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Ss drugs reg
1. Drugs and Consciousness
Learning Goals
•Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What are tolerance, dependence and
addiction, and what are some common
misconceptions about addiction?
2. What are the differences between
depressants, stimulants and
hallucinogens?
1
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
3. Take A Guess
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
____ % of college students report drinking alcohol in the last year.
____ % of college student binge drink (more than 4-5 beers in less
than one hour).
____ % of students living in Greek housing are binge drinkers.
____ % of non-binge drinkers of college age report having to take care
of a drunken student.
______ # of students die annually from alcohol related incidents.
______ # of rape victims where alcohol was involved annually
______ # of college students who report being too intoxicated to
know if they had consented to sex.
_____ % of college students who report academic problems due to
drinking
3
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
4. 10.3 What are the major categories of psychoactive drugs?
Drugs that alter
thinking,
perception, and
memory
sychoactive
drugs
Physical and Psychological Dependence
Can lead to a lifelong pattern of abuse.
Conscious
Sleep Risk of Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
taking increasingly larger doses.
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
6. Drugs are either….
•
Agonists-drug that can
combine w/ receptor on a cell
to produce a physiological
response.
Antagonists-drug that
counteracts the effects of
another drug
• Reuptake inhibitors-blocks
release of serotonin
If a drug is used often,
tolerance is created for the
drug.
Thus you need more of the drug
to feel the same effect.
If you stop using a drug you can
develop withdrawal symptoms.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
7. Drugs: Depressants
•
Alcohol effects
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
motor skills
judgment
memory
increases aggressiveness
reduced self awareness
Represses REM.
Barbiturates Drugs that depress the activity of
the central nervous system, reducing anxiety
but impairing memory and judgment. Date
Rape Drugs
Opiates (Narcotics) Opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin) depress neural activity,
temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They
are highly addictive. Mimic Endorphins
7
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
9. Drugs: Stimulants
• Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and
breathing rates and other autonomic functions to
provide energy. Speeds up metabolism
• Amphetamines stimulate neural activity,
causing accelerated body functions and associated
energy and mood changes, with devastating
effects.
• Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen.
– It produces a euphoric high and can damage
serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a
permanent deflation of mood and impairment of
memory.
– Big Problem with dehydration
• Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by
a crash & depression. Crack, a form of cocaine,
can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be
sniffed or injected.
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
9
Dreams
Hallucinogens
13. Case Study: Cocaine & Neurons
• By binding to the sites that
normally reabsorb
neurotransmitter molecules,
cocaine blocks reuptake of
dopamine, norepinephrine, and
serotonin.
• The extra neurotransmitter
molecules therefore remain in
the synapse, intensifying their
normal mood altering effects
and producing a euphoric rush.
13
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
14. Cocaine in the Brain
14
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
15. Drugs: Hallucinogens
•
Hallucinations
– Sensory experiences without sensory
stimulus
•
•
LSD
– (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful
psychodelic drug (ergot fungus) that is also
known as acid.
– Likely to produce flashbacks
MARIJUANA (Cannabis)
– THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)is the
major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp
plant) that triggers a variety of effects,
including mild hallucinations
– Affects of marijuana are usually reversible
after one month
– "Chronic Use" does lead to memory loss &
cognitive impairment
– "Regular Users" can experience a high with
less of the product
15
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
17. Drugs and Consciousness
Reflect on Learning Goals
•Students should be able to answer the following:
1. What are tolerance, dependence and addiction, and
what are some common misconceptions about
addiction?
2. What are the differences between depressants,
stimulants and hallucinogens?
Good
Good
Understanding
Understanding
Fair
Fair
Understanding
Understanding
Little
Little
Understanding
Understanding
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
17
Dreams
Hallucinogens
18. Which is True or False?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Alcohol is classified as a depressant, even in small amounts.
The discomfort when off of a drug is called tolerance.
LSD is considered a powerful hallucinogen.
Smoking marijuana can distort time, hence it is classified
as a stimulant
The main ingredient in ecstasy is THC
Heroin is classified as a depressant.
Cocaine has short-lasting effects because it prevents
reuptake of certain neurotransmitters.
