1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Spaceflight End-of-Mission Preparations,
Decommissioning, and Disposal
NASA Headquarters
Office of Safety and Mission Assurance
John W. Lyver, IV, Ph.D.
NASA MMOD Program Manager
February 10, 2011
2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Topics to be Discussed
• Overview of Spacecraft Decommissioning/Disposal Process
• Governing Polices and Requirements
– National Policies
– NASA Policies
• Requirements to Limit Orbital Debris
• Requirements for Program Close-Out
• Proposed NPR 7120.5”E” Decommissioning/Disposal Process
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3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The Need to Decommission and Dispose of
a NASA Spacecraft Missions
• A NASA mission and NASA’s responsibility lasts from “cradle to grave” for
any space mission which includes:
– The spacecraft,
– The launch vehicles,
– The science
– The funds
– The design engineering
– The facilities with the mission
– The NASA workforce …
All while protecting the public.
• Throughout NASA’s history, much attention has been paid to the “cradle to
operations” phases of a program (Phases A thru E), but traditionally, little
attention has been paid to Phase F, the end-of-the-mission (EOM).
• With the National Space Policy of June 2010, and a tightening budgets,
NASA spaceflight missions need to be prepared for the EOM.
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4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Policy
• Program Management:
– NPR 7120.5D (with NM 7120-81), NASA Space Flight Program and Project
Management Requirements
– NPR 7123.1, NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements
• Mission Management
– NPD 8010.3, Notification of Intent to Decommission or Terminate Operating Space
Systems and Terminate Missions
– NPR 8621.1, NASA Procedural Requirements for Mishap and Close Call Reporting,
Investigating, and Recordkeeping
– Plus NPDs & NPRs dealing with budget, personnel, facilities, data archival
• Orbital Debris:
– NPR 8715.6, NASA Procedural Requirements for Limiting Orbital Debris
– NASA-STD 8719.14, Process for Limiting Orbital Debris
• The process to decommission and dispose of space and ground assets
begins with the acquisition Planning “Design for Demise”.
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5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: National Level Documents
Page 1:
“The growth and evolution of the global
economy has ushered in an ever-increasing
number of nations and organizations using
space. … decades of space activity have
littered Earth’s orbit with debris; and as the
world’s space-faring nations continue to
increase activities in space, the chance for a
collision increases correspondingly.
Page 4:
GOALS: (3) Strengthen Stability in Space
… strengthening measures to mitigate orbital
debris.
Page 7:
Preserve the Space Environment.
the United States shall:
- Lead … policies to minimize debris …
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http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf
6. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: National Level Documents
Page 7:
Preserve the Space Environment.
… the United States shall:
- Lead … policies to minimize debris, such as
the United Nations Space Debris Mitigation
Guidelines;
- Continue to follow the United States
Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard
Practices, consistent with mission requirements
and cost effectiveness, in the procurement and
operation of spacecraft, launch services, and the
conduct of tests and experiments in space;
- … to mitigate and remove on-orbit debris, …
- Require the head of the sponsoring department
or agency to approve exceptions to the United
States Government Orbital Debris Mitigation
Standard Practices and notify the Sec of State.
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7. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: National Level Documents
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http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/references.html
8. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: National Level Documents
Item #4:
Post Mission Disposal of Space Structures:
4-1 Disposal for final mission orbits:
A spacecraft or upper stage may be disposed of
by one of three methods:
a) Atmospheric reentry option:
If a space structure is to be disposed of by
reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere, the risk
of human casualty will be less than 1 in
10,000.
b) Maneuvering to a storage orbit:
- Between perigee above 2,000 km and
apogee below 35,300 km
- Perigee altitude above 36,100 km
- Heliocentric, Earth-escape:
c) Direct retrieval
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9. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: NASA Documents
• NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 8715.6, and NASA-Standard 8719.14
– Baselined and in full compliance with US & UN OD Std Mitigation Practices
– Requires:
• End-of-Mission Plan (EOMP)
• Spacecraft passivation
• De-orbit/re-orbit the spacecraft
• Risk acceptance of the disposal method
– Currently being upgraded to better address:
• Small secondary payload satellites (aka: CubeSats)
• NEPA compliance for reentries
1:10,000 Reentry human casualty risk being defined as from all reentry hazards, not just
striking with falling debris, include chemical, biological, explosive, radiological, … risks
ODAR & EOMP requiring an added table to estimate quantity of hazmat onboard at
launch, initial operations, planned end of operations, post passivation, & ground impact.
