1. DF015 CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8:
Rotation of a rigid body
(8 Hours)
1
2. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Learning Outcome:
8.1 Rotational kinematics (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
a) Define and use:
angular displacement ()
average angular velocity (av)
instantaneous angular velocity ()
average angular acceleration (av)
instantaneous angular acceleration ().
2
3. DF025 CHAPTER 8
b) Relate parameters in rotational motion with their
corresponding quantities in linear motion. Write and use;
v2
s rθ ; v r; at r ; ac r 2
r
c) Use equations for rotational motion with constant angular
acceleration;
1
, θ ω t t 2, ω2 ω 2 2αθ .
ω ω αt
0 0 0
2
3
4. DF025 CHAPTER 8
8.1 Rotational kinematics
a)(i) Angular displacement,
is defined as an angle through which a point or line has
been rotated in a specified direction about a specified axis.
The S.I. unit of the angular displacement is radian (rad).
Figure 7.1 shows a point P on a rotating compact disc (CD)
moves through an arc length s on a circular path of radius r
about a fixed axis through point O.
Figure 7.1
4
5. DF025 CHAPTER 8
From Figure 7.1, thus
s
θ OR s rθ
r
where θ : angle (angular displaceme nt) in radian
s : arc length
r : radiusof the circle
Others unit for angular displacement is degree () and
revolution (rev).
Conversion factor :
1 rev 2π rad 360
Sign convention of angular displacement :
Positive – if the rotational motion is anticlockwise.
Negative – if the rotational motion is clockwise.
5
6. DF025 CHAPTER 8
a)(ii)(iii) Angular velocity
Average angular velocity, av
is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement.
Equation :
θ2 θ1 θ
ωav
t 2 t1 t
whereθ2 : final angular displaceme nt in radian
θ1 : initial angular displaceme nt in radian
t : time interval
Instantaneous angular velocity,
is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of angular
displacement.
Equation :
θ dθ
limit
t 0 t dt
6
7. DF025 CHAPTER 8
It is a vector quantity.
The unit of angular velocity is radian per second (rad s-1)
Others unit is revolution per minute (rev min1 or rpm)
Conversion factor:
2 1
1 rpm rad s rad s 1
60 30
Note :
Every part of a rotating rigid body has the same angular
velocity.
Direction of the angular velocity
Its direction can be determine by using right hand grip rule
where
Thumb : direction of angular velocity
Curl fingers : direction of rotation
7
8. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Figures 7.2 and 7.3 show the right hand grip rule for determining
the direction of the angular velocity.
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
8
9. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 1 :
The angular displacement, of the wheel is given by
θ 5t 2 t
where in radians and t in seconds. The diameter of the wheel is
0.56 m. Determine
a. the angle, in degree, at time 2.2 s and 4.8 s,
b. the distance that a particle on the rim moves during that time
interval,
c. the average angular velocity, in rad s1 and in rev min1 (rpm),
between 2.2 s and 4.8 s,
d. the instantaneous angular velocity at time 3.0 s.
9
10. DF025 CHAPTER 8
d 0.56
Solution : r 0.28 m
2 2
a. At time, t1 =2.2 s :
θ1 52.2 2.2
2
θ1 22 rad
180
θ1 22 rad 1261
π rad
At time, t2 =4.8 s :
θ2 54.8 4.8
2
θ2 110 rad
180
θ2 110 rad 6303
π rad
10
11. DF025 CHAPTER 8
d 0.56
Solution : r 0.28 m
2 2
b. By applying the equation of arc length,
s rθ
Therefore s r r 2 1
s 0.28110 22
s 24.6 m
c. The average angular velocity in rad s1 is given by
θ 2 1
ωav
t t2 t1
ωav
110 22
4.8 2.2
ωav 33.9 rad s 1
11
12. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
c. and the average angular velocity in rev min1 is
33.9 rad 1 rev 60 s
ωav
1 s 2 rad 1 min
ωav 324 rev min 1 OR 324 rpm
d. The instantaneous angular velocity as a function of time is
dθ
ω
dt
ω
dt
d 2
5t t
ω 10t 1
ω 103.0 1
At time, t =3.0 s :
ω 29 rad s 1
12
13. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 2 :
A diver makes 2.5 revolutions on the way down from a 10 m high
platform to the water. Assuming zero initial vertical velocity,
calculate the diver’s average angular (rotational) velocity during a
dive.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Solution :
uy 0
θ0 0
10 m
θ1 2.5 rev
water
13
14. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : θ1 2.5 2π 5π rad
From the diagram, s y 10 m
Thus 1
s y u y t gt 2
2
10 0 9.81t 2
1
2
t 1.43 s
Therefore the diver’s average angular velocity is
θ1 θ0
ωav
t
5π 0
ωav
1.43
ωav 11.0 rad s 1
14
15. DF025 CHAPTER 8
a)(iv)(v) Angular acceleration
Average angular acceleration, av
is defined as the rate of change of angular velocity.
Equation :
ω2 ω1 ω
av
t 2 t1 t
where ω2 : final angular velocity
ω1 : initial angular velocity
t : time interval
Instantaneous angular acceleration,
is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of angular
velocity.
Equation :
ω dω
α limit
t 0 t dt
15
16. DF025 CHAPTER 8
It is a vector quantity.
The unit of angular acceleration is rad s2.
Note:
If the angular acceleration, is positive, then the angular
velocity, is increasing.
If the angular acceleration, is negative, then the angular
velocity, is decreasing.
Direction of the angular acceleration
If the rotation is speeding up, and in the same direction
as shown in Figure 7.4.
α
Figure 7.4
16
17. DF025 CHAPTER 8
If the rotation is slowing down, and have the opposite
direction as shown in Figure 7.5.
