1. TRAINS, STEEL,
CORPORATIONS
AND
UNIONS

2.  WHAT IS A NETWORK?
◦ A SYSTEM OF CONNECTED LINES USED FOR
BUILDING RAILROADS
 Brought benefits to shippers in the U.S.
 How did Train companies help train
schedules?
◦ Railroads setup a system of standardized
time zones in 1883.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDWHM00sZJc

4.  Here we go:
◦ Q: If you were living in Pennsylvania and wanted to call
your brother in California during his lunch break
(Noon), what time would you call from in Pennsylvania?
◦ A: 3:00pm
◦ Q: If you were in Chicago and you wanted to call your
buddy in Las Vegas, NV at 9:00pm his/her time what
time would you call?
◦ A: 10:00pm

5.  GEORGE PULLMAN
◦ INVENTOR OF THE RAILROAD SLEEPING CAR
 INCLUDED:
 BATHROOMS, DINING CARS, BEDS
 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
◦ INVENTOR OF THE AIR BRAKE
 ALLOWED TRAINS TO STOP ON A DIME AND CAUSED LESS
CRASHES TO HAPPEN ON THE RAILS.

6.  PROBLEM:
◦ TO MANY COMPANIES EQUALED LESS PROFITS
 ANSWER:
◦ CONSOLIDATE OR COMBINE
 RAILROAD COMPANIES COMBINED TO FORM LARGE COMPANIES
 HURTING THE FARMERS:
◦ COMPANIES GAVE REBATES TO LARGE COMPANIES FOR
SHIPPING LARGE ITEMS
◦ FARMERS WERE GIVEN LESS REBATES BECAUSE THEY
SHIPPED LITTLE

7. • DUE TO THE LARGE NUMBER OF COMPANIES IN THE UNITED STATES
•COMPANIES CONSOLIDATED
•PROBLEM:
•COMPETITION WAS HARSH AND “CUT THROAT”
•ANSWER:
•COMPANIES SEPARATED INTO REGIONS AND CHARGED AND
“POOLED” THEIR PRICES TOGETHER TO CHARGE ONE PRICE.
•HURT FARMERS BECAUSE THEY HAD TO PAY HIGH PRICES FOR
LITTLE SUPPLIES, WHEREAS CORPORATIONS PAID THE SAME PRICE
FOR LARGER BULK ITEMS.

8.  HOW DO WE MAKE STEEL?
◦ BESSEMER PROCESS
 ENABLED STEELMAKERS TO PRODUCE STRONG STEAL AT A
LOWER COST.
 WHO WAS ANDREW CARNEGIE?
◦ STEEL MOGUL
◦ STARTED THE IDEA OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION
 ACQUIRING CONTROL OF ALL THE STEPS REQUIRED TO CHANGE
RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCTS
 GOSPEL OF WEALTH
◦ BELIEF THAT THE RICH HAD A DUTY TO HELP THE POOR
AND IMRPOVE SOCIETY

10.  WHAT IS A CORPORATION?
◦ A BUSINESS THAT IS OWNED BY INVESTORS
 WHAT IS A STOCK?
◦ SHARES OF A CORPORATION
 WHAT IS A DIVIDEND?
◦ SHARES OF A CORPORATIONS PROFIT

11.  WHO WAS J. PIERPONT MORGAN?
◦ THE MOST POWERFUL BANKER OF THE LATE 1800‟S
◦ USED BANKING PROFITS TO GAIN CONTROL OF MAJOR
CORPORATIONS

12.  WHO WAS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER?
◦ PENNSYLVANIAN OIL TYCOON WHO USED OIL TO
MAKE KEROSENE
 USES
 HEATING,
 LIGHT
 FUEL
 John D. Rockefeller
◦ CREATED THE CALLED STANDARD OIL
 USED PROFITS FROM HIS REFINERIES TO BUY UP ALL
OTHER REFINERIES
 Conspiracy of Standard oil

13.  WHAT IS A TRUST?
◦ A GROUP OF CORPORATIONS THAT ARE RUN BY A SINGLE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
 WHAT IS A MONOPOLY?
◦ WHEN A CORPORATIONS CONTROLS ALL OR NEARLY ALL
THE BUSINESSES INAN INDUSTRY.
 HOW DID GOVERNMENTS COMBAT TRUSTS AND
MONOPOLIES?
◦ SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT OF 1890

14.  1866
◦ Cyrus Fields runs cable underwater in the Atlantic
Ocean
◦ Impact:
 The United States and Europe was brought together
through this invention.

15.  ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
◦ SCOTTISH BORN TEACHER OF THE DEAF
◦ WANTED TO TRANSMIT SOUND
◦ CREAT ION OF THE TELEPHONE
 SPILLED BATTERY ACID ON HIMSELF AND CALLED
FOR HIS ASSISTANT TO COME HELP HIM AND “Mr.
Watson come here, I want you!”

