limitations that may contribute to risk and error (HSP 2). 1.2.3 Identify and report potential risks to patients and staff (HSP 1). 1.3 ADVERSE EVENTS AND NEAR MISSES 1.3.1 Document and report adverse events in accordance with local incident reporting systems (HSP 1). 1.3.2 Identify and manage adverse events and near misses (HSP 1). 1.3.3 Evaluate and respond to the harm caused by errors and system failures (HSP 2). 1.3.4 Practice the principles of “open disclosure” when communicating errors with patients and managers (HSP 1). HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
  • 7. 1.4 PUBLIC HEALTH 1.4.1 Promote strategies for healthy ageing in the community (HSP 2). 1.4.2 Advocate on behalf of older persons on aged care health issues (HSP 2). 1.4.3 Inform authorities of ‘notifiable diseases’, if these are detected (HSP 1). 1.4.4 Demonstrate timely and appropriate management of a disease outbreak (HSP 2). 1.5 MEDICATION SAFETY 1.5.1 Describe and anticipate risks with particular medications likely to adversely affect older persons (HSP 2). 1.5.2 Collaborate with clinical pharmacists within hospitals and community pharmacists to reduce medication errors and to educate patients about the appropriate use of prescribed medication (HSP 2). 1.5.3 Advise junior doctors and nurses on the best use of medications with older patients (HSP 3) MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 7
  • 8. Hospital Skills Program AGED CARE SECTION 2: Patient Assessment 2.1 PHYSIOLOGY OF AGEING (UNDERPINNING BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE ESSENTIAL FOR SECTION 2: Patient Assessment THE ASSESSMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE) 2.1 Physiology of Ageing 2.2 Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment 2.1.1 Recognise the physiological changes that occur in all organ systems as a consequence of ageing (HSP 1). 2.3 Role of Aged Care Assessment Teams 2.1.2 Apply relevant theories of ageing to medical practice (HSP 2). 2.1.3 Differentiate between normal and abnormal ageing (HSP 1). 2.1.4 Describe the effect of ageing on the special senses (HSP 1). 2.1.5 Describe how pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are altered by physiological changes associated with ageing (HSP 1). HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
  • 9. 2.2 COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC 2.3 ROLE OF AGED CARE ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT TEAMS OR SERVICES (ACAT/ACAS) AND OTHER LOCALLY AVAILABLE SERVICES 2.2.1 Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the older person, including full system review, cognition, 2.3.1 Identify and utilise assessment services in the mental health, mobility and gait, bone health, patient’s community (HSP 2). continence, sexual health, nutritional wellbeing, 2.3.2 Identify the structure and function of Aged-Care immunisation status, medications and alcohol use Assessment Teams/Services, including governance (HSP 2). and financing issues (HSP 2). 2.2.2 Describe how acute illness in old age often presents 2.3.3 Describe and support the role of geriatricians in an atypical manner (HSP 1). (including legal aspects) in the ACAT/ACAS (HSP 2). 2.2.3 Describe the benefits for and possible discomfort experienced by elderly patients undergoing investigations (HSP 1). 2.2.4 Recognise that the age of the patient may affect the interpretation of investigation results (HSP 1). 2.2.5 Recognise that age may affect the carrying out and interpretation of investigations more difficult (HSP 1). 2.2.6 Recognise that heterogeneity in the older patient may affect the likelihood of false positive and false negative results (HSP 1). 2.2.7 Describe how there may be more than one condition present, and how many conditions may have multifactorial causes (HSP 1). 2.2.8 Summarise how different conditions interact, in terms of disease-disease, disease-drug and drug-drug interactions (HSP 1). 2.2.9 Describe the natural history of common illness problems and conditions affecting the older person outlined in Section 4 (HSP 1). 2.2.10 Describe how acute illness and immobilisation may cause other problems (HSP 1). 2.2.11 Demonstrate a willingness to go outside of the hospital or consulting room environment in practising medicine with elderly patients (HSP 2). MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 9
