NSS File System Performance, Clustering and Auditing in Novell Open Enterprise Server on Linux

Novell Storage Services File System ™

Tuning, Troubleshooting and Auditing in Novell Open Enterprise
®

Server on Linux

Adam Jerome Vijai Babu Madhavan
Senior Software Engineer Filesystem Engineer
Novell, Inc. Novell, Inc.
abj@novell.com mvijai@novell.com

Agenda

• Novell Storage Services - Feature Overview
™

• Novell Storage Services/NCP - Recent Changes,
®
™

Tuning and Troubleshooting

• Novell Storage Services - Auditing (Vigil)

2 © Novell, Inc. All rights reserved.

Novell Storage Systems
®

Feature Overview

Novell Storage Systems Features
®

• Trustee Model
– Inherited Rights
– Visibility
• Salvage
• Directory Quotas
• User Quotas
• Compression
• Data Shredding
• Immediate Flush

Novell Storage Systems Features
®

• Multiple Name Spaces
• Distributed File Services (DFS)
• Multiple Server Activation Prevention
• Archive / Versioning enabled
• Logical Volumes and Pools
• Encryption
• Pool Snapshot
• File Snapshot (COW)

Novell Storage Services on Linux ™

Linux Applications _Admin Edir
NCP ™

(including protocols like SAMBA) Management Handler
User

Kernel
Virtual File Services (VFS)
Up
call
Linux Semantic
Agent
EXT3 Reiser XFS

Novell Storage Services

Media Manager Logic
Device Mapper - EVMS

Device Drivers


Novell Storage Services and LUM ™

• Novell Storage Services uses eDirectory
®
™

GUIDs internally

• Linux passes UIDs to Novell Storage Services

• LUM enabled users link the eDirectory user to
a Linux UID

• Novell Storage Services maintains multiple ID caches

– G2I, I2G and SEV Caches


NCP Server – Novell Storage Services
™ ™

NCP Client eDirectory ™

1) User and Group
2) Create file foo.txt information for
logged in as Joe the connection
NCP Server Joe is using
3) Apply trustee
4) Create foo.txt as root rights-based
on path and
connection

5) Change owner
to Joe (by GUID)

Novell Storage Services and NCP ™ ™

• NCP has its own trustee store
– Synced with Novell Storage Services trustees at run time.
®

– Ability to re-sync on demand
• NCP does not require LUM enablement
• NCP runs in user space (ndsd addr space) as root and
uses various methods to communicate with nss
– Normal VFS layer calls (i.e. open, close, read, write)
– Extended attributes and zAPIs for special operations
– _admin commands for special operations
– NEB events generated by Novell Storage Services
– Ncp2nss daemon facilitates this communication
•

Novell Storage Services and NCP ™ ™

• OES1 considerations
– Owner, modifier, archiver and deleter are all root
– User quotas will not work
• OES2 considerations
– Owner will be correct, and user quotas will work
– Modifier, archiver, and deleter will still be root
• NCP implements LONG name space
• NCP maintains the UIDMapping cache to speed up G2I
lookups


VFS – Novell Storage Services ™

Client LUM eDirectory ™

1) Create file foo.txt
logged in as Joe— 2) Novell Storage Services
request comes to requests the eDirectory
Novell Sorage name for UID 705—LUM
Services as UID 705 returns joe.acme


3) Novell Storage Services requests security equivalence
information for UID for joe.acme and eDirectory return
a list of equivalent users and group memberships

4) Novell Storage Services does normal trustee checking
based on the users and groups returned by eDirectory

VFS Applications

• Novell Storage Services is registered as a Linux file system
™

• Protocols
– Access protocols, NCP ,and Novell CIFS use both the VFS layer and
™
®

special interfaces
– AFP uses zAPI interface
– Other protocols use the VFS layer

• Other Applications
– Must have LUM enabled users
• Trustee rights are enforced
– Does not use the group ID
• All Novell Storage Services capabilities are available

VFS Applications

• The POSIX read/write/execute attributes
represent NetWare attributes: ®

– Read: NetWare hidden attribute

– Write: Set unless it is a read-only file

– Execute: NetWare execute attribute (cannot copy) /
or subdirectory


Novell Storage Services™

Recent Changes, Tuning and
Troubleshooting

Improved NCP /NSS Integration to ™

Support Salvage for Non-LUM users
• NSS and NCP enhanced to retain deleter information
for files deleted by non-LUM users

