78. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: THE LAW OF ENTROPY Heat flows spontaneously from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature and does not flow spontaneously in the reverse direction.

81. 4 types of thermal processes An isobaric process is a process that occurs at constant pressure. An isochoric process is a process that occurs at constant volume. An isothermal process is a process that occurs at constant temperature. An adiabatic process is a process during which no energy is transferred to or from the system as heat at.

122. In the drawing, one cycle is shaded in color. The amplitude A is the maximum excursion of a particle of the medium from the particles undisturbed position. The wavelength is the horizontal length of one cycle of the wave. The period is the time required for one complete cycle. The frequency is related to the period and has units of Hz, or s -1 .

124. LONGITUDINAL SOUND WAVES The area of condensation is the region of compression with increased air pressure The area of rarefaction is the region behind the condensation with decreased air pressure

139. Summary of Sign Conventions for Spherical Mirrors

146. Summary of Sign Conventions for Lenses (page 827)