2.  Behavioral
neuroscience > from several
disciplines; how the nervous system is related to
behavior; biological basis of behavior.
 Concerned with:
Sensing
Processing
Responding
These processes of sensing,
processing, and responding are
used to interact with the
environment. [next]

3. Specialized cells of
nervous system that
sense stimuli
Receptors
Sensation typically
takes place in brain
Brain sends
messages to
muscles to produce
response

5. Natural Selection
Survival of the fittest?

6. Central Nervous System
• Brain
• Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous
System
2-6

7.  The
spinal cord is
composed of sensory
(afferent or ascending)
and motor (efferent or
descending) nerves.
 Interneurons
27

8. •Olfactory
•Optic
•Oculomotor
•Trochlear
•Trigeminal
•Abducens
•Facial
•Auditory-vestibular
•Glossopharyngeal
•Vagus
•Spinal Accessory
•Hypoglossal
2-8

9. 2-9

10. 2-10

11. 
somatic division

autonomic division [next]

Reflex Arc
2-11

12. 
Autonomic division > sympathetic division mobilizes the
body's resources; parasympathetic division returns the
body to a normal state of homeostasis.
2-12

13. 2-13

14. 2-14

15.  Acetylcholine
(ACh)
 Dopamine
 Serotonin
 Endorphins
 Norepinephrine
 Gamma
amino butryic acid (GABA)
After reading your text, why do researchers now
suggest that solution to the problems of Parkinson’s
disease is not administering dopamine?
2-15

16. Agonist
Antagonist

17. Excitation
•
Inhibition
•

18.  Neurotransmitters
must be removed from
the synapse before another signal can be
transmitted.
 Removal is accomplished either by
destroying the neurotransmitter
(breakdown) or by taking it back into the
terminal buttons (reuptake).
2-18

19. Neuromodulators
• Influence transmission
of signals between
neurons
• Can have simultaneous
effects on diverse brain
regions
• Facilitate release or
inhibition of
neurotransmitters
2-19

20.  Ions
(electrically charged particles) are
found on the inside and outside of the neuron's

semipermeable cell membrane
When a neuron is in a resting state, more negative ions
are on the inside of the cell (measured at -70 mV) than
on the outside.
2-20

21. The reversal in electrical charge is known as an action potential.
2-21

22. 
lmages of the structures
• the PET (positron emission
•
•
EEG
•
•
tomography),
Electroencephalograph
(EEG)
the CT or CAT
(computerized axial
tomography),
the MRI (magnetic
resonance imaging),
and the fMRl (functional
magnetic resonance
imaging).
2-22

23. back of head
front of head
The image above is a PET scan of
a patient with Broca's aphasia.
2-23

24. 2-24

25.  The
brain is divided
into the hindbrain, the
midbrain, and the
forebrain.
2-25

26. 2-26

27. Balance
and
movement
2-27

28. The midbrain,
pons, and
medulla lie on
top of the spinal
cord. Together
they make up
the brain stem.
2-28

29. 
Millions of myelinated
axons connecting the
brain’s hemispheres
2-29

30. The forebrain
consists of
subcortical
structures and the
two hemispheres of
the cerebral cortex
2-30

31.  Motivation
 Emotions
2-31

32.  The
cerebral cortex covers the forebrain
and is divided into four lobes:
• frontal
• Parietal
• temporal
• occipital
2-32

33. Visual center
233

34. Includes
somatosensory
cortex (input
from
environment)
Helps process
perceptions
234

35. •Hearing
•Understanding
language
•Memory
235

36. You are who you are
because of this lobe.
•Personality
•Emotions
•Controlling
judgment
•Impulses
•Sexual behavior
•Using Language
•Movement
Motor Cortex
236

37. 237

38. Aphasia
CAT Scan
238

39. Apraxia
Loss or impairment
of the ability to
execute complex,
coordinated
movements (no
impairment of the
muscles or
senses).
Apraxia of lid
opening
(blepharospasm)
239

40. More About the Brain
240

41. 241

42. Patient is able to select
object by touch from a
group and identify it
verbally.
Patient is able to locate
object by touch, but
cannot identify it verbally.

44.  Endocrine
system:
 Hormones:
• Secreted into the
bloodstream
2-44