α
Figure 7.5
Example 3 :
The instantaneous angular velocity, of the flywheel is given
by
ω 8t 3 t 2
where in radian per second and t in seconds.
Determine
a. the average angular acceleration between 2.2 s and 4.8 s,
b. the instantaneous angular acceleration at time, 3.0 s.
17
18. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
a. At time, t1 =2.2 s :
ω1 82.2 2.2
3 2
ω1 80.3 rad s 1
At time, t2 =4.8 s :
ω2 84.8 4.8
3 2
ω2 862 rad s 1
Therefore the average angular acceleration is
ω2 ω1
αav
t 2 t1
862 80.3
αav
4.8 2.2
αav 301 rad s 2
18
19. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
b. The instantaneous angular acceleration as a function of time is
dω
α
dt
α
dt
d 3 2
8t t
α 24t 2 2t
At time, t =3.0 s :
α 243.0 23.0
2
α 210 rad s 2
19
20. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.1a :
1. If a disc 30 cm in diameter rolls 65 m along a straight line
without slipping, calculate
a. the number of revolutions would it makes in the process,
b. the angular displacement would be through by a speck of
gum on its rim.
ANS. : 69 rev; 138 rad
2. During a certain period of time, the angular displacement of a
swinging door is described by
θ 5.00 10.0t 2.00t 2
where is in radians and t is in seconds. Determine the angular
displacement, angular speed and angular acceleration
a. at time, t =0,
b. at time, t =3.00 s.
ANS. : 5.00 rad, 10.0 rad s1, 4.00 rad s2; 53.0 rad, 22.0 rad s1,
4.00 rad s2 20
21. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Learning Outcome:
8.1.b) Relationship between linear and rotational
motion (½ hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Relate parameters in rotational motion with their
corresponding quantities in linear motion. Write and use;
v2
s rθ ; v r; at r ; ac r 2
r
21
22. DF025 CHAPTER 8
8.1.b) Relationship between linear and
rotational motion
Relationship between linear velocity, v and
angular velocity,
When a rigid body is rotates about rotation axis O , every
particle in the body moves in a circle as shown in the Figure 7.6.
y
v
P
r s
x
O
Figure 8.6
22
23. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Point P moves in a circle of radius r with the tangential velocity
v where its magnitude is given by
ds
v and s rθ
dt
d
vr
dt
v r
The direction of the linear (tangential) velocity always
tangent to the circular path.
Every particle on the rigid body has the same angular speed
(magnitude of angular velocity) but the tangential speed is not
the same because the radius of the circle, r is changing
depend on the position of the particle.
Simulation 8.1
23
24. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Relationship between tangential acceleration, at and
angular acceleration,
If the rigid body is gaining the angular speed then the
tangential velocity of a particle also increasing thus two
component of acceleration are occurred as shown in
Figure 7.7.
y
at
P
a
ac
O
x
Figure 8.7
24
25. DF025 CHAPTER 8
The components are tangential acceleration, at and
centripetal acceleration, ac given by
dv
at and v rω
dt
d
at r at r
dt
v2
but ac r v2
r
The vector sum of centripetal and tangential acceleration of
a particle in a rotating body is resultant (linear) acceleration, a
given by
a at ac Vector form
and its magnitude,
a at ac
2 2
25
26. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Learning Outcome:
8.1.c) Rotational motion with uniform angular
acceleration (1/2 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Write and use equations for rotational motion with
constant angular acceleration;
ω ω0 αt
1 2
θ ω0 t t
2
ω2 ω0 2αθ
2
26
27. DF025 CHAPTER 8
8.1.c) Rotational motion with uniform
angular acceleration
Table 8.1 shows the symbols used in linear and rotational
kinematics.
Linear Rotational
Quantity
motion motion
s Displacement θ
u Initial velocity ω0
v Final velocity ω
a Acceleration α
t Time t
Table 8.1
27
28. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Table 8.2 shows the comparison of linear and rotational motion
with constant acceleration.
Linear motion Rotational motion
a constant α constant
v u at ω ω0 αt
1 2 1 2
s ut at θ ω0 t αt
2 2
v 2 u 2 2as ω 2
ω0
2
2αθ
s v u t
1
θ ω ω0 t
1
2 2
where in radian. Table 8.2
28
29. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 4 :
A car is travelling with a velocity of 17.0 m s1 on a straight
horizontal highway. The wheels of the car has a radius of 48.0 cm.
If the car then speeds up with an acceleration of 2.00 m s2 for
5.00 s, calculate
a. the number of revolutions of the wheels during this period,
b. the angular speed of the wheels after 5.00 s.
Solution : u 17.0 m s 1 , r 0.48 m, a 2.00 m s 2 , t 5.00 s
a. The initial angular velocity is
u rω0
1
17.0 0.48ω0 ω0 35.4 rad s
and the angular acceleration of the wheels is given by
a rα
2.00 0.48α α 4.17 rad s 2
29
30. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : u 17.0 m s 1 , r 0.48 m, a 2.00 m s 2 , t 5.00 s
a. By applying the equation of rotational motion with constant
angular acceleration, thus
1 2
θ ω0 t αt
2
θ 35.4 5.00 4.17 5.00
1 2
2
θ 229 rad
therefore 1 rev
θ 229 rad 36.5 rev
2π rad
b. The angular speed of the wheels after 5.00 s is
ω ω0 αt
ω 35.4 4.17 5.00
ω 56.3 rad s 1
30
31. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 5 :
The wheels of a bicycle make 30 revolutions as the bicycle
reduces its speed uniformly from 50.0 km h-1 to 35.0 km h-1. The
wheels have a diameter of 70 cm.
a. Calculate the angular acceleration.
b. If the bicycle continues to decelerate at this rate, determine the
time taken for the bicycle to stop.