16.  THOMAS EDISON
◦ „THE INVENTION FACTORY”
 MENLO PARK, NEW JERSEY
◦ INVENTIONS:
 MOTION PICTURE PROJECTOR
 ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
 Short Story of Thomas Edison

17.  HENRY FORD
◦ CREATOR OF THE “AFFORDABLE
“AUTOMOBILE
◦ ASSEMBLY LINE
 CREATED IN 1913
 METHOD OF PRODUCTION, WORKERS ARE
STATIONED IN ONE PLACE AS PRODUCTS
EDGE ALONG ON A MOVING BELT
◦ MASS PRODUCTION
 MAKING LARGE QUANTITIES OF A PRODUCT
QUICKLY AND CHEAPLY

19.  ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT
◦ EXPERIMENTED WITH ANOTHER NEW METHOD
OF TRANSPORTATION
 FLYING!
◦ TESTED FIRST FLYING MACHINE ON DECEMBER
17, 1903
 CALLED THE “FLYING MACHINE”
 FLEW FOR 12 SECOND WITH A DISTANCE OF 120
FEET

21.  LABORERS IN THE LATE 1800’S
◦ WORKERS
 MOSTLY NATIVE BORN WHITE MEN
 LEFT THE FARMS FOR LUCRATIVE JOBS IN THE
CITIES
◦ OTHER TYPES OF WORKERS:
 AFRICAN AMERICAN-MIGRATED FROM SOUTH
 IMMIGRANTS-LARGE NUMBERS
 EUROPE
 ASIA
 MEXICO
 EARNED LESS WAGES THAN NATIVE BORN WHITE-
MEN

22.  WORKPLACE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
◦ FACTORIES WERE SMALL AND FAMILY RUN
 AFTER THE WAR CIVIL WAR THINGS CHANGED
◦ WORKERS STOOD ALL DAY AND WORKED
◦ LOUD NOISY MACHINES
◦ WORKED FOR WAGES FIXED BY BOSSES
 SWEATSHOP
 WORKPLACE WHERE PEOPLE LABOR LONG HOURS IN POOR
CONDITIONS FOR LOW PAY

23.  CHILD LABOR
◦ CENSUS BUREAU REPORT:
 NEARLY 2 MILLION CHILDREN UNDER AGE 15 WORKED
THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY
◦ PROBLEMS WITH WORK
 LACK OF SCHOOLING=NO CHANCE TO BETTER THEIR LIFE
 DANGERS OF THE WORKPLACE
◦ Dust filled the air hurting the lungs
◦ Cave-ins and gas explosions
◦ Owners more concerned with profit than safety
 Example: one year 195 workers killed in Pittsburgh alone!

24.  KNIGHTS OF LABOR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SteWSnKVh
OE
◦ UNION OPENED TO SKILLED WORKERS ONLY
◦ TERENCE POWDERLY WAS FIRST PRESIDENT
 OPENED MEMEBERSHIP TO
 WOMEN
 BLACKS
 IMMIGRANTS
 UNSKILLED WORKERS
 AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR
◦ LED BY SAMUEL GOMPERS
◦ OPENED TO SKILLED WORKERS ONLY
◦ LIMITED GOALS
 SHORTER HOURS, IMPROVED WAGES,
 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:
 RIGHTS OF UNIONS TO NEGOTIATE WITH MANAGEMENT
FOR WORKERS AS A GROUP.

25.  HAYMARKET RIOTS
◦ MCCORMICK HARVESTER COMPANY WORKERS
GO ON STRIKE
◦ COMPANY HIRES STRIKEBREAKERS
 REPLACEMENTS FOR STRIKING WORKERS
 WORKERS CLASH WITH POLICE
 4 WORKERS WERE KILLED
◦ NEXT DAY:
 WORKERS CLASH WITH POLICE IN HAYMARKET
SQUARE-CHICAGO
 ANACRCHISTS
 PEOPLE WHO OPPOSE ALL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT;
SETOFF A BOMB THAT KILLS MANY AND WOUNDING
OTHERS
 RESULT:
 KNIGHTS OF LABOR LOSE MEMBERSHIP

26.  IN 1911,
◦ FIRE BROKE OUT IN THE TRIANGLE
SHIRTWAIST FACTORY IN CHICAGO
◦ WORKERS RACED FOR THE DOORS TO FIND
THEM LOCKED!
 RESULT:
 WORKERS RAN INTO DOORS BLOCKING THE DOORS WITH
THEIR BODIES
 OVERALL RESULT:
 NEARLY 150 PEOPLE, MOSTLY WOMEN LOST THEIR LIVES
 EFFECT:
 IMPROVED SAFETY LAWS ENACTED