Because nicotine produces a relaxing effect it is classified as
a depressant
Conscious
Sleep
Stages
REM
Disorders
Legal
Hypnosis
Facts
Psychoactive
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Dreams
Hallucinogens
18
1-4 Survey by Harvard School of Public Health 1. 81%; 2. 44%; 3. 75%; 4. 48%
5-8 National advisory counsel on Alcohol Abuse 5. 1400, 6. 70,000, 7. 100,000 8. 25%
Depressants such as alcohol, the barbiturates, and the opiates act by reducing neural activity and slowing body functions. Each offers its own pleasures, but at the cost of impaired memory and self-awareness or other physical consequences. Alcohol is a disinhibitor and thus increases the likelihood that we will act on both helpful and harmful impulses. It also impairs judgment, reduces self-awareness, and disrupts memory processes by suppressing REM sleep. Research indicates that when people believe that alcohol affects social behavior in specific ways, and believe that they have been drinking alcohol, they will behave accordingly. Studies find drinking and risky sex to be highly correlated. Barbiturates, or tranquilizers, mimic the effects of alcohol. In combination with alcohol, they can be lethal. The opiates also depress neural functioning and can cause the brain to stop producing its own opiates, the endorphins.
Stimulants, such as caffeine, nicotine, and the amphetamines and the even more powerful cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamines, excite neural activity and arouse body functions. As with nearly all psychoactive drugs, they act at the synapses by influencing the brain’s neurotransmitters, and their effects depend on dosage and the user’s personality and expectations. Methamphetamine is highly addictive; over time, it appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. Nicotine triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which in turn diminish appetite and boost alertness and mental efficiency. Cocaine produces a euphoric rush that lasts 15 to 30 minutes and depletes the brain’s supply of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. A crash of agitat- ed depression follows as the drug’s effects wear off. Regular users become addicted and may expe- rience emotional disturbance, suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, or respiratory failure. Ecstasy (MDMA) is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. By releasing serotonin and block- ing its reuptake, it produces euphoria and feelings of intimacy. Its repeated use may suppress the immune system, destroy serotonin-producing neurons, and permanently damage mood.
Stimulants are drugs that increase the activity of the nervous system, particularly the sympathetic division and the central nervous system.
Amphetamines are synthetic drugs such as Benzedrine or Dexedrine. They help people stay awake and reduce appetite but are highly physically addictive.
Cocaine is highly addictive and can cause convulsions and death in some first-time users.
Nicotine is a mild stimulant and is very physically addictive.
Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant, found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and many sodas.
Hallucinogens distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to (and therefore block the actions of) a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Common components of the LSD experience are hallucinations and emotions ranging from euphoria to panic. A person’s current mood and expectations affect the drug’s effects.
The sensations produced by LSD are strikingly similar to the near-death experience, an altered state of consciousness reported by about one-third of those who survive a brush with death. Near- death experiences are marked by out-of-body sensations, visions of tunnels and bright lights, and intense feelings of joy, love, and peace. The hallucinations of such experiences also closely parallel the hallucinations produced by loss of oxygen or extreme sensory deprivation.
Marijuana’s main active ingredient, THC, produces a variety of effects, including disinhibition, a euphoric high, feelings of relaxation, relief from pain, and intense sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. It may also increase anxiety or depression, impair motor coordination and reac- tion time, and disrupt memory formation. Because THC lingers in the body for a month or more, regular users may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than do occasional users.
Hallucinogens distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to (and therefore block the actions of) a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Common components of the LSD experience are hallucinations and emotions ranging from euphoria to panic. A person’s current mood and expectations affect the drug’s effects.
The sensations produced by LSD are strikingly similar to the near-death experience, an altered state of consciousness reported by about one-third of those who survive a brush with death. Near- death experiences are marked by out-of-body sensations, visions of tunnels and bright lights, and intense feelings of joy, love, and peace. The hallucinations of such experiences also closely parallel the hallucinations produced by loss of oxygen or extreme sensory deprivation.
Marijuana’s main active ingredient, THC, produces a variety of effects, including disinhibition, a euphoric high, feelings of relaxation, relief from pain, and intense sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. It may also increase anxiety or depression, impair motor coordination and reac- tion time, and disrupt memory formation. Because THC lingers in the body for a month or more, regular users may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than do occasional users.