0.70
Solution : θ 30 2π 60π rad, r 0.35 m,
2
50.0 km 10 3 m 1 h
u 1
13.9 m s ,
1 h 1 km 3600 s
35.0 km 10 3 m 1 h
v 9.72 m s
1
1 h 1 km 3600 s
31
32. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
a. The initial angular speed of the wheels is
u rω0
13.9 0.35ω0 ω0 39.7 rad s 1
and the final angular speed of the wheels is
v rω
9.72 0.35ω ω 27.8 rad s 1
therefore
ω2 ω0 2αθ
2
27.8 39.7 2α60π
2 2
α 2.13 rad s 2
1
b. The car stops thus ω 0 and ω0 27.8 rad s
Hence ω ω0 αt
0 27.8 2.13t
t 13.1 s
32
33. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 6 :
A blade of a ceiling fan has a radius of 0.400 m is rotating about a
fixed axis with an initial angular velocity of 0.150 rev s-1. The
angular acceleration of the blade is 0.750 rev s-2. Determine
a. the angular velocity after 4.00 s,
b. the number of revolutions for the blade turns in this time interval,
c. the tangential speed of a point on the tip of the blade at time,
t =4.00 s,
d. the magnitude of the resultant acceleration of a point on the tip
of the blade at t =4.00 s.
Solution : r 0.400 m, ω0 0.150 2π 0.300π rad s 1 ,
α 0.750 2π 1.50π rad s 2
a. Given t =4.00 s, thus
ω ω0 αt ω 0.300π 1.50π 4.00
1
ω 19.8 rad s
33
34. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
b. The number of revolutions of the blade is
1 2
θ ω0 t αt
2
θ 0.300 4.00 1.504.00
1 2
2
θ 41.5 rad
1 rev
θ 41.5 rad 6.61 rev
2π rad
c. The tangential speed of a point is given by
v rω
v 0.400 19.8
v 7.92 m s 1
34
35. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
d. The magnitude of the resultant acceleration is
a ac at
2 2
2
v 2
a rα 2
r
7.92
2
2
a 0.400 1.50π 2
0.400
a 157 m s 2
35
36. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 7 :
Calculate the angular velocity of
a. the second-hand,
b. the minute-hand and
c. the hour-hand,
of a clock. State in rad s-1.
d. What is the angular acceleration in each case?
Solution :
a. The period of second-hand of the clock is T = 60 s, hence
2π 2π
ω ω
T 60
1
ω 0.11 rad s
36
37. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
b. The period of minute-hand of the clock is T = 60 min = 3600 s,
hence
2π
ω
3600
ω 1.74 10 3 rad s 1
c. The period of hour-hand of the clock is T = 12 h = 4.32 104 s,
hence 2π
ω
4.32 10 4
ω 1.45 10 4 rad s 1
d. The angular acceleration in each cases is zero.
37
38. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 8 :
A coin with a diameter of 2.40 cm is dropped on edge on a
horizontal surface. The coin starts out with an initial angular speed
of 18 rad s1 and rolls in a straight line without slipping. If the
rotation slows down with an angular acceleration of magnitude
1.90 rad s2, calculate the distance travelled by the coin before
coming to rest.
Solution : ω 18 rad s 1
0 ω 0 rad s 1
d 2.40 10 m2 α 1.90 rad s 2
s
The radius of the coin is
d
r 1.20 10 2 m
2
38
39. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
The initial speed of the point at the edge the coin is
u rω0
u 1.20 10 2 18
u 0.216 m s 1
1
and the final speed is v 0 m s
The linear acceleration of the point at the edge the coin is given by
a rα
a 1.20 10 2 1.90
a 2.28 10 2 m s 2
Therefore the distance travelled by the coin is
v u 2as
2 2
0 0.216 2 2.28 10 2 s
2
s 1.02 m
39
40. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.1b&c :
1. A disk 8.00 cm in radius rotates at a constant rate of 1200 rev
min-1 about its central axis. Determine
a. its angular speed,
b. the tangential speed at a point 3.00 cm from its centre,
c. the radial acceleration of a point on the rim,
d. the total distance a point on the rim moves in 2.00 s.
ANS. : 126 rad s1; 3.77 m s1; 1.26 103 m s2; 20.1 m
2. A 0.35 m diameter grinding wheel rotates at 2500 rpm.
Calculate
a. its angular velocity in rad s1,
b. the linear speed and the radial acceleration of a point on the
edge of the grinding wheel.
ANS. : 262 rad s1; 46 m s1, 1.2 104 m s2
40
41. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.1b&c :
3. A rotating wheel required 3.00 s to rotate through 37.0
revolution. Its angular speed at the end of the 3.00 s interval is
98.0 rad s-1. Calculate the constant angular acceleration of the
wheel.
ANS. : 13.6 rad s2
4. A wheel rotates with a constant angular acceleration of
3.50 rad s2.
a. If the angular speed of the wheel is 2.00 rad s1 at t =0,
through what angular displacement does the wheel rotate in
2.00 s.
b. Through how many revolutions has the wheel turned during
this time interval?
c. What is the angular speed of the wheel at t = 2.00 s?
ANS. : 11.0 rad; 1.75 rev; 9.00 rad s1
41
42. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.1b&c :
5. A bicycle wheel is being tested at a repair shop. The angular
velocity of the wheel is 4.00 rad s-1 at time t = 0 , and its angular
acceleration is constant and equal 1.20 rad s-2. A spoke OP on
the wheel coincides with the +x-axis at time t = 0 as shown in
Figure 7.8. y
P x
O
Figure 8.8
a. What is the wheel’s angular velocity at t = 3.00 s?
b. What angle in degree does the spoke OP make with the
positive x-axis at this time?
