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Situation Awareness (SA) for
             Project Team Members
                                                                Bill O’Keefe
                                                 United Space Alliance, LLC
                                      william.s.o’keefe@usa-spaceops.com
                                                              (713) 725-7036


                                 NASA Project Management Challenge 2007
                                                               Feb 6-7, 2007



      Copyright © 2006 by United Space Alliance, LLC. These materials are sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Space
   Administration under Contract NAS9-20000 and Contract NNJ06VA01C. The U.S. Government retains a paid-up, nonexclusive,
                                    NAS9-                                                                    paid-
irrevocable worldwide license in such materials to reproduce, prepare, derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform
                                                                 prepare,                                                     perform
     publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the U.S. Government. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner.
                                                                Government.
Is Situation Awareness (SA) Important?

  PM SA Skills
                                  ?
       Shared SA

             Individual SA

                            Project SA

                              Project Success
                   Page 1
Overview
• Define Individual and Team Situation
  Awareness (SA)
• Turn Individual SAs into Team SA
• Good Team SA tools
• Use the “Questioning Look”

            +                 =

                     Page 2
Definition (from Dr. M. Endsley)
Situation Awareness is the perception of the
 elements in the environment within a volume
 of time and space, the comprehension of their
 meaning and the projection of their status in
 the near future

     Perception of      Compre-      Projection
      elements in        hension      of future
    current situation   of current     Status
        Level 1         situation      Level 3
                         Level 2


                        Page 3
Situation Awareness Levels




    Perception       Comprehension Projection



            Bottom-Up or Data Driven

                 Top-Down or Goal Driven


                        Page 4
Role of Goals & Mental Models in SA

                         Compre-
                         hension
                                     Projection      SA
         Perception of                 of RID
Mental    RID Report     of open                     drives
                                     Completion
Model                     RIDs
                                                     Goal
drives
SA
                                             Preliminary
                                             Design
                                             Review (PDR)


             Goal drives Mental Model

                            Page 5
Distributed vs Shared SA
Hardware
Design                     Software
Team                       Design
SA                         Team SA

                           Team
                           Shared
                           SA

                           Project
SE&I                       Manager
Team SA                    SA

              Page 6
Good Teams turn individual SA…


 Spear   Snake            Tree   Fan

Wall                                   Rope




                 Page 7
…. into Team SA …

Spear   Snake            Tree   Fan


                                      Rope




                Page 8
.. which gives context to individual SA

 Tusk    Trunk             Leg   Ear

Body                                   Tail




                  Page 9
Why so tough to get good team SA?

•   Too little time
•   Too many teams
•   Constant change
•   Complexity
•   Stressors
•   “Can Do” people
                      Page 10
How does Individual SA become Team SA?
           Bottoms-Up Data Driven Communication

     HW Team’s
        SA
                        Then magic
                        happens?
     SW Team’s
                        No, then
        SA                                        Shared
                        good                       Team
     SE&I Team’s        Project                     SA
         SA             Management
                        happens !
        PM’s
         SA
                      Team Mental
                                        Team Goal
                         Model

         Top-Down Goal Driven Communication


                             Page 11
Low Hanging Fruit
You already made sure that they have
• Enough time
• Well designed tools and products
• Proper environment
• Training
• Mentoring


                     Page 12
Teams w/ good SA do

1. Prepare more
2. Focus more on comprehending and
   projecting




                  Page 13
Teams w/ good SA do

3. Pay attention to the actions of others
4. Verbalize decisions and actions




                    Page 14
Teams w/ good SA do

5. Attend to more cues and seek out
   more information
6. Plan for distractions/ interruptions




                    Page 15
Teams w/ good SA do

7. “Buy time”
8. Do better risk assessment, especially
   as related to their skill
9. Feedback




                   Page 16
Tool for PM to build Team SA?
                              Maintain (Self/ Team)
                                                             (modified from ESSAI)
                              Situation Awareness

