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B5.4 - NUTRIENT DEFICENCIES

  Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient
    deficiencies in different countries and
              suggest solutions.
 If the body does not contain enough of a vitamin, a
  disorder may occur. This is known as deficiency
  disease.
 When intake is insufficient, the deficiency disease
  can be avoided by supplementing the diet with the
  necessary vitamin.
Vitamin Deficiencies
Mineral Deficiencies
 Deficiency diseases also arise when a person’s
  diet lacks a specific mineral.
 Minerals act as metabolites for:
  - various cell processes
  - raw materials for body tissue formation
  - components of enzymes
  - providing the correct chemical environment for
  cells
B5
 Some foods are fortified to ensure that a normal diet
  can provide sufficient vitamins or minerals to
  maintain health
 For example:
  -the milling of wheat removes part of the grain that’s
  richest in vitamin B1, so white flour has this vitamin
  added to it
  -margarine has vit. A and D added
  -vitamin C is often added to fruit juices and
  dehydrated mashed potatoes
  -potassium iodide is commonly added to table salts
Malnutrition
 Malnutrition is a general term used for a
  medical condition caused by improper or
  inadequate diets
 An extended period of malnutrition may result in:
  - starvation
  - vitamin or mineral deficiency diseases
  - infection (since immune system is also affected)
Iodine Deficiency
 Malnutrition      caused
  by a lack of iodine in
  diet results in a goitre
 The disease is due to
  an over or under
  active thyroid
 It is relatively painless
  but       can      cause
  discomfort             in
  movement as the
  goitre enlarges
Protein Deficiency
 Protein-energy malnutrition refers to a form of
  malnutrition caused by inadequate protein
  intake
 Protein deficiency often leads to:
  - Kwashiorkor
  - Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
 Kwashiorkor is a type of
    malnutrition        commonly
    believed, in part, to be
    caused      by    insufficient
    protein consumption
   Children ages 1-4 are
    usually affected, although
    some adults
   Swollen abdomen (pot belly)
   Alternating bands of pale
    and dark hair
   Weight loss
   Dermatitis (inflammation of
    the skin) and depigmented
    skin
    - likely due to de deficiency
    of micronutrients (iron, folic
    acid, iodine, vitamin C,
    antioxidants)
Marasmus
 Marasmus is a form of
    severe             protein
    malnutrition
    characterized by energy
    deficiency
   It will lead to extensive
    tissue      and    muscle
    wasting      and    edema
    (accumulation of fluid
    beneath the skin)
   Dry skin, loose skin folds
   Patients are often irritable
    and very hungry
   Children with marasmus
    normally have body mass
    that is reduced to less
    than 80% of normal mass
    for that height
Selenium Deficiencies
 Human selenium deficiency is rare in many
  countries but occurs in China where the soil
  concentration of selenium is low
 It is also found in those that rely on intravenous
  drip on hospitals as their source of nutrition
 Gastrointestinal disorders may also decrease the
  absorption of selenium, resulting in depletion of
  the mineral
 The disease can be treated with supplements

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B5

  • 1. B5.4 - NUTRIENT DEFICENCIES Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies in different countries and suggest solutions.
  • 2.  If the body does not contain enough of a vitamin, a disorder may occur. This is known as deficiency disease.  When intake is insufficient, the deficiency disease can be avoided by supplementing the diet with the necessary vitamin.
  • 4. Mineral Deficiencies  Deficiency diseases also arise when a person’s diet lacks a specific mineral.  Minerals act as metabolites for: - various cell processes - raw materials for body tissue formation - components of enzymes - providing the correct chemical environment for cells
  • 6.  Some foods are fortified to ensure that a normal diet can provide sufficient vitamins or minerals to maintain health  For example: -the milling of wheat removes part of the grain that’s richest in vitamin B1, so white flour has this vitamin added to it -margarine has vit. A and D added -vitamin C is often added to fruit juices and dehydrated mashed potatoes -potassium iodide is commonly added to table salts
  • 7. Malnutrition  Malnutrition is a general term used for a medical condition caused by improper or inadequate diets  An extended period of malnutrition may result in: - starvation - vitamin or mineral deficiency diseases - infection (since immune system is also affected)
  • 8. Iodine Deficiency  Malnutrition caused by a lack of iodine in diet results in a goitre  The disease is due to an over or under active thyroid  It is relatively painless but can cause discomfort in movement as the goitre enlarges
  • 9. Protein Deficiency  Protein-energy malnutrition refers to a form of malnutrition caused by inadequate protein intake  Protein deficiency often leads to: - Kwashiorkor - Marasmus
  • 10. Kwashiorkor  Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition commonly believed, in part, to be caused by insufficient protein consumption  Children ages 1-4 are usually affected, although some adults  Swollen abdomen (pot belly)  Alternating bands of pale and dark hair  Weight loss  Dermatitis (inflammation of the skin) and depigmented skin - likely due to de deficiency of micronutrients (iron, folic acid, iodine, vitamin C, antioxidants)
  • 11. Marasmus  Marasmus is a form of severe protein malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency  It will lead to extensive tissue and muscle wasting and edema (accumulation of fluid beneath the skin)  Dry skin, loose skin folds  Patients are often irritable and very hungry  Children with marasmus normally have body mass that is reduced to less than 80% of normal mass for that height
  • 12. Selenium Deficiencies  Human selenium deficiency is rare in many countries but occurs in China where the soil concentration of selenium is low  It is also found in those that rely on intravenous drip on hospitals as their source of nutrition  Gastrointestinal disorders may also decrease the absorption of selenium, resulting in depletion of the mineral  The disease can be treated with supplements