• With latest OES2SP1 patches (or) OES2 SP2
– Owner, modifier and deleter will be correct

– User quotas and salvage will work

• Both LUM and non-LUM scenarios are nearly the same
– Users NO longer need to be LUM enabled


Improved NCP/NSS Integration for
LONG name space
• NCP implements LONG name space
™

• NCP access optimized if NSS volumes are mounted
with LONG name space
– with latest patches for OES2SP2/SP1
• Significant improvement in performance/scalability
• Reduction of load/utilization on NCP/ndsd/ndp
• LONG as default NSS mount name space since SP1
– Novell GroupWise had issues with LONG name space, but
® ®

those issues are fixed with recent hot fixes from GroupWise


Novell Storage Services ID Cache ™

on Novell Open Enterprise Server 2 Linux
®

• NCP supports non-LUM map entries with its cache
™

– With latest patches for SP1/SP2
• NSS ID Cache Tuning Paremeters
– Reset various ID caches
> nss /ResetIDCache
– Modify the reset intervals of ID caches
> nss /IDCacheResetInterval=value
> Default – 25 hours
– Modify the size of ID caches (Latest patches for SP1/SP2)
> nss /IDCacheSize=value
> Default - 16K
– Monitor ID cache statistics (OES2SP3)

NCP Dir Cache Tuning
™

®

• Monitor usage and evictions
– LOG_CACHE_STATISTICS

• Configure based on working set and available memory
– MAXIMUM_CACHED_FILES_PER_VOLUME
> Default - 20000
– MAXIMUM_CACHED_SUBDIRECTORIES_PER_VOLUME
> Default - 50000
– MAXIMUM_CACHED_FILES_PER_SUBDIRECTORY
> Default - 2048
– Cache Entry memory usage - ~216 bytes + Full path name

• Additional Information
> http://www.novell.com/documentation/oes2/file_ncp_lx/data/bc06ts8.html
> TID 7004888 – NCP Performance Tuning on OES2 Linux

Novell Storage Services IO System ™

Improvements on Novell Open Enterprise Server 2 Linux
®

• OES2 SP2
– Improved Read-Ahead Algorithm (Stepping Window)
• OES2 SP3
– Improved IO Scheduler Interactions – Multi-Page BIO Support
• Recommended Configuration
– With latest patches for OES2 SP2/SP1
> nss /noUnplugAlways
– XEN Guest
> Change the default noop IO scheduler to cfq
– Modify Read Ahead Blocks based on access pattern
> Default readAheadBlks count for NetWare®/OES1 was 2


Novell Storage Services Caching ™

• Files
– Objects in memory (Beasts / Inodes)
– Packed on disk in 4K Blocks (Metadata Blocks)
• Metadata
– 4K Pages in Memory
– Unpacked into Objects
• User Data
– 4K Pages in Memory
– Saved on disk as 4K Blocks (User data Blocks)


File Caching

• Novell Storage Services on NetWare ™
®

– nss /ClosedFileCacheSize
> Maximum Number of “notInUse” Files in memory
> Based on the available memory in the system
> NSS does its own balancing

• Novell Storage Services on Linux
– nss /ClosedFileCacheSize
– Linux Memory Pressure
> Inodes in memory
> /proc/slabinfo
» lsa_inode_cache
> Linux will influence the total number of Files in memory


Linux Page Cache

• Linux memory (Novell Storage Services is a ™

kernel module)
– Kernel Memory
> Low Memory – directly addressable by the kernel
– User Memory
> High Memory – Kernel has to map it before using

• 32-bit v/s 64-bit
– 32-bit OES Linux Servers
> 1 Gig of Low Memory (by default)
> Custom Linux Kernels can increase the default
– 64-bit OES Linux Servers
> All memory is Low Memory


Novell Storage Services Page Cache ™

®

• OES2 Linux
– 64-bit Servers
> Not Low Memory Constrained, so HiMem Cache not needed
> nss /MinBufferCacheSize to configure Metadata Cache
> User Data integrated into Linux Cache

– 32-bit Servers
> Use HiMem to cache Novell Storage Services metadata
> nss /HighMemoryCacheType=cachetype (private, linux, OR none)
> Default is private
> Similar to OES1 Linux SP2 with the latest patch
> User Data integrated into Linux Cache