  • 10. Hospital Skills Program AGED CARE SECTION 3: Patient Management 3.1 COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC MANAGEMENT SECTION 3: Patient Management 3.1 Comprehensive Geriatric Management 3.1.1 Implement a holistic and ethical approach to patient 3.2 Geriatric Pharmacology centred management (HSP 1). 3.1.2 Recognise and demonstrate support of patients’ 3.3 Healthy Ageing desire for independence (HSP 2). 3.4 Rehabilitation and Community Care 3.1.3 Recognise that the natural history of disease is likely to 3.5 Palliative Care have effects on each patient management decision (HSP 1). 3.6 Multi-disciplinary Family Conference 3.1.4 Recognise how competing co-morbidities will require 3.7 Multi-disciplinary Team Work individualised management (HSP 2). 3.1.5 Recognise that best available medical evidence regarding management may not apply to each patient (HSP 1). 3.1.6 Recognise that behavioural changes in older patients may require treatment of the underlying cause(s) (HSP 1). 3.1.7 Conduct ongoing monitoring, review and management modification as required (HSP 2). 3.1.8 Demonstrate a willingness to provide management of older people’s problems across a range of settings (e.g. home, community, and hospitals) (HSP 2). HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
  • 11. 3.2 GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY 3.4 REHABILITATION AND COMMUNITY CARE 3.2.1 Summarise principles of geriatric pharmacology 3.4.1 Identify the factors that affect rehabilitation and how these principles underpin prescribing for potential in the older person (HSP 2). older people (HSP 2). 3.4.2 Identify the appropriateness and challenges in the 3.2.2 Identify changes in pharmacokinetics related to conduct of comprehensive geriatric assessment in the normal ageing (HSP 2). context of rehabilitation and community care (HSP 2). 3.2.3 Describe the changes in pharmacodynamics with 3.4.3 Compare the benefits and limitations of different normal ageing (HSP 2). rehabilitation settings and identify resource 3.2.3 Describe the significance of poly-pharmacy for constraints (HSP 2). older people (HSP 2). 3.4.4 Summarise the aims, options, available resources 3.2.4 State the prevalence and spectrum of adverse drug of discharge planning (HSP 2). reactions (HSP 2). 3.4.5 Identify factors which indicate that progress in 3.2.5 Identify the limitations of evidence for prescribing rehabilitation is significant (HSP 2). for older people (HSP 2). 3.4.6 Describe the role of local needs assessors in the 3.2.6 Describe the epidemiologic principles of the critical provision of access to supports and residential appraisal of reports of drug therapy for older people facilities (HSP 2). (HSP 2). 3.4.7 List specific indications for different types of care 3.2.7 Summarise the compliance issues in the context facilities and community care packages (HSP 2). of prescribing for older people (HSP 2). 3.4.8 Identify and effectively utilise facilities providing 3.2.8 Collaborate with hospital based and community particular types of care in a given local region (HSP 2). pharmacists in prescribing and educating older patients about the appropriate use of medications (HSP 2). 3.3 HEALTHY AGEING 3.3.1 Promote cardiovascular health in older people via emphasising the importance of medical check- ups, regular exercise, avoidance of risky alcohol consumption, cessation of smoking, regular dental care and appropriate eating habits (HSP 2). 3.3.2 Promote healthy eating in older people through the provision of accurate and useful advice on dietary requirements (HSP 2). 3.3.3 Promote strategies for the physical and mental health of older people through the provision of information on the benefits of regular physical exercise and maintaining interests in hobbies, social interaction and other recreational activities (HSP 2). 3.3.4 Promote strategies for safety at home to prevent falls and fractures for older people (HSP 2). MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 11
  • 12. 3.5 PALLIATIVE CARE 3.6 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY FAMILY CONFERENCE 3.5.1 Provide empathic care and advice for patients and carers with the inevitability of death (HSP 2). 3.6.1 Demonstrate caring, empathic respect for all, including 3.5.2 Display equanimity by maintaining appropriate patients, families and team members (HSP 2). professional distance while providing empathic 3.6.2 Display constructive communication in encounters care (HSP 2). with patients and their families and with colleagues 3.5.3 Describe the natural history of life-limiting disease and team members (HSP 2). (HSP 2). 