• Adding OD assessment PRIOR to “Acquisition Strategy Meeting” to identify OD
problems inherent in the acquisition. i.e.; reuse of old bus, won’t pay for controlled
reentry, tethers, …
• NSP 2010 notifications
• Better defining what to passivate and how much passivation required
• Increasing super-GEO disposal orbit to >GEO+300km
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10. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: Disposal Requirements
Spacecraft Passivation: (From NASA-STD 8719.14)
NASA-STD 8719.14 Paragraph 4.4.2.1.2 : “Requirement 4.4-2: Design for passivation after
completion of mission operations while in orbit about Earth or the Moon: Design of all spacecraft
and launch vehicle orbital stages shall include the ability to deplete all onboard sources of stored
energy and disconnect all energy generation sources when they are no longer required for
mission operations or post mission disposal or control to a level which can not cause an
explosion or deflagration large enough to release orbital debris or break up the spacecraft.”
– Includes:
•Burning residual propellants to depletion
•Venting propellant lines and tanks
•Venting pressurized systems
•Residual propellants and other fluids, such as pressurants, should be depleted as thoroughly
as possible
• Tanks depressurized at the end of use
• Discharging batteries, other energy storage systems, and preventing recharging
• Depressurizing/discharging pressurized gas filled batteries
• Deactivating range safety systems
• De-energizing control moment gyroscopes
• Batteries completely discharged and disconnected from their charging circuits
• Remove of electrical energy inputs from rotational energy devices
– EOMP contains a full description of the passivation actions
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11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: Disposal Requirements
Spacecraft Disposal: (From NASA-STD 8719.14)
4.6.2.1 Requirement 4.6-1. Disposal for space structures passing through LEO: A
spacecraft or orbital stage with a perigee altitude below 2000 km shall be disposed of
by one of three methods:
a) Atmospheric reentry option: ... natural forces will lead to atmospheric reentry within
25 years after the completion of mission but no more than 30 years after launch; or
Maneuver the space structure into a controlled de-orbit trajectory.
b) Storage orbit option: Maneuver the space structure into an orbit with perigee altitude
greater than 2000 km and apogee less than GEO - 500 km (~35,500 km).
c) Direct retrieval: Retrieve the space structure and remove it from orbit within 10 years
after completion of mission.
4.7.2 Requirement 4.7-1. Limit the risk of human casualty: The potential for human
casualty is assumed for any object with an impacting kinetic energy in excess of 15 joules:
a) For uncontrolled reentry, the risk of human casualty from surviving debris shall not exceed
1:10,000.
b) For controlled reentry, no surviving debris impact with a kinetic energy greater than 15 joules
is closer than 370 km from foreign landmasses, or is within 50 km from the continental U.S.,
territories of the U.S., and the permanent ice pack of Antarctica.
c) For controlled reentries, the product of the probability of failure of the reentry burn and the
risk of human casualty assuming uncontrolled reentry shall not exceed 0.0001 (1:10,000)
11 From NASA-STD 8719.14
12. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: Disposal Requirements
Earth-Orbit Spacecraft Disposal: (From NASA-STD 8719.14)
4.6.2.2 Requirement 4.6-2. Disposal for space structures near GEO: A
spacecraft or orbital stage in an orbit near GEO shall be maneuvered at EOM to a
disposal orbit above GEO with a predicted minimum altitude of GEO +200 km (35,986
km) for a period of at least 100 years after disposal.
4.6.2.3 Requirement 4.6-3. Disposal for space structures between LEO and
GEO:
a) A spacecraft or orbital stage may be left in any orbit between 2000 km above the
Earth’s surface and 500 km below GEO.
b) A spacecraft or orbital stage shall not use nearly circular disposal orbits near
regions of high value operational space structures, such as between 19,100 km
and 20,200 km.
Lunar Orbit Disposal:
4.6.2.a All NASA spacecraft and launch vehicles in Earth and lunar orbit shall be
passivated at EOM to the extent necessary to prevent breakup or further generation of
orbital debris.
4.6.2.e Spacecraft and launch vehicles not operating in orbit about Earth or its moon
are not required to be passivated at EOM, however passivation is recommended.