ANS. : 0.40 rad s1; 18
42
43. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Learning Outcome:
8.2 Equilibrium of a uniform rigid body
(2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
a) Define and use torque, τ
b) State and use conditions for equilibrium of rigid body:
F x 0, F y 0, τ 0
Examples of problems :
Fireman ladder leaning on a wall, see-saw, pivoted /
suspended horizontal bar.
Sign convention for moment or torque :
+ve : anticlockwise
43
ve : clockwise
44. DF025 CHAPTER 8
8.2 Equilibrium of a rigid body
Non-concurrent forces
is defined as the forces whose lines of action do not pass
through a single common point.
The forces cause the rotational motion on the body.
The combination of concurrent and non-concurrent forces cause
rolling motion on the body. (translational and rotational
motion)
Figure 5.11 shows an example of non-concurrent forces.
F1 F2
F4
Figure 8.2 F3 44
45. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Torque (moment of a force),
The magnitude of the torque is defined as the product of a
force and its perpendicular distance from the line of action
of the force to the point (rotation axis).
τ Fd
OR
where τ : magnitude of the torque
F : magnitude of the force
d : perpendicular distance (moment arm)
Because of d r sin
where r : distance between the pivot point (rotation
axis) and the point of application of force.
Thus
Fr sin OR r F
where : angle between F and r
45
46. DF025 CHAPTER 8
It is a vector quantity.
The dimension of torque is
F d ML T2 2
The unit of torque is N m (newton metre), a vector product
unlike the joule (unit of work), also equal to a newton metre,
which is scalar product.
Torque is occurred because of turning (twisting) effects of the
forces on a body.
Sign convention of torque:
Positive - turning tendency of the force is anticlockwise.
Negative - turning tendency of the force is clockwise.
The value of torque depends on the rotation axis and the
magnitude of applied force.
46
47. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Case 1 :
Consider a force is applied to a metre rule which is pivoted at
one end as shown in Figures 5.12a and 5.12b.
F τ Fd
(anticlockwise)
d
Figure 8.12a
Line of action of a force
Pivot point
(rotation axis) Point of action of a force
d r sin θ F
θ
τ Fd Fr sin θ
r (anticlockwise)
Figure 8.12b 47
48. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Case 2 :
Consider three forces are applied to the metre rule which is
pivoted at one end (point O) as shown in Figures 5.13.
τ1 F1d1 F1r1 sin θ1
F3 d1 r1 sin θ1 τ 2 F2 d 2 F2 r2 sin θ2
F1 τ 3 F3 d 3 F3 r3 sin θ3 0
r2 r1 θ1 Therefore the resultant (nett)
torque is
O
d 2 r2 sin θ2
θ2 τ O τ1 τ 2 τ 3
τ
F2 Figure 8.13
O F1d1 F2 d 2
Caution :
If the line of action of a force is through the rotation axis
then
τ Fr sin θ and θ 0
τ 0 Simulation 8.2 48
49. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 4 :
Determine a resultant torque of all the forces about rotation axis, O
in the following problems.
a. F 10 N
2
5m 5m F1 30 N
3m
O 6m
3m
10 m
F3 20 N
49
50. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 4 :
b.
10 m F1 30 N
3m
6m
β O
3m
F3 20 N
5m 5m
α F4 25 N
F2 10 N
50
51. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : F2 10 N
a. 5m 5m F1 30 N
d1 3 m
6m
O d2 5 m
10 m
Force Torque (N m), o=Fd=Frsin
F3 20 N F1 30 3 90
F2 10 5 50
The resultant torque: F3 0
τ O 90 50 40 N m
(clockwise) 51
52. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
b. 10 m F1 30 N
3m d3 d 3 m
β O
1
6m
β r 5m 3
sin β 0.515
F3 20 N 5m 5m
32 5 2
F2 10 N α F4 25 N
Force Torque (N m), o=Fd=Frsin
F1 30 3 90
F2 0 The resultant torque:
F3 F3 r sin β 2050.515 51.5 τ O 90 51.5
F4 0
τ O 38.5 N m
(clockwise)
52
53. DF025 CHAPTER 8
8.2 Equilibrium of a rigid body
Rigid body is defined as a body with definite shape that
doesn’t change, so that the particles that compose it stay in
fixed position relative to one another even though a force is
exerted on it.
If the rigid body is in equilibrium, means the body is
translational and rotational equilibrium.
There are two conditions for the equilibrium of forces acting on
a rigid body.
The vector sum of all forces acting on a rigid body must
be zero.
F F nett 0
OR
F x 0, Fy 0, F z 0
53
54. DF025 CHAPTER 8
The vector sum of all external torques acting on a rigid
body must be zero about any rotation axis.
τ nett 0
This ensures rotational equilibrium.
This is equivalent to the three independent scalar
equations along the direction of the coordinate axes,
τ x 0, τ y 0, τ z 0
Centre of gravity, CG
is defined as the point at which the whole weight of a body
may be considered to act.
A force that exerts on the centre of gravity of an object will
cause a translational motion.
54
55. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Figures 5.14 and 5.15 show the centre of gravity for uniform
(symmetric) object i.e. rod and sphere
rod – refer to the midway point between its end.
l
CG
l l
2 2
Figure 5.14
sphere – refer to geometric centre.
CG
Figure 5.15
55
56. DF025 CHAPTER 8
5.3.4 Problem solving strategies for equilibrium of
a rigid body
The following procedure is recommended when dealing with
problems involving the equilibrium of a rigid body:
Sketch a simple diagram of the system to help
conceptualize the problem.