3.6.3 Describe the role of the family conference in care 3.5.4 Respect the patient’s informed decisions regarding planning and discharge planning (HSP 2). treatment options and, the content of advanced 3.6.4 Identify and effectively employ the members of the care directives (HSP 2). multi-disciplinary team that contribute to the family 3.5.5 Implement consensus decision making and utilise conference (HSP 2). the Guardianship board when the patient is not 3.6.5 Describe the legal requirement to obtain patients’ legally competent to make their own decisions consent to discuss their private affairs (HSP 2). (HSP 2). 3.5.6 Summarise the concepts of palliative care (HSP 2). 3.5.7 Describe relevant legal issues pertaining to end of 3.7 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM WORK life decisions and palliative care including not for resuscitation documentation and withholding of 3.7.1 Display respect for all team members (HSP 2). tube feeding, antibiotics (HSP 2). 3.7.2 Demonstrate a willingness to contribute to the 3.5.8 Summarise the difference between the “doctrine of professional development of team members and double effect” (i.e. hastened death as a side effect also to learn from them (HSP 2). of symptom relieving therapy) and euthanasia (i.e. 3.7.3 Identify the roles of the members of the multi- hastened death as an aim of therapy) (HSP 2). disciplinary team (HSP 2). 3.5.9 Implement palliative care in terminal cancer 3.7.4 Recognise the values of other clinical disciplines management (HSP 2). (e.g. physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech 3.5.10 Implement palliative care for non-cancer disease pathology, neuro-psychology and specialist nursing) (HSP 2). participating in health teams (HSP 2). 3.5.11 Provide effective pain management (HSP 2). 3.7.5 Describe the benefits of multi-disciplinary 3.5.12 Provide management for symptoms other than team approach and the importance of effective pain (HSP 2). communication and leadership within the multi- 3.5.13 Organise the implementation of institutional and disciplinary team (HSP 2). community supports available for palliative 3.7.6 Recognise the role of case-conferences as one care (HSP 2). of the means of optimising team function (HSP 2). HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
  • 13. Hospital Skills Program AGED CARE SECTION 4: Common Problems and Conditions SECTION 4: Common Problems and Conditions NEURODEGENERATIVE AND MENTAL HEALTH 4.1 Depression in Older People DISORDERS IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.2 Delirium in Older People 4.3 Cognitive Impairment in Older People 4.1 DEPRESSION IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.4 Dementia in Older People 4.1.1 Describe the epidemiology of depression in older 4.5 BPSD people (HSP 2). 4.6 Impaired Homeostasis 4.1.2 List clinical features of depression, including atypical and Reduced Reserve presentations and anxiety (HSP 2). 4.7 Major Bone Disorders in Older People 4.1.3 Summarise the consequences of depression including 4.8 Falls and their Sequelae suicide risk, and the impact on recovery from other and Older People illnesses (HSP 2). 4.9 Urinary Incontinence and Retention 4.1.4 Describe the relationship between physical illness and 4.10 Constipation and Faecal Incontinence depression (HSP 2). 4.1.5 Recognise that depression is not “inevitable” part of 4.11 Vascular Disease ageing and is treatable. 4.12 Wounds and Ulcers 4.1.6 Describe the relationship between brain disease and 4.13 Sleep Disturbances depression (HSP 2). 4.14 Visual and Hearing Impairment 4.1.7 Identify organic causes of depression e.g. 4.15 Nutritional Problems hypercalcemia (HSP 2). 4.16 Dental Problems 4.1.8 Recognise risk factors in the use of medications which may cause depression or make it worse (HSP 2). 4.17 Elder Abuse 4.1.9 Identify treatments of depression (including 4.18 Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunction pharmacotherapy, supportive psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy) (HSP 2). 4.1.10 Identify side effects of therapy (HSP 2). 4.1.11 Summarise the relationships between depression and alcohol and other drugs which may be abused (HSP 2). MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 13