12 From NASA-STD 8719.14
13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Orbital Debris: Noncompliance with
NASA Documents
• Prior to Acquisition:
(updated requirements pending in NODIS to NPR 8715.6 & NPR 7120.5)
– Must perform an Orbital Debris Assessment to identify potential nonconformances
– Submit Deviation requests PRIOR to the Acquisition Strategy Meeting per NPR 8715.3
para 1.13 and NASA-STD 8709.20
• Must be approved by Chief/Safety and Mission Assurance and Chief Engineer
• Risk is accepted by Mission Directorate Associate Administrator or higher
– Noncompliances which exceed the requirements in the National Space Policy of 2010
or the US Government Orbital Debris Standard Mitigation Practices will require the
NASA Administrator to notify the Secretary of State
• Prior to Launch:
– All noncompliances are documented in the ODAR
– Waivers are submitted for all noncompliances per NPR 8715.3, para 1.13
– All waivers required to be approved by the SMSR (Safety & Mission Success Review)
• After Launch
– All nonconformances are documented in the EOMP
– Waivers are submitted for all EOM noncompliances per NPR 8715.3, para 1.13
– All waivers required to be approved by the DRR (Decommissioning Review)
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14. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Notice to Decommission
• ND 8010.3, Notification of Intent to Decommission or Terminate Operating
Space Systems and Terminate Missions:
“This NPD establishes policy for notification of intent to decommission or terminate
operating space systems and terminate missions. When it is determined that an operating
space system has reached the end of its intended useful life, or a mission has reached the
end of its usefulness, or the space system should be decommissioned or terminated for any
other reason, or the mission should be terminated for any other reason, adequate
notification will be given to assure proper coordination with all concerned parties internal
and external to NASA.”
Responsibilities of the Managing Mission Directorate Associate Administrator:
1) Determine reasons for continuing the operation of mission and/or space systems.
2) Forward to the Administrator a notification of intent to terminate a mission …
90 calendar days before the planned shutdown.
3) CITE copies of the notification to involved Headquarters & Center offices.
4) Obtain concurrence from Safety and Mission Assurance that the mission termination
plan complies with approved safety standards at the time of launch.
5) For planetary missions, obtain concurrence from the Planetary Protection Officer
6) Inform the Office of External Relations … in a time frame that is consistent with the
terms and conditions defined in the agreement with the international partner.
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15. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Notional Management Requirements
• During the decommissioning process to shut down a NASA Project or
NASA Program:
– Funding requirements:
• Termination or contracts and agreements
• Transfer of remaining funds
• Budgeting for post-life operations (data or flight)
– Personnel requirements:
• Transfers
• Re-training
• Relocations
– Asset Requirements:
• Facilities
• Hardware
– Information Requirements:
• Final analyses
• Data archival
– et al
• Documentation of the actions associated with these requirements are done
per the various documents. Reviews are individually done by community.
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16. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Pending Update to NPR 7120.5”E”
• NPR 7120.5, NASA Program Management (Rev D with NASA-Memo 7120-81)
and NPR 7123.1, NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements
• Apply to all space missions
• NPR 7120.5 (draft Rev E) will:
– Add overt pre-acquisition approvals for OD mitigation
– Better implement NPR 8000.4, NASA Risk Management, processes
– Improve decommissioning/disposal process by putting it all in one flowed process
The following slides are from latest Draft update to NPR 7120.5 which will become Rev E.
DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
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17. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Decommissioning Process
Current proposed draft of NPR 7120.5”E”:
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18. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Project Life Cycle
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NASA Life Approval for Approval for
Cycle Phases Formulation FORMULATION Implementation IMPLEMENTATION
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Project Pre-Phase A: Phase A: Phase B: Phase C: Phase D: Phase E: Phase F:
Life Cycle -
Concept Studies Concept & Technology Preliminary Design & Final Design & System Assembly, Int Operations & Closeout
Phases Development Technology Completion Fabrication & Test, Launch & Sustainment
Project Pre-Phase A: Phase A: Phase B: Phase C: Checkout
Phase D: Phase E: Phase F:
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Project KDP A KDP B KDP C KDP D KDP E7 KDP F
Life Cycle FAD Final Archival
Gates & Launch End of Mission of Data
Draft Project Preliminary Baseline
Project
Major Events KDP A
Requirements KDP B
Project Plan Project C
KDP Plan KDP E KDP F
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Agency
Reviews ASP ASM