                                Communicate

                   Manage tasks/ workload and prioritize

                           Interact with processes

Prepare &          Notice and               Comprehend and        Project and Think
Review             Perceive                 Interpret             Ahead
• Set objectives   • Seek informa-          • Build picture of    • Build picture of
for team           tion                     current situation     future situation
• Not too focus-   • Pay attention to       • Validate picture    • Assess whether
ed on one goal     subtle changes           by checking for       picture of future
• Consider human   & weak signals           contradictory ele-    situation conforms
limitations &      • Validate info by       ments & applying      to planning
pitfalls           double cross-            rules of thumb        • Set markers for
• Review own &     checking and             • Assess whether         confirmation
team’s perform-    applying rules of        picture of current    • Plan for contin-
ance in meetings   thumb                    situation conforms    gencies
                                            to desired picture


                                        Page 17
Window of Opportunity

Spear   Snake             Tree   Fan
                                  We are
                                  looking
                                  at different
                                      Rope
                                  things?




                Page 18
Best chance to find bad team SA?
                                                This is your
                                                “window of
    HW Team’s                                   Opportunity” !
       SA
                    Then magic
                    happens?
    SW Team’s
                    No, then
       SA
                    good                    Shared
                    Project                Team SA
    SE&I Team’s
        SA          Management
                    happens !
       PM’s
        SA
                  Team Mental
                                    Team Goal
                     Model




                          Page 19
Another definition of SA

  Seeing how things are really
 going despite our expectations




               Page 20
Is Situation Awareness (SA) Important?

  PM SA Skills
                                   ?
       Shared SA

             Individual SA

                             Project SA

                               Project Success
                   Page 21
References
•   Dr. Mica Endsley/ SA Technologies:
     – Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness: A Critical
       Review
     – Training for Situation Awareness
     – Modeling and Measuring Situation Awareness in the Infantry
       Operational Environment
     – Presentation to ‘Situation Awareness in Control Centers for Real-
       time Operations of Power Systems and Markets’ course
     – Designing for Situation Awareness
•   S. Banbury & S. Tremblay:
     – A Cognitive Approach to Situation Awareness: Theory and
       Application
•   Albert A. Nofi
     – Defining and Measuring Shared Situational Awareness” (CRM
       D0002895.A1 Final, dated Nov. 2000)


                                   Page 22
Acronyms

• HW       Hardware
• PM       Project Manager
           Project Management
• RID      Review Item Disposition
• SA       Situation Awareness
• SE&I     System Engineering & Integration
• SW       Software
• USA      United Space Alliance