  • 14. 4.2 DELIRIUM IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.3 COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.2.1 State the definition and the epidemiology of delirium, including its prognosis and recognise that delirium 4.3.1 Summarise causes of cognitive impairment (HSP 2). is not normal and requires urgent medical attention 4.3.2 Utilise appropriate investigations of cognitive (HSP 2). impairment (HSP 2). 4.2.2 Recognise that delirium is potentially reversible and it 4.3.3 Describe the natural history and prognosis of is more common in patients with pre-existing brain cognitive impairment (HSP 2). damage and dementia (HSP 2). 4.3.4 Describe the management of cognitive impairment 4.2.3 Identify signs of substance abuse and withdrawal including pharmacotherapy (HSP 2). (HSP 2). 4.3.5 Summarise the effects of cognitive impairment on 4.2.4 Identify factors for the supportive management of the patient, their family and society (HSP 2). delirium (HSP 2). 4.3.6 Describe the symptom management of cognitive 4.2.5 Identify factors in the environment that may be impairment (HSP 2). modified to optimise delirium care (HSP 2). 4.3.7 Describe disease modifying therapy for cognitive 4.2.6 Summarise the legal position of prescribing impairment (HSP 2). pharmacologic and/or implementing physical 4.3.8 Recognise the importance of and support the decision- restraints (HSP 2). making capacity in older people (for example with 4.2.7 Define the consent issues pertaining to delirium (HSP 2). regard to wills, Advance Care Directives, Power of Attorney and Enduring Guardianship) (HSP 2). 4.3.9 Use community and other local social support structures for people with cognitive impairment (HSP 2). 4.3.10 Describe the effects of cognitive impairment on the ability to drive and the doctor’s role in assessment, counselling and notification (HSP 2). 4.3.11 Describe the manifestations of cognitive impairment including BPSD (HSP 2). 4.3.12 Utilise the ethics of consent and disclosure in treating people with cognitive impairment and liaising with their carers and family (HSP 2). HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
  • 15. 4.4 DEMENTIA IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.4.1 State the prevalence and incidence of dementia (HSP 2). 4.4.2 Summarise current theories of dementia syndromes, 4.5.11 Summarise consent issues for therapy, including including molecular and genetic bases (HSP 1). use of restraints for people with BSPD (HSP 2). 4.4.3 Demonstrate a willingness to treat people with 4.5.12 Describe the natural history and prognosis of BSPD dementia as worthy of help and invest the time it (HSP 2). takes in providing treatment (HSP 2). 4.5.13 Describe social support structures for people affected 4.4.4 Recognise that people with dementia can have a by BSPD (HSP 2). good quality of life despite their diagnosis (HSP 2). 4.5.14 Recognise that hospital security staff and police can 4.4.5 Recognise people with dementia have rights (HSP 2). help manage violent disruptive patients with BPSD 4.3.6 Demonstrate respect for people, even if they have and utilise this support where appropriate (HSP 2). dementia (HSP 2). 4.5.15 Summarise issues related to decision-making in 4.3.7 Describe the differentiation of dementia from other people with BSPD and state the role of decision problems and conditions such as delirium and making proxies and the role of the Guardianship depression (HSP 1). Tribunal (HSP 2). 4.5 BEHAVIOURAL AND PSYCHIATRIC 4.6 IMPAIRED HOMEOSTASIS SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA (BPSD) AND REDUCED RESERVE 4.5.1 Recognise that BPSD is part of a disease process, 4.6.1 Summarise the concept of reduced homeostasis in rather than a manifestation of bad behaviour (HSP 2). older people, including describing the concept of 4.5.2 Carefully balance management options where there reduced reserve and the fine balance of homeostasis is conflict between patients’ apparent interests and (HSP 2). those of patients’ caregivers (HSP 2). 4.6.2 Recognise the balance of homeostasis in the older 4.5.3 Demonstrate a willingness to be the patients’ person and typical ways in which homeostasis advocate since patients with BPSD are generally can be disrupted (e.g. postural hypotension due to unable to advocate for themselves (HSP 2). medications, pressure ulceration due to sedation and 4.5.4 Demonstrate a willingness to treat people with BSPD immobilisation) (HSP 2). as worthy of help and invest the time it takes in 4.6.3 Anticipate, recognise and manage the effects of treatment (HSP 2). prolonged immobilisation (e.g. deconditioning, 4.5.5 State the prevalence and incidence of BPSD (HSP 2). pressure ulceration) (HSP 2). 4.5.6 Describe the clinical manifestations and features of 4.6.4 Recognise the prevalence of sarcopenia in older age, BPSD (HSP 2). chronic disease and obesity (HSP 2). 4.5.6 Summarise current theories regarding the causes of 4.6.5 Summarise the effects of exercise on older people BPSD (HSP 2). and the type and amount of exercise recommended 4.5.7 Summarise the effects of BPSD on the patient, carers, (HSP 2) family and society (HSP 2). 4.5.8 Describe appropriate investigations of BPSD (HSP 2). 4.5.9 Describe management of BSPD, including pharmacotherapy (HSP 2). 4.5.10 Describe the symptom management of BSPD (HSP 2). MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 15