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Human Space
Flight Project
Life Cycle ASP MCR ASM SRR SDR PDR CDR / SIR SAR ORR FRR 7 PLAR CERR 3 End of DR DRR
DR
Reviews 1,5&6 (PNAR) (NAR) PRR 2 Inspections and Flightof Flight
End
Re-flights Refurbishment
Re -flights Re-enters appropriate life cycle phase if
modifications are needed between flights PFAR PFAR
Robotic
Robotic Mission
Mission Life Cycle
Project Project
Reviews 11,5&6
Reviews
MCR 4 MRB7 PLAR
FRR CERR 3 DR
MCR ASM SRR MDR 4
SRR MDR PDR CDR /
CDR / SIR
SIR ORR
ORR CERR 3 DR DRR
Launch (PNAR) (NAR) PRR 2
PRR 2
Readiness
Other Reviews SMSR, LRR
Reviews (LV), FRR (LV)
SAR8
Supporting
Reviews Peer Reviews, Sub -system PDRs, Sub -system CDRs, and System Reviews
FOOTNOTES ACRONYMS
1. Flexibility is allowed to the timing, number and content of reviews as long as the equivalent ASP - Acquisition Strategy Planning Meeting ORR - Operational Readiness Review
information is provided at each KDP and the approach is fully documented in the Project Plan. ASM - Acquisition Strategy Meeting PDR - Preliminary Design Review
2. PRR needed for multiple system copies. Timing is notional. CDR - Critical Design Review PFAR - Post-Flight Assessment Review
3. CERRs are established at the discretion of Program Offices. CERR - Critical Events Readiness Review PLAR - Post-Launch Assessment Review
4. For robotic missions the SRR and the MDR may be combined. DR - Decommissioning Review PRR - Production Readiness Review
5. Single-project programs will follow the Project lifecycle, but will include draft and final PCAs DRR - Disposal Readiness Review SAR - System Acceptance Review
and Program Plans approvals at KDPs B & C respectively. FAD - Formulation Authorization Document SDR - System Definition Review
6. Life Cycle Review (LCR) objectives and expected maturity states for these reviews and the 18 FRR - Flight Readiness Review SIR - System Integration Review
attendant KDPs are contained in Table 2-7. KDP - Key Decision Point SMSR - Safety and Mission Success Review
19. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Decommissioning Process
Phase D Phase E Phase F
KDP-E KDP-F
Turn off
Science
Re-orbit/
De-orbit &
SMSR DR DRR Passivation
At least 90 days Transfer to
ODAR Post-
B/L Mission
Notice to Monitoring
Decom Org
Decom Archive Data
Plan & Close-out
Project
EOMP
B/L
EOMP EOMP
Updates Final DR - Decommissioning Review
DRR - Disposal Readiness Review
EOMP - End of Mission Plan
Mishap KDP - Key Decision Point
Cont MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan
Plan ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report
MCP MCP SMSR - Safety and Mission Success Review
Updates Final
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20. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Decommissioning Process
Phase D Phase E Phase F
Decommissioning Plan is a collection of sub-plans:
KDP-E KDP-F• Updated Orbital Debris End-of-Mission Plan (EOMP)
Turn off (NPR 8715.6)
Science
• Updated Mishap Contingency Plan (MCP) and pre-defined
Re-orbit/
De-orbit &
SMSR DR contingency/mishap scenarios
DRR Passivation (NPR 8621.1)
• Plans for notifying stakeholders of the intent to decommission
At least 90 days Transfer to
ODAR Post- (NPD 8101.3)
B/L Mission
Notice to Monitoring
Decom • Plans for archiving science, operations, and engineering data
Org
(methods, media, locations, etc.) (NPR 1441.1, et al)
Decom Archive Data
Plan • Plans for communications security
& Close-out
Project
EOMP
B/L
• Plans for disposition of all hardware, software, and ground
EOMP EOMP facilities DR - Decommissioning Review
Updates Final
DRR - Disposal Readiness Review
Mishap
Cont
• Plans for closing out contracts, financial obligations, and
EOMP - End of Mission Plan
KDP - Key Decision Point
MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan
Plan
MCP MCP project infrastructure and transferring project personnel
ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report
SMSR - Safety and Mission Success Review
Updates Final
• Plans plans for long-term monitoring of on-orbit spacecraft
Plan is reviewed at Decommissioning Review and approved at KDP-F
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21. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Decommissioning Process
J.3 The actual disposal of the spacecraft (re-orbit, de-
Phase E Phase Fand passivation) must meet Agency orbital debris
orbit
requirements and is a critical event. As a result, this event
KDP-F requires a Disposal Readiness Review (DRR). This
review evaluates the readiness of the project and the
Turn off
Science flight system for execution of the spacecraft disposal
event. (See Table 2-9.) In many cases, like small
Re-orbit/
De-orbit &
spacecraft, the decommissioning and disposal will occur
Passivation
DR DRR
relatively closely together. In these instances the
At least 90 days
Decommissioning and Disposal Readiness Reviews may
Transfer to
Post-
be conducted together.
Mission
Notice to Monitoring
Decom Org
J.4 Decommissioning and Phase F end when the project
funding is finally terminated. For SMD projects, project
Decom fundingArchive Data
covers archival of the science data produced by
Plan & Close-out
the spacecraft (and the ancillary data for its interpretation)
Project
prior to project termination. This ensures that the science
OMP EOMP community will have access to this data for follow-on
dates DR Final
Decommissioning Review DR - Decommissioning Review
science research and data analysis.