Sketch a separate free body diagram for each body.
Choose a convenient coordinate axes for each body and
construct a table to resolve the forces into their
components and to determine the torque by each force.
Apply the condition for equilibrium of a rigid body :
F x 0; F
y 0 and
τ 0
Solve the equations for the unknowns.
56
57. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 5 :
A 35 O 75 B
cm cm
W1
W2
Figure 5.16
A hanging flower basket having weight, W2 =23 N is hung out over
the edge of a balcony railing on a uniform horizontal beam AB of
length 110 cm that rests on the balcony railing. The basket is
counterbalanced by a body of weight, W1 as shown in Figure 5.16.
If the mass of the beam is 3.0 kg, calculate
a. the weight, W1 needed,
b. the force exerted on the beam at point O.
(Given g =9.81 m s2) 57
58. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : m 3 kg; W2 23 N N
The free body diagram of the beam :
0.20 m
A 0.35 m 0.75 m B
CG
O
W2 0.55 m 0.55 m
W1
mg
Let point O as the rotation axis.
Force y-comp. (N) Torque (N m), o=Fd=Frsin
W1 W1 W1 0.75 0.75W1
W2 23 230.35 8.05
mg
39.81 29.4 0.20 5.88
29.4
N N 0
58
59. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
Since the beam remains at rest thus the system in equilibrium.
a. Hence
τ O 0
0.75W1 8.05 5.88 0
W1 2.89 N
b. and F y 0
W1 23 29.4 N 0
2.89 23 29.4 N 0
N 55.3 N
59
60. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 6 :
A uniform ladder AB of length 10 m and
mass 5.0 kg leans against a smooth wall
as shown in Figure 5.17. The height of the A
end A of the ladder is 8.0 m from the
rough floor.
a. Determine the horizontal and vertical
forces the floor exerts on the end B of
the ladder when a firefighter of mass
60 kg is 3.0 m from B.
b. If the ladder is just on the verge of
slipping when the firefighter is 7.0 m smooth
wall B
up the ladder , Calculate the coefficient
of static friction between ladder and rough floor
floor. Figure 5.17
(Given g =9.81 m s2)
60
61. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : ml 5.0 kg; m f 60 kg
a. The free body diagram of the ladder :
Let point B as the rotation axis.
A N1
x-comp. y-comp. Torque (N m), 8
Force
(N) (N) B=Fd=Frsin α sin α 0.8
β 10
ml g 0 49.1 49.15.0sin β 6
sin β 0.6
147 10
mf g 0 589
589 3.0 sin β 8.0 m CG 10 m
1060
N1 N1 0 N1 10sin α ml g β 3.0 m
8 N 1 N2
mf g β
N2 0 N2 0 5.0 m α
B
fs fs 0 0 fs
6.0 m
61
62. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
Since the ladder in equilibrium thus
τ B
0
147 1060 8N1 0
N1 151 N
F x
0
N1 f s 0
Horizontal force:f s 151 N
F y 0
49.1 589 N 2 0
Vertical force: N 2 638 N
62
63. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : sin α 0.8; sin β 0.6
b. The free body diagram of the ladder :
Let point B as the rotation axis. A N1
x-comp. y-comp. Torque (N m), α
Force
(N) (N) B=Fd=Frsin β
ml g 0 49.1 49.15.0sin β
147 mf g
β 10 m
mf g 0 589
589 7.0sin β 8.0 m
7.0 m
2474 ml g β
N1 N1 0 N1 10sin α
8 N 1 N2
5.0 m α
N2 0 N2 0 B
fs
fs μs N 2 0 0 6.0 m
63
64. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
Consider the ladder stills in equilibrium thus
τ B
0
147 2474 8N1 0
N1 328 N
Fy 0
49.1 589 N 2 0
N 2 638 N
F x 0
N 1 μs N 2 0
328 μs 638 0
μs 0.514
64
65. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 7 :
A floodlight of mass 20.0 kg in a park is
supported at the end of a 10.0 kg uniform
horizontal beam that is hinged to a pole as
shown in Figure 5.18. A cable at an angle
30 with the beam helps to support the light.
a. Sketch a free body diagram of the beam.
b. Determine
i. the tension in the cable,
ii. the force exerted on the beam by the
pole.
Figure 5.18
(Given g =9.81 m s2)
65
66. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : m f 20.0 kg; mb 10.0 kg
a. The free body diagram of the beam :
S T
30
O 0.5l CG
mb g
l
mf g
b. Let point O as the rotation axis.
Force x-comp. (N) y-comp. (N) Torque (N m), o=Fd=Frsin
mf g 0 196 196 l
mb g 0 98.1 98.10.5l 49.1l
T T cos 30
T sin 30
Tl sin 30 0.5Tl
S Sx Sy 0
66
67. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
b. The floodlight and beam remain at rest thus
i.
τ 0
O
196l 49.1l 0.5Tl 0
T 490 N
ii. F x 0
T cos 30 S x 0
S x 424 N
F y 0
196 98.1 T sin 30 S y 0
S y 49.1 N
67
68. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
b. ii. Therefore the magnitude of the force is
S Sx S y
2 2
S 424 2 49.12
S 427 N
and its direction is given by
1
Sy
θ tan
S
x
1
49.1
θ tan
424
θ 6.61 from the +x-axis anticlockwise
68
69. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.2 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2
1. F1
a B
A F2
b
D
C γ
Figure 8.19 F3
Figure 5.19 shows the forces, F1 =10 N, F2= 50 N and F3=
60 N are applied to a rectangle with side lengths, a = 4.0 cm
and b = 5.0 cm. The angle is 30. Calculate the resultant
torque about point D.