Novell Storage Services Memory ™

®

• OES2SP3
– Ability to look at comprehensive memory usage

– Ability to look at memory consumed for different data
structures

– Ability to tune the configurations

– Should help troubleshoot memory build-up issues


Novell Storage Services /NCP Issues ™ ™

®

• Resource Migration Hangs
– Check Unload.out file

– Stack dump of user space processes (gstack)

> adminusd, ndsd, ncp2nss

– Stack dump of kernel threads

> echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq

> echo t > /proc/sysrq-trigger

– Core (user-space processes and kernel) if necessary



®

• Slow File Access
– Apply ALL the SP1/SP2 Patches

> Optimized for NSS volumes mounted in LONG name space

> Optimized for both LUM and non-LUM users access

> Reduced memory usage

– Tune NCP Dir Cache

– Tune NSS ID Cache

– Process of elimination (NCP, NSS, ...)



®

• Random Reboots/Multiple Poison Pills
– Apply ALL latest patches
– Ensure there are NO corruptions or double activations
> Verify
> MSAP Steal

– Determine poison pill is an after effect of the reboot or it
caused the reboot
> Setup kdump to capture core
> Setup sysrq to capture core if hung


nsscon

• NetWare like console ®

– nss /help

– nss /find

– nss options for tuning, configuration

– Can be set persistently in /opt/novell/nss/conf/nssstart.cfg


Ravsui

• Pool in maintenance state
– nsscon
> nss /poolMaintenance=<POOLNAME>

• ravsui verify <POOLNAME>
– Verify a pool
– ravview vbfn <POOLNAME>
> Will show the results from verify

• ravsui rebuild <POOLNAME>
– Rebuild a pool
– ravview rtfn <POOLNAME>
> Will show the results from rebuild


Novell Storage Services Future Work ™

• Support for >8TB Pools
– Requires media change, NOT backwards compatible
– Challenges
> Co-existence of old and new media formats
> Migration of data from old to new media formats

• Support for >2TB Partitions
• SLES11 support
• NO release vehicle determined yet


NCP Handling ...(w/o auditing)

NCP_REQEST: User-address space
OpenFile NCP eDirectory
User:Joe
File:fs1/sys:usr/Joe/readme.txt
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine

NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
Handle: 21 (NCP Generated) POSIX

System
Call
Table

NSS
VFS
Kernel-address space

NCP Handling ...(vigil_nss.ko)

User:Joe
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine

NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)

System
Call
Table
vigil_nss.ko
NSS
VFS

NCP Handling ...(vigil.ko)

User:Joe
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine

NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)

System
Call
Table
vigil_nss.ko vigil.ko
NSS
VFS

NCP Handling ...(vigil.ko API)

User:Joe
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine

NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
sysfs
System API
Call
Table
NSS
VFS

NCP Handling ...(libvigil)

User:Joe
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine
libvigil
NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
sysfs
System API
Call
Table
NSS
VFS

NCP Handling ...(Auditing Client)

User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine App.
libvigil
NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
sysfs

SIGIO
System API
Call
Table
NSS Audit Clients
Filter(s)

VFS
Kernel-address space Audit
Stream


NCP Handling ...(Multiple Auditing Clients)

User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine App.
libvigil
NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
sysfs

SIGIO
System API
Call
Table
NSS Audit Clients
Filter(s) Filter(s) Filter(s) Filter(s)

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


NCP Handling ...(Identity Issue)

User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine App.
libvigil
User=root
NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
sysfs

SIGIO
System API
Call
Table
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


NCP Handling ...(Process Metadata)

User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine App.
libvigil
NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
Handle: 21 (NCP Generated) POSIX Process
Meta- sysfs

SIGIO
System data API
Call Table
Table pmd.ko
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


NCP Handling ...(Process Metadata Table)

NCP_REQEST: Process Metadata Table
User-address space
User:Joe NCP NCP
Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine Conn# Task# NDS GUID
PID
App.
10532 12 3 FE46A399BD8C
12099
2533
252
85
24 9CAD53B412EE
1 502DFE7A3C10
libvigil
11300 4 3 DEADBEEF111
NCP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
Meta- sysfs

SIGIO
System data API
Call Table
Table pmd.ko
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


NCP Handling ...(Process Metadata Logging)

User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine App.
Linux Process libvigil
NCP/NDS
Client
NCP_REPLY: Metadata
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
Meta- sysfs

SIGIO
System data API
Call Table
Table pmd.ko
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