DRR - Disposal Readiness Review
DRR Disposal Readiness ReviewEOMP - End of Mission Plan
KDP - Key Decision Point
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MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan
ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report
MCP MCP
22. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Decommissioning Process
KDP-F
Phase E Purpose/Goal:
Phase F
To evaluate the readiness of the project to conduct
KDP-F closeout activities, including final delivery of all
remaining project deliverables and safe decommissioning
Turn off
Science of spaceflight systems and other project assets; to
determine if the project is appropriately prepared to begin
Re-orbit/
De-orbit &
Phase F.
Passivation
DR DRR
At least 90 days
Risk Assessment:
Transfer to
Post-
Risks associated with decommissioning are documented,
Mission
Notice to credibly assessed and closed, or acceptable closure plans,
Monitoring
Decom Org
including needed resources, are in place.
Decom Archive Data
Required Maturity:
Plan & Close-out
Overall KDP-F Expected State: Project decommissioning
Project
is consistent with Program objectives, and project is
OMP EOMP ready for safe decommissioning of its assets.
dates Final DR - Decommissioning Review
DRR - Disposal Readiness Review
EOMP - End of Mission Plan
KDP - Key Decision Point
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MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan
ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report
MCP MCP
23. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Decommissioning Process
Turn-Off Science:
Phase E Phase F • Planned in Decom Plan &
approved at KDP-F
KDP-F • All data is downloaded from
spacecraft
Turn off
Science • Collection of science (or other
Re-orbit/ engineering function) is turned-off
De-orbit &
Passivation • Data is passed for final analyses
DR DRR
and then archived
At least 90 days Transfer to
Post- Re-Orbit/De-Orbit/Passivation:
Mission
Notice to Monitoring • Planned in Decom Plan &
Decom Org
approved at KDP-F
• Further detailed mission ops plan
Decom Archive Data may be needed like any other
Plan & Close-out
Project maneuver
• Mishap Control Plan updated
OMP EOMP • Result of execution is an inactive
dates Final DR - Decommissioning Review
spacecraft
DRR - Disposal Readiness Review
EOMP - End of Mission Plan
KDP - Key Decision Point
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MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan
ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report
MCP MCP
24. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Decommissioning Process
Mission Monitoring Org:
• This function now done ad hoc
Phase E Phase F
• Looking to establish single NASA
KDP-F
Office to be POC for inactive objects.
• Project would provide small data
Turn off
Science package of Decom items to office
Re-orbit/ • Plan is to establish in FY-13,
De-orbit & possibly at GSFC using Agency vice
DR DRR Passivation
Mission Directorate funds
At least 90 days Transfer to
Post-
Mission
Notice to Monitoring
Decom Org
Decom Archive Data
Plan & Close-out
Project
OMP EOMP
dates Final DR - Decommissioning Review
DRR - Disposal Readiness Review
EOMP - End of Mission Plan
KDP - Key Decision Point
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MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan
ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report
MCP MCP
25. DRAFT – DO NOT CITE until approved
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Decommissioning Process
Phase D Phase E Phase F
KDP-E KDP-F
Turn off
Science
Re-orbit/
De-orbit &
SMSR DR DRR Passivation
At least 90 days Transfer to
ODAR Post-
B/L Mission
Notice to Monitoring
Decom Org
Decom Archive Data
Plan & Close-out
Project
EOMP
B/L
EOMP EOMP
Updates Final DR - Decommissioning Review
DRR - Disposal Readiness Review
EOMP - End of Mission Plan
Mishap KDP - Key Decision Point
Cont MCP - Mishap Contingency Plan
Plan ODAR - Orbital Debris Assessment Report
MCP MCP SMSR - Safety and Mission Success Review
Updates Final
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26. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Proposed Actions after Approval of
NPR 7120.5”E”
• Future changes to NPR 7120.5”E” as the process is implemented:
1) Notice to terminate:
• RELOCATE the requirements in NPD 8010.3, Notification of Intent to
Decommission or Terminate Operating Space Systems and Terminate
Missions into NPR 7120.5E section for KDP-F and Decommissioning
Appendix
• Cancel NPD 8010.3.
2) Decom Plan Definitions
• Collect and better define all sub-plans to limit duplication and provide
easier guidance
3) Provide better guidance for DRR, DR, and KDP-F administration
• Update NPR 7123.1 reflecting changes
• Update NPR 8715.6 and NASA-STD 8719.14 reflecting changes
• Establishment of Inactive Spacecraft Monitoring Office (FY-13?)
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27. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Thank you for your attention
Questions and Concerns?
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