ANS. : -3.7 N m 69
70. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.2 :
2.
Figure 5.20
A see-saw consists of a uniform board of mass 10 kg and length
3.50 m supports a father and daughter with masses 60 kg and
45 kg, respectively as shown in Figure 5.20. The fulcrum is
under the centre of gravity of the board. Determine
a. the magnitude of the force exerted by the fulcrum on the
board,
b. where the father should sit from the fulcrum to balance the
system.
ANS. : 1128 N; 1.31 m 70
71. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.2 :
3.
Figure 5.21
A traffic light hangs from a structure as show in Figure 5.21. The
uniform aluminum pole AB is 7.5 m long has a mass of 8.0 kg.
The mass of the traffic light is 12.0 kg. Determine
a. the tension in the horizontal massless cable CD,
b. the vertical and horizontal components of the force exerted
by the pivot A on the aluminum pole.
71
ANS. : 248 N; 197 N, 248 N
72. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.2 :
4.
30.0 cm 50.0
15.0 cm
F
Figure 5.22
A uniform 10.0 N picture frame is supported by two light string
as shown in Figure 5.22. The horizontal force, F is applied for
holding the frame in the position shown.
a. Sketch the free body diagram of the picture frame.
b. Calculate
i. the tension in the ropes,
ii. the magnitude of the horizontal force, F .
ANS. : 1.42 N, 11.2 N; 7.20 N 72
73. DF025 CHAPTER 8
8.3 Rotational Dynamics (1 hour)
Centre of mass (CM)
is defined as the point at which the whole mass of a body
may be considered to be concentrated.
Its coordinate (xCM, yCM) is given the expression below:
n n
mi xi mi yi
i 1
xCM n ; yCM i 1
n
mi
i 1
mi
i 1
th
where mi : mass of the i particle
xi : x coordinate of the i th particle
yi : y coordinate of the i th particle
73
74. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 9 :
Two masses, 2 kg and 4 kg are located on the x-axis at x =2 m and
x =5 m respectively. Determine the centre of mass of this system.
Solution : m1 2 kg; m2 4 kg m 2
m1
CM
x 0 2m 4m 5m
2
m x i i
m1 x1 m2 x2 22 45
xCM i 1
xCM
2
m1 m2 2 4
m
i 1
i xCM 4 m from x 0
OR
2 m from m1
74
75. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 10 :
A system consists of three particles have the following masses and
coordinates :
(1) 2 kg, (1,1) ; (2) 4 kg, (2,0) and (3) 6 kg, (2,2).
Determine the coordinate of the centre of mass of the system.
Solution : m1 1 kg; m2 2 kg; m3 3 kg
The x coordinate of the CM is
3
m x
i 1
i i
m1 x1 m2 x2 m3 x3
xCM
3
m1 m2 m3
m
i 1
i
xCM
21 42 62 xCM 1.83
2 4 6
75
76. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
The y coordinate of the CM is
3
m y
i 1
i i
m1 y1 m2 y2 m3 y3
yCM
3
m1 m2 m3
y
i 1
i
yCM
21 40 62 yCM 1.17
2 4 6
Therefore the coordinate of the CM is
1.83,1.17
76
77. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Moment of inertia, I
Figure 7.9 shows a rigid body about a fixed axis O with angular
velocity .
m1
mn r1
rn r2 m2
Or m3
3
Figure 7.9
is defined as the sum of the products of the mass of each
particle and the square of its respective distance from the
rotation axis.
77
78. DF025 CHAPTER 8
n
OR I m1r12
m2 r22
m3 r32
...mn rn2
m r
i 1
i i
2
where I : moment of inertia of a rigid body about rotation axis
m : mass of particle
r : distance from the particle to the rotation axis
It is a scalar quantity.
Moment of inertia, I in the rotational kinematics is analogous
to the mass, m in linear kinematics.
The dimension of the moment of inertia is M L2.
The S.I. unit of moment of inertia is kg m2.
The factors which affect the moment of inertia, I of a rigid body:
a. the mass of the body,
b. the shape of the body,
c. the position of the rotation axis.
78
79. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Moments of inertia of various bodies
Table 7.3 shows the moments of inertia for a number of objects
about axes through the centre of mass.
Shape Diagram Equation
Hoop or ring or
thin cylindrical CM I CM MR 2
shell
1
Solid cylinder or
disk
CM I CM MR 2
2
79
80. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Moments of inertia of various bodies
Table 7.3 shows the moments of inertia for a number of objects
about axes through the centre of mass.
Shape Diagram Equation
Uniform rod or
long thin rod with 1
rotation axis
CM
I CM ML2
through the 12
centre of mass.
2
Solid Sphere CM I CM MR 2
5
80
81. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Moments of inertia of various bodies
Table 7.3 shows the moments of inertia for a number of objects
about axes through the centre of mass.
Shape Diagram Equation
Hollow Sphere or 2
thin spherical CM I CM MR 2
shell 3
Table 7.3
81
82. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 11 :
Four spheres are arranged in a rectangular shape of sides 250 cm
and 120 cm as shown in Figure 7.10.
2 kg 3 kg
60 cm
A B
O
60 cm
5 kg 250 cm 4 kg
Figure 7.10
The spheres are connected by light rods . Determine the moment
of inertia of the system about an axis
a. through point O,
b. along the line AB.