NCP Handling ...(Process Metadata Retrieval)

User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine App.
NCP/NDS
Client
NCP_REPLY: Metadata
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
Meta- sysfs

SIGIO
System data API
Call Table
Table pmd.ko
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


NCP Handling ...(Internal NCP Engine Event handling)

User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine App.
NCP/NDS
Client
NCP_REPLY: Metadata Lazy-Close
OpenFile Dup-Open
Events
Status: 0 (OK)
Meta- sysfs

SIGIO
System data API
Call Table
Table pmd.ko
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


NCP Handling ...(vigil_ncp.ko)

User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine Engine App.
NCP/NDS
Client
NCP_REPLY: Metadata Lazy-Close
OpenFile Dup-Open
Events
Status: 0 (OK)
Meta- sysfs sysfs

SIGIO
System data API
Call Table
Table pmd.ko vigil_ncp.ko
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


CIFS Handling
CIFS_REQEST: User-address space
OpenFile CIFS
User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
Engine App.
NCP/NDS
Client
CIFS_REPLY: Metadata Lazy-Close
OpenFile Dup-Open
Events
Status: 0 (OK)
Meta- sysfs sysfs

SIGIO
System data API
Call Table
Table pmd.ko vigil_ncp.ko
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


AFP Handling
AFP_REQEST: User-address space
OpenFile
User:Joe Audit
Mode: read_only
AFP App.
Engine libvigil
AFP_REPLY:
OpenFile
Status: 0 (OK)
sysfs

SIGIO
NSS
zAPIs
System API
Call
Table
NSS Audit Clients

VFS
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream
Audit
Stream


Auditing Client Applications

Blue Lance – LT Auditor+ 9 for SUSE Linux ®

NetVision – NVMonitor Version 7.0

Novell Sentinel – Log Manager
®
™

Novell Open Enterprise Server – vlog

<AUDIT vlogRecNo="2" vigilRecNo="2" pid="11442" TimeStamp="2010-03-04 09:46:25.416900" Type="3 NSS">
<NSS Event="64 MODIFY" TaskID="0" Zid="1C2E" ParentZid="9A" OpRetCode="0" FileType="3 NAMED_DATA_STREAM" FileAttributes="0x40000021 0-READ_ONLY 5-ARCHIVE 30-
ATTR_ARCHIVE" VolID="B87E55ADF559DE018000D7BDDBFE9C09" VolDn="VOL1" UserID="03000000000000000000000000000000" UserDn="Supervisor" Uid="0" Uid_name="root" Euid="0"
Euid_name="root" Suid="0" Suid_name="root" Fsuid="0" Fsuid_name="root" Gid="0" Gid_name="root" Egid="0" Egid_name="root" Sgid="0" Sgid_name="root" Fsgid="0" Fsgid_name="root"
Comm="ndsd">
<PATH Type="1 target" NameSpace="2 unicode">VOL1:/ajerome/myFile</PATH>
<MODIFY_INFO ModifyInfoMask="0x00000021 0-FILE_ATTRIBUTES 5-METADATA_MODIFIED_TIME" modifyTypeInfoMask="0x21" />
<FILE_ATTRIBUTES FileAttributes="0x00000000" FileAttributesModMask="0x4000000B" />
<METADATA_MODIFIED_TIME Time="03/04/2010 09:46:25" />
</NSS>
</AUDIT>

<NSS Event="4 OPEN" TaskID="0" Zid="1C2E" ParentZid="9A" OpRetCode="0" FileType="3 NAMED_DATA_STREAM" FileAttributes="0x40000020 5-ARCHIVE 30-ATTR_ARCHIVE"
VolID="B87E55ADF559DE018000D7BDDBFE9C09" VolDn="VOL1" UserID="03000000000000000000000000000000" UserDn="Supervisor" Uid="0" Uid_name="root" Euid="0" Euid_name="root"
Suid="0" Suid_name="root" Fsuid="0" Fsuid_name="root" Gid="0" Gid_name="root" Egid="0" Egid_name="root" Sgid="0" Sgid_name="root" Fsgid="0" Fsgid_name="root" Comm="ndsd">
<OPEN key="0x9552AE6B440F959" RequestedRights="0x00000013 0-READ_ACCESS 1-WRITE_ACCESS 4-SCAN_ACCESS" Accessed="03/04/2010 09:46:25" Created="02/05/2010 14:35:01"
Modified="02/05/2010 14:35:01" MetaDataModified="03/04/2010 09:46:25" />
</NSS>
</AUDIT>