  • 16. 4.7 MAJOR BONE DISORDERS 4.9 URINARY INCONTINENCE IN OLDER PEOPLE AND RETENTION IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.7.1 Demonstrate a proactive approach to prevention, 4.9.1 Actively include assessment of continence as part diagnosis and management of major bone disorders of the routine history (HSP 2). (HSP 2). 4.9.2 Demonstrate sensitivity in management (HSP 2). 4.7.2 Describe the prevalence, incidence and risk factors of 4.9.3 Describe the prevalence, incidence and aetiology osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteoarthritis in older of the various forms of urinary incontinence and people (HSP 2). retention (HSP 2). 4.7.3 Describe potential preventive strategies of major 4.9.4 Describe the pharmacological, behavioural and multi- bone disorders (HSP 2). disciplinary approach to management of urinary 4.7.4 Summarise the spectrum of treatment of major bone incontinence and retention (HSP 2). disorders (HSP 2). 4.9.5 Summarise the role of medication and surgery in the 4.7.5 Summarise the social and economic costs of management of urinary incontinence and retention osteoporotic fractures (HSP 2). (HSP 2). 4.7.6 Describe the role of harm minimisation e.g. use of 4.9.6 Summarise the use of appropriate aids and appliances hip protectors in older people (HSP 2). in the management of urinary incontinence and 4.7.7 Recognise the silent epidemic of osteoporosis in retention and the relative costs of these (HSP 2). older people (HSP 2). 4.9.7 Summarise the social and psychological effects of 4.7.8 Recognise the high prevalence of vitamin D incontinence (HSP 2). deficiency in older people (HSP 2). 4.9.8 Recognise the clinical indications for in-dwelling catheters and their adverse effects. 4.8 FALLS AND THEIR SEQUELAE AND OLDER PEOPLE 4.10 CONSTIPATION AND FAECAL INCONTINENCE IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.8.1 Advocate for system change to prevent and reduce the incidence of falls, within homes, community settings, 4.10.1 Demonstrate sensitivity in management of hospitals and residential care facilities (HSP 2). constipation and faecal incontinence (HSP 2). 4.8.2 Demonstrate a proactive approach to diagnosis and 4.10.2 Actively include the assessment of continence as management (HSP 2). part of the routine history (HSP 2). 4.8.3 Describe the prevalence, incidence and aetiology of 4.10.3 Describe the physiology of defecation (HSP 2). falls (HSP 2). 4.10.4 Describe the prevalence, incidence and aetiology of 4.8.4 Summarise the physical and psychological constipation and faecal incontinence (HSP 2). consequences of falls. 4.10.5 Summarise the role of pharmacological and non- 4.8.5 Summarise fall reduction strategies (HSP 2). pharmacological management of constipation and 4.8.6 Describe the social and economic costs of falls (HSP 2). faecal incontinence (HSP 2). 4.8.7 Recognise the role of harm minimisation e.g. use of 4.10.6 Summarise the social and psychological impact of hip protectors in older people (HSP 2). constipation and faecal incontinence (HSP 2). 4.8.8 Describe strategies to minimise risk of falls in hospital 4.10.7 Summarise the use of appropriate aids and appliances (HSP 2). in the management of faecal incontinence and the 4.7.9 Summarise the legal aspects of falls, including the relative costs of these (HSP 2). need to report falls that lead to death (HSP 2). 4.10.8 Recognise the risk situations for development of constipation and implement preventative actions (HSP 2). HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