82
83. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : m1 2 kg; m2 3 kg; m3 4 kg; m4 5 kg
a. rotation axis about point O,
m1 m2
r1 r2 0.6 m
1.25 m
O
r4 r3
m4 m3
Since r1= r2= r3= r4= r thus r 0.6 1.25
2 2
1.39 m
and the connecting rods are light therefore
I O m1r12 m2 r22 m3r32 m4 r42
I O r m1 m2 m3 m4 1.39 2 3 4 5
2 2
I O 27.0 kg m 2
83
84. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : m1 2 kg; m2 3 kg; m3 4 kg; m4 5 kg
b. rotation axis along the line AB,
m1 m2
r1 r2
A B
r4 r3
m4 m3
r1= r2= r3= r4= r=0.6 m therefore
I AB m1r12 m2 r22 m3r32 m4 r42
I AB r m1 m2 m3 m4
2
I AB 0.6 2 3 4 5
2
I AB 5.04 kg m 2
84
85. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Parallel-Axis Theorem (Steiner’s Theorem)
States that the moment of inertia, I about any axis parallel to
and a distance, d away from the axis through the centre of
mass, ICM is given by
I I CM Md 2
where
I : moment of inertia about a new rotation axis
I CM : moment of inertia about an axis through CM
M : mass of the rigid body
d : distance between the new axis and the original axis
85
86. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 12 :
Determine the moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of radius R and
mass M about an axis tangent to its edge and parallel to its
symmetry axis as shown in Figure 7.11.
d
CM
Figure 7.11
Given the moment of inertia of the solid cylinder about axis through
the centre of mass is 1
I CM MR 2
2 86
87. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
CM CM
1
I CM MR 2 d
Initial 2 Final
From the diagram, d = R
By using the parallel axis theorem,
I I CM Md 2
1
I MR 2 MR 2
2
3
I MR 2
2
87
88. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Torque,
Relationship between torque, and angular acceleration,
Consider a force, F acts on a rigid body freely pivoted on an
axis through point O as shown in Figure 7.12.
a1 m1
mn
r1 F
an rn
O
r2 a2
m2
Figure 7.12
The body rotates in the anticlockwise direction and a nett torque
is produced.
88
89. DF025 CHAPTER 8
A particle of mass, m1 of distance r1 from the rotation axis O will
experience a nett force F1 . The nett force on this particle is
F1 m1a1 and a1 r1α
F1 m1r1α
The torque on the mass m1 is
1 r1F1 sin 90
1 m1r1
2
The total (nett) torque on the rigid body is given by
m1r12 m2 r22 ... mn rn2
n n
i 1
mi ri 2 and mi ri 2 I
i 1
I 89
90. DF025 CHAPTER 8
From the equation, the nett torque acting on the rigid body is
proportional to the body’s angular acceleration.
Note :
Nett torqu e , I
is analogous to the
Nett force, F ma
90
91. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 13 :
Forces, F1 = 5.60 N and F2 = 10.3 N are applied tangentially to a
disc with radius 30.0 cm and the mass 5.00 kg as shown in Figure
7.13.
F2
O
30.0 cm
F1
Calculate, Figure 7.13
a. the nett torque on the disc.
b. the magnitude of angular acceleration influence by the disc.
1
( Use the moment of inertia, I CM MR 2 )
2
91
92. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : R 0.30 m; M 5.00 kg
a. The nett torque on the disc is
1 2
RF RF 1 R F1 F2
2
0.30 5.60 10.3
1.41 N m
b. By applying the relationship between torque and angular
acceleration,
1 2
I 2 MR
1 2
1.41 5.000.30
2
6.27 rad s 2
92
93. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 14 :
A wheel of radius 0.20 m is mounted on a frictionless horizontal
axis. The moment of inertia of the wheel about the axis is
0.050 kg m2. A light string wrapped around the wheel is attached
to a 2.0 kg block that slides on a horizontal frictionless surface. A
horizontal force of magnitude P = 3.0 N is applied to the block as
shown in Figure 7.14. Assume the string does not slip on the
wheel.
Figure 7.14
a. Sketch a free body diagram of the wheel and the block.
b. Calculate the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the
wheel.
93
94. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : R 0.20 m; I 0.050 kg m 2 ; P 3.0 N; m 2.0 kg
a. Free body diagram :
for wheel,
T
S
W
a
for block,
N
T P
Wb
94
95. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : R 0.20 m; I 0.050 kg m 2 ; P 3.0 N; m 2.0 kg
b. For wheel,
τ Iα Iα
RT Iα T (1)
For block, R
F ma P T ma (2)
By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2), thus
Iα
P ma and a Rα
R
Iα
P mRα
R
0.050α
3.0 2.00.20 α α 4.62 rad s 2
0.20
95
96. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 15 :
An object of mass 1.50 kg is suspended
from a rough pulley of radius 20.0 cm by light
string as shown in Figure 7.15. The pulley
has a moment of inertia 0.020 kg m2 about
the axis of the pulley. The object is released
from rest and the pulley rotates without
encountering frictional force. Assume that R
the string does not slip on the pulley. After
0.3 s, determine
a. the linear acceleration of the object,
b. the angular acceleration of the pulley, 1.50 kg
c. the tension in the string, Figure 7.15
d. the liner velocity of the object,
e. the distance travelled by the object.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
96
97. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution :
a. Free body diagram :
for pulley,
S
τ Iα a
RT Iα and α
a R
RT I R
T
W Ia
T 2 (1)
for block,
T R
F ma
a mg T ma (2)
mg
97
98. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : R 0.20 m; I 0.020 kg m 2 ; m 1.50 kg;
u 0; t 0.3 s
a. By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2), thus
Ia
mg 2 ma
R
0.020 a
1.50 9.81 1.50 a
0.20 2 a 7.36 m s 2
b. By using the relationship between a and , hence
a Rα
7.36 0.20α
α 36.8 rad s 2
98
99. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : R 0.20 m; I 0.020 kg m 2 ; m 1.50 kg;
u 0; t 0.3 s
c. From eq. (1), thus
Ia
T 2 T
0.020 7.36
R 0.20 2
T 3.68 N
d. By applying the equation of liner motion, thus
v u at
v 0 7.36 0.3 v 2.21 m s 1
(downwards)
e. The distance travelled by the object in 0.3 s is
1 2
s ut at
2
s 0 7.36 0.3
1
s 0.331 m
2
2
99
100. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.3 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2
1. Three odd-shaped blocks of chocolate have following masses
and centre of mass coordinates: 0.300 kg, (0.200 m,0.300 m);
0.400 kg, (0.100 m. -0.400 m); 0.200 kg, (-0.300 m, 0.600 m).