                       Page 23

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O'keefe william

  • 1. Situation Awareness (SA) for Project Team Members Bill O’Keefe United Space Alliance, LLC william.s.o’keefe@usa-spaceops.com (713) 725-7036 NASA Project Management Challenge 2007 Feb 6-7, 2007 Copyright © 2006 by United Space Alliance, LLC. These materials are sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Space Administration under Contract NAS9-20000 and Contract NNJ06VA01C. The U.S. Government retains a paid-up, nonexclusive, NAS9- paid- irrevocable worldwide license in such materials to reproduce, prepare, derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform prepare, perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the U.S. Government. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner. Government.
  • 2. Is Situation Awareness (SA) Important? PM SA Skills ? Shared SA Individual SA Project SA Project Success Page 1
  • 3. Overview • Define Individual and Team Situation Awareness (SA) • Turn Individual SAs into Team SA • Good Team SA tools • Use the “Questioning Look” + = Page 2
  • 4. Definition (from Dr. M. Endsley) Situation Awareness is the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future Perception of Compre- Projection elements in hension of future current situation of current Status Level 1 situation Level 3 Level 2 Page 3
  • 5. Situation Awareness Levels Perception Comprehension Projection Bottom-Up or Data Driven Top-Down or Goal Driven Page 4
  • 6. Role of Goals & Mental Models in SA Compre- hension Projection SA Perception of of RID Mental RID Report of open drives Completion Model RIDs Goal drives SA Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Goal drives Mental Model Page 5
  • 7. Distributed vs Shared SA Hardware Design Software Team Design SA Team SA Team Shared SA Project SE&I Manager Team SA SA Page 6
  • 8. Good Teams turn individual SA… Spear Snake Tree Fan Wall Rope Page 7
  • 9. …. into Team SA … Spear Snake Tree Fan Rope Page 8
  • 10. .. which gives context to individual SA Tusk Trunk Leg Ear Body Tail Page 9
  • 11. Why so tough to get good team SA? • Too little time • Too many teams • Constant change • Complexity • Stressors • “Can Do” people Page 10
  • 12. How does Individual SA become Team SA? Bottoms-Up Data Driven Communication HW Team’s SA Then magic happens? SW Team’s No, then SA Shared good Team SE&I Team’s Project SA SA Management happens ! PM’s SA Team Mental Team Goal Model Top-Down Goal Driven Communication Page 11
  • 13. Low Hanging Fruit You already made sure that they have • Enough time • Well designed tools and products • Proper environment • Training • Mentoring Page 12
  • 14. Teams w/ good SA do 1. Prepare more 2. Focus more on comprehending and projecting Page 13
  • 15. Teams w/ good SA do 3. Pay attention to the actions of others 4. Verbalize decisions and actions Page 14
  • 16. Teams w/ good SA do 5. Attend to more cues and seek out more information 6. Plan for distractions/ interruptions Page 15
  • 17. Teams w/ good SA do 7. “Buy time” 8. Do better risk assessment, especially as related to their skill 9. Feedback Page 16
  • 18. Tool for PM to build Team SA? Maintain (Self/ Team) (modified from ESSAI) Situation Awareness Communicate Manage tasks/ workload and prioritize Interact with processes Prepare & Notice and Comprehend and Project and Think Review Perceive Interpret Ahead • Set objectives • Seek informa- • Build picture of • Build picture of for team tion current situation future situation • Not too focus- • Pay attention to • Validate picture • Assess whether ed on one goal subtle changes by checking for picture of future • Consider human & weak signals contradictory ele- situation conforms limitations & • Validate info by ments & applying to planning pitfalls double cross- rules of thumb • Set markers for • Review own & checking and • Assess whether confirmation team’s perform- applying rules of picture of current • Plan for contin- ance in meetings thumb situation conforms gencies to desired picture Page 17
  • 19. Window of Opportunity Spear Snake Tree Fan We are looking at different Rope things? Page 18
  • 20. Best chance to find bad team SA? This is your “window of HW Team’s Opportunity” ! SA Then magic happens? SW Team’s No, then SA good Shared Project Team SA SE&I Team’s SA Management happens ! PM’s SA Team Mental Team Goal Model Page 19
  • 21. Another definition of SA Seeing how things are really going despite our expectations Page 20
  • 22. Is Situation Awareness (SA) Important? PM SA Skills ? Shared SA Individual SA Project SA Project Success Page 21
  • 23. References • Dr. Mica Endsley/ SA Technologies: – Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness: A Critical Review – Training for Situation Awareness – Modeling and Measuring Situation Awareness in the Infantry Operational Environment – Presentation to ‘Situation Awareness in Control Centers for Real- time Operations of Power Systems and Markets’ course – Designing for Situation Awareness • S. Banbury & S. Tremblay: – A Cognitive Approach to Situation Awareness: Theory and Application • Albert A. Nofi – Defining and Measuring Shared Situational Awareness” (CRM D0002895.A1 Final, dated Nov. 2000) Page 22
  • 24. Acronyms • HW Hardware • PM Project Manager Project Management • RID Review Item Disposition • SA Situation Awareness • SE&I System Engineering & Integration • SW Software • USA United Space Alliance Page 23