  • 17. 4.11 VASCULAR DISEASE IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.14 VISUAL AND HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.11.1 Describe the incidence, prevalence and spectrum of vascular disease in older people (cardiovascular, 4.14.1 Advocate the use of management strategies which cerebrovascular, renovascular and peripheral vascular) optimise the quality of life for older people with (HSP 2). visual and/or hearing impairment (HSP 2). 4.11.2 Summarise the effects of vascular disease on the 4.14.2 Show willingness to make extra effort to physical and mental function of older people (HSP 2). communicate with people who have visual and/or 4.11.3 Describe the primary and secondary prevention of hearing impairment (HSP 2). vascular disease in older people (HSP 2). 4.14.3 Describe the incidence, prevalence and aetiology of 4.11.4 Describe the evidence based pharmacological and visual and hearing impairment in older people (HSP 2). non-pharmacological management of vascular 4.14.4 Describe the natural history of conditions that cause disease affecting older people (HSP 2). visual and hearing impairment and potential for therapy (HSP 2). 4.12 WOUNDS AND ULCERS IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.14.5 Summarise the prevention strategies for visual and hearing impairments. 4.12.1 Summarise the principles of ulcer healing and 4.14.6 Describe the assistive services, devices and aids moist wound management, including the use of a which help those with visual and/or hearing multifactorial approach, where indicated (HSP 2). impairment (HSP 2). 4.12.2 Recognise the risk situations for development of 4.14.7 Summarise the social, psychological and physical ulceration with the view of prevention (HSP 2). consequences of sensory deprivation (HSP 2). 4.13 SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.15 NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.13.1 Describe the aetiology and management of sleep disorders both pharmacological and non- 4.15.1 Describe the optimal nutritional state (HSP 2). pharmacological (HSP 2). 4.15.2 Describe the methods of nutrition assessment with 4.13.2 Describe the effect of sleep disturbance on performance older people (HSP 2). status and the risk of delirium and depression. 4.15.3 Identify common micronutrient and vitamin 4.13.3 Summarise the hazards and limited efficacy of deficiency in older people (HSP 2). medications commonly used for insomnia (HSP 2). 4.15.4 Describe the incidence, prevalence and aetiology of obesity and malnutrition in older people (HSP 2). 4.15.5 Summarise the consequences of obesity and malnutrition in older people (HSP 2). 4.15.6 Summarise the nutrition and dietary issues in culturally and linguistically diverse groups (HSP 2). 4.15.7 Promote appropriate nutrition for older people (HSP 2). 4.15.8 Manage obesity and malnutrition in older people (HSP 2). 4.15.9 Recognise the ethical considerations around tube and artificial feeding (HSP 2). MARCH 2010 VERSION 1.1 PAGE 17
  • 18. 4.16 DENTAL PROBLEMS IN OLDER PEOPLE 4.17 ELDER ABUSE 4.16.1 Describe the common dental problems in older 4.17.1 Describe the diagnosis and management of elder people (HSP 2). abuse (HSP 2). 4.16.2 Summarise the consequences of poor dentition 4.17.2 Describe the incidence, prevalence and risk factors and oral health (HSP 2). of different types of elder abuse (verbal, financial 4.16.3 Summarise the preventive strategies for optimising and physical), and neglect (HSP 2). dental health in older people (HSP 2). 4.17.3 Demonstrate an awareness of and a high index of 4.16.4 Advocate for older people’s access to dental suspicion regarding elder abuse (HSP 2). services (HSP 2). 4.17.4 Demonstrate the willingness to invest the time and 4.16.5 Show a willingness to arrange dental services as energy required to assess possible elder abuse (HSP 2). required for older people (HSP 2). 4.17.5 Seek multidisciplinary team help as required (HSP 2). 4.16.6 Describe how dentures and plates/ prostheses 4.17.6 Summarise management options for responding to work and their limitations. elder abuse, including legal avenues (HSP 2). 4.17.7 Summarise aspects of the complex relationships between abused and abusers and recognise that abuse may go unreported by victims (HSP 2). 4.17.8 Recognise that both abusers and the abused may need help (HSP 2). 4.18 SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION 4.18.1 Describe the physiological changes in sexuality that occur with age (HSP 2). 4.18.2 Explain the multidisciplinary approach to responding to unwanted or “inappropriate” sexual behaviour (HSP 2). 4.18.3 Describe the approaches to the effect of illness and medication sexual function (HSP 2). 4.18.4 Take history and conduct examination of older people to assess sexual dysfunction (HSP 2) HSP: AGED CARE MODULE
  • 19. NSW Institute of Medical Education and Training (IMET) Building 12 Gladesville Hospital GLADESVILLE NSW 2060 Tel: (02) 9844 6551 Fax: (02) 9844 6544 Email: info@imet.health.nsw.gov.au Post: Locked Bag 5022, GLADESVILLE NSW 1675