Determine the coordinates of the centre of mass of the system
of three chocolate blocks.
ANS. : (0.044 m, 0.056 m)
2. Figure 7.16 shows four masses that are held at 70 g
the corners of a square by a very light 40 cm
frame. Calculate the moment of inertia 80 cm
of the system about an axis perpendicular B
to the plane 150 g A 150 g
a. through point A, and 80 cm
b. through point B.
Figure 7.16 70 g
ANS. : 0.141 kg m2; 0.211 kg m2 100
101. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.3 :
3. A 5.00 kg object placed on a
frictionless horizontal table is
connected to a string that passes 2.00 m s 2
over a pulley and then is fastened
to a hanging 9.00 kg object as in T1
Figure 7.17. The pulley has a
radius of 0.250 m and moment of
inertia I. The block on the table is T2
moving with a constant
acceleration of 2.00 m s2.
a. Sketch free body diagrams of
both objects and pulley.
b. Calculate T1 and T2 the tensions Figure 7.17
in the string.
c. Determine I.
ANS. : 10.0 N, 70.3 N; 1.88 kg m2 101
102. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Learning Outcome:
8.4 Work and Energy of Rotational Motion(2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
a) Solve problems related to:
Rotational kinetic energy,
1 2
K r Iω
2
work,
W τθ
power,
P τω
102
103. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Rotational kinetic energy and power
Rotational kinetic energy, Kr
Consider a rigid body rotating about the axis OZ as shown in
Figure 7.18.
Z
v1 m1
mn r1
vn rn r2 v2
O m2
r3 v3
m3
Figure 7.18
Every particle in the body is in the circular motion about point O.
103
104. DF025 CHAPTER 8
The rigid body has a rotational kinetic energy which is the total
of kinetic energy of all the particles in the body is given by
1 1 1 1
K r m1v1 m2 v2 m3v3 ... mn vn
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
K r m1r1 ω m2 r2 ω m3 r3 ω ... mn rn2 ω2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
K r ω m1r12 m2 r22 m3 r32 ... mn rn2
2
1 2 n n 2
K r ω mi ri and mi ri I
2
2 i 1
i 1
1 2
K r Iω
2
104
105. DF025 CHAPTER 8
From the formula for translational kinetic energy, Ktr
1 2
K tr mv
2
After comparing both equations thus
is analogous to v
I is analogous to m
For rolling body without slipping, the total kinetic energy of
the body, K is given by
K K tr K r
where K tr : translati onal kinetic energy
K r : rotational kinetic energy
105
106. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 16 :
A solid sphere of radius 15.0 cm and mass 10.0 kg rolls down an
inclined plane make an angle 25 to the horizontal. If the sphere
rolls without slipping from rest to the distance of 75.0 cm and the
inclined surface is smooth, calculate
a. the total kinetic energy of the sphere,
b. the linear speed of the sphere,
c. the angular speed about the centre of mass.
2
(Given the moment of inertia of solid sphere is I CM mR 2and
the gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2) 5
106
107. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : R 0.15 m; m 10.0 kg
s 0.75 m R
h s sin 25
v CM 25
a. From the principle of conservation of energy,
E E
i f
mgh K
K mgs sin 25
K 10.0 9.810.75sin 25
K 31.1 J
107
108. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : R 0.15 m; m 10.0 kg
b. The linear speed of the sphere is given by
K K tr K r 1 2 1 2 v
K mv Iω and ω
2 2 R
2
1 2 12 2 v
K mv mR
2 25 R
7
K mv 2
10
31.1 10.0 v 2
7
v 2.11 m s 1
10
c. By using the relationship between v and , thus
v Rω 2.11 0.15ω
ω 14.1 rad s 1
108
109. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Example 17 :
The pulley in the Figure 7.19 has a
radius of 0.120 m and a moment of
inertia 0.055 g cm2. The rope does not
slip on the pulley rim.
Calculate the speed of the 5.00 kg
block just before it strikes the floor.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2) 5.00 kg
7.00 m
2.00 kg
Figure 7.19
109
110. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : m1 5.00 kg; m2 2.00 kg; R 0.120 m; h 7.00 m
The moment of inertia of the pulley,
10 3 kg 10 4 m 2
I 0.055 g 1 cm2
1 g 1 cm2
5.5 10 9 kg m 2
m1 m2 v
7.00 m 7.00 m
m2 v m1
Initial Final
E i U1 E f Ktr1 Ktr 2 K r U 2
110
111. DF025 CHAPTER 8
Solution : m1 5.00 kg; m2 2.00 kg; R 0.120 m;
h 7.00 m; I 5.5 10 9 kg m 2
By using the principle of conservation of energy, thus
E Ei f
U 1 K tr1 K tr 2 K r U 2
1 1 1 2
m1 gh m1v m2v Iω m2 gh
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 v
m1 m2 gh v m1 m2 I
1 2
2 2 R
2
v
5.00 2.00 9.817.00 v 5.00 2.00 5.5 10 9
1 2 1
2 2 0.120
v 7.67 m s 1
111