<NSS Event="64 MODIFY" TaskID="0" Zid="1C2E" ParentZid="9A" OpRetCode="0" FileType="3 NAMED_DATA_STREAM" FileAttributes="0x40000020 5-ARCHIVE 30-ATTR_ARCHIVE"
VolID="B87E55ADF559DE018000D7BDDBFE9C09" VolDn="VOL1" UserID="03000000000000000000000000000000" UserDn="Supervisor" Uid="0" Uid_name="root" Euid="0" Euid_name="root"
Suid="0" Suid_name="root" Fsuid="0" Fsuid_name="root" Gid="0" Gid_name="root" Egid="0" Egid_name="root" Sgid="0" Sgid_name="root" Fsgid="0" Fsgid_name="root" Comm="ndsd">
<MODIFY_INFO ModifyInfoMask="0x00000021 0-FILE_ATTRIBUTES 5-METADATA_MODIFIED_TIME" modifyTypeInfoMask="0x21" />
<FILE_ATTRIBUTES FileAttributes="0x00000001 0-READ_ONLY" FileAttributesModMask="0x4000000B" />
</NSS>
</AUDIT>

<AUDIT vlogRecNo="5" vigilRecNo="5" pid="11442" TimeStamp="2010-03-04 09:46:25.417323" Type="2 NCP">
<NCP Event="16 OPEN">
<WHO_LINUX Uid=”0” UidName=”root” Euid=”0” EuidName=”root” Suid=”0” SuidName=”root” Fsuid=”0” FsuidName=”root” Gid=”0” GidName=”root” Egid=”0” EgidName=”root” Sgid=”0”
SgidName=”root” Fsgid=”0” FsguidName=”root” Comm=”ndsd” />
<PMD_NCP ConnID="12" TaskID="4" Guid="A053F649CB3CD94AE5A3A053F649CB3C" Dn=".CN=ajerome.O=novell.T=AJEROME-OES2-64-TREE." />
<NCP_LOCAL__OPENFILE searchAttributes="0x26" DesiredAccessRights="0x01" LinuxPath="/media/nss/VOL1/ajerome/myFile" Status="0" FileHandle="000037623030"
FileAttributes="0x00000021 0-READ_ONLY 5-ARCHIVE" FileExecuteType="00" FileLen="14" CreationDate=" 5/02/2010" LastAccessDate=" 4/03/2010" LastUpdateDate=" 5/02/2010"
LastUpdateTime="14:35:00" />
</NCP>
</AUDIT>

<AUDIT vlogRecNo="6" vigilRecNo="6" pid="11442" TimeStamp="2010-03-04 09:46:25.423618" Type="2 NCP">
<NCP Event="32 CLOSE">
<WHO_LINUX Uid=”0” UidName=”root” Euid=”0” EuidName=”root” Suid=”0” SuidName=”root” Fsuid=”0” FsuidName=”root” Gid=”0” GidName=”root” Egid=”0” EgidName=”root” Sgid=”0”
SgidName=”root” Fsgid=”0” FsguidName=”root” Comm=”ndsd” />
<PMD_NCP ConnID="12" TaskID="4" Guid="A053F649CB3CD94AE5A3A053F649CB3C" Dn=".CN=ajerome.O=novell.T=AJEROME-OES2-64-TREE." />
<NCP_LOCAL__CLOSEFILE FileHandle="0x000089007B00" Status="0" />
</NCP>
</AUDIT>


Related Sessions

• CL116
– File Access in Novell Open Enterprise Server 2 SP2
®

• CL115
– Novell Open Enterprise Server: Roadmap and Futures

• CL306
– High Availability with Novell Cluster Services for Novell Open
Enterprise Server on Linux

• CL114
– Novell Open Enterprise Server Architecture

Reference

• NCP Tuning ™

> http://www.novell.com/documentation/oes2/file_ncp_lx/data/bc06ts8.html

• Novell Storage Services Tuning ™

> http://www.novell.com/documentation/oes2/stor_nss_lx_nw/data/btbkjyi.html

• Auditing
> http://developer.novell.com/wiki/index.php/NSS_Auditing_SDK

• TIDs
> TID#7004888 - NCP Performance Tuning
> TID#7004877 – NSS takes time to load and slow access
> http://support.novell.com


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