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Learning Theories Explained

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1. Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, occurs when behavior changes as a result of observing others. 2. Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasized that observational learning can occur without direct reinforcement or punishment - by observing models and the consequences of their behavior, people can learn new behaviors. 3. Observational learning involves four processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. By observing models, consequences, and one's own abilities, people determine which behaviors to adopt and perform.

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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY
Learning ,[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Learning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Association ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Association ,[object Object],Event 1 Event 2 Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning ,[object Object]
Operant Conditioning ,[object Object]
Behaviorism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object]
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classical Conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal)
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classical Conditioning Strength of CR Pause Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classical Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object]
Stimulus Discrimination ,[object Object]
Stimulus Generalization ,[object Object]
Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea)
Classical Conditioning
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding ,[object Object]
[object Object],Pavlov’s Legacy Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
[object Object],[object Object],Applications of Classical Conditioning
[object Object],Applications of Classical Conditioning John B. Watson Brown Brothers
Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Operant Chamber ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Shaping ,[object Object],A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes. Khamis Ramadhan/ Panapress/ Getty Images Fred Bavendam/ Peter Arnold, Inc.
Types of Reinforcers ,[object Object],Reuters/ Corbis
Principles of Reinforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Immediate & Delayed Reinforcers We may be inclined to engage in small immediate reinforcers (watching TV) rather than large delayed reinforcers (getting an A in a course) which require consistent study.
Schedules of Reinforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schedules of Reinforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schedules of Reinforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schedules of Reinforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schedules of Reinforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval Number of responses 1000 750 500 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (minutes) Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Steady responding Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 80
Discriminative Stimulus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Punishment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Punishment
Punishment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Although there may be some justification for occasional punishment (Larzelaere & Baumrind, 2002), it usually leads to negative effects.
Extending Skinner’s Understanding ,[object Object]
Skinner’s Legacy ,[object Object],Falk/ Photo Researchers, Inc .
Cognition and Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Intrinsic Motivation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Applications of Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],In School LWA-JDL/ Corbis
Applications of Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],At work
Applications of Operant Conditioning ,[object Object],[object Object]
Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
Learning by Observation ,[object Object],[object Object],© Herb Terrace ©Herb Terrace
Mirror Neurons ,[object Object],Reprinted with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Subiaul et al., Science 305: 407-410 (2004) © 2004 AAAS.
Observational Learning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
(born on December 4, 1925 in Mundare, a small town in Alberta, Canada) ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
 
 
(Presence of reinforcement or punishment)
Reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It states that individual’s behavior is a function of its consequences. (based on law of effect)
Positive and Negative Reinforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
- Anything that increase the behavior - is a consequence of behavior that decreases the likelihood of repetition.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Television and Observational Learning
 

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Learning Theories Explained

  • 1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)
  • 15.
  • 16. Classical Conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal)
  • 17.
  • 18. Classical Conditioning Strength of CR Pause Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea)
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval Number of responses 1000 750 500 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (minutes) Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Steady responding Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 80
  • 43.
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  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
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  • 54. Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
  • 55.
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  • 66.  
  • 67.  
  • 68.  
  • 69. (Presence of reinforcement or punishment)
  • 70. Reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It states that individual’s behavior is a function of its consequences. (based on law of effect)
  • 71.
  • 72. - Anything that increase the behavior - is a consequence of behavior that decreases the likelihood of repetition.
  • 73.
  • 74.  
  • 76.  

Editor's Notes

  1. Preview Question 4: Do cognitive processes and biological constraints affect classical conditioning?
  2. Preview Question 5: Why is Pavlov’s work important?
  3. Preview Question 7: What are the basic types of reinforcers?
  4. Preview Question 11: How might educators, business managers, and other individuals apply operant conditioning?
  5. Preview Question 12: What is observational learning?