Lukas P Organ Cloning Period 3 11 slides

2. Organ Cloning
Lukas Puris Period 3

3. Basic Principles of Genetics
Traits are controlled by dominant and recessive alleles. Every trait has
a dominant characteristic, one that shows up in most people. For example:
eye color. Lets say that your mom has brown eyes and your dad has blue
eyes, you will have brown eyes, because brown is the dominant of the two
colors. Capitol B is dominant over little b (little b=blue, B=brown). If there is a
dominant allele in the presence of a recessive allele, the dominant allele will
mask the recessive allele and the dominant allele will be your phenotype.
The only way you can have a recessive trait is if one of your parents is
homozygous for the trait, and the other is heterozygous. Or both your
parents are heterozygous or homozygous for the recessive trait. Every
parent has two alleles for a trait. They can be dominant or recessive
(D=dominant, d=recessive). When an offspring is born they have some of
their parents characteristics usually. This is because when the cells multiply
they get one of their parents two alleles. They combine through Mitosis.

4. Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project started in 1990. The project was thought to last 15 years, but they
completed it (The U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health) ahead of schedule and
finished it in 13 years in 2003. Their goals were: to identify all the (approximately) 20,000-25,000 genes in a
humans DNA, determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, store
the information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private
sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project.
Social Issues: A big one is privacy and confidential genetic information, who owns it? Fairness in the
use of genetic information by insurers, employers, courts, school, adoption agencies and the military is
another one, who can use your genetic information? How would your genetic information affect you and how
people look and think about you differently? What I think in my opinion, which is one of the most important
issues, is would your genetic info have you thinking twice about conceiving a child as well as your spouse?
Ethical Issues: Should we ever use genetic engineering to enhance a body’s physical and mental
attributes if the technology ever came available to us? Also if we classify some kind of genetic code as
“normal” or the “baseline” of human genetics, will there be a genetic underclass? Where is the line between
genetic enhancement and medical care through genetic tweaking?
Legal Issues: What if people start using genetic codes to advertise products and expose trade
secrets? How would your genetic information affect your healthcare?
The Human Genome project changed laws such as GINA because
with all this new information about genes and the human genetic code some
very serious points come up about the social, ethic and legal issues of
human genetics. Some of these have to be resolved by adding or revising a
law.
Chromosomes

5. Genetic Disorders
There are three different types of genetic disorders. These are single celled disorders,
chromosome abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders. A single celled disorder is the result of
a single mutated gene. A chromosome abnormality is and abnormality in the number or
structure of a chromosome (for example people who have Down Syndrome have one extra
chromosome). A multifactorial disorder is a disorder caused by the interaction of genetic and
sometimes non-genetic and environmental reasons. A single celled disorder and chromosome
abnormalities are different from multifactorial disorders because multifactorial disorders can
happen because of non-genetic and environmental reasons, while single celled disorders and
chromosome abnormalities usually happen at birth. Chromosome abnormality is to do with the
structure or number of a chromosome. While a single celled disorder is to do with the cell
specifically (not just the chromosome) and it only affects one cell in the body, not every
chromosome in every cell in the body like chromosome abnormalities do.
Genetic counseling can help because a genetic counselor identify any genetic problems
that could arise if they were to conceive a child. They can decide if there will be any problems
through genetic testing. They do this by analyzing small samples of blood or tissue and then
using a punnet square decide if there will be any problem and if there will be, what are the
chances that your child can have this disorder.
Karyotyping is a test that essentially brings up a profile of your chromosome makeup.
Then geneticist can see if there are any abnormalities in the order or number of the
chromosomes, that can then help identify any disorders.

6. Argument #1
First of all, organ cloning would be used to save lives. That’s what it’s
meant to do. Scientists take embryonic stem cells that can be grown into
virtually any tissue in the human body. They implant the a healthy cell from
the organ they need transplanted into the healthy embryonic stem cells, then
these stem cells would (in theory) grown into the patients own organ that
they need replaced. Since it’s the patients own cells that are used to grow the
organ when it is implanted into the patient there is no way that his/hers body
would reject it. If this technology is perfected (probably in our lifetime) it will
save hundreds of thousands of lives that otherwise would of died.

7. Argument #2
For some organs like a kidney, if a family member
would have to donate a kidney, they would have to go
through a (very painful) major operation, then the kidney
they donated might be rejected by the receivers body!
All of the donors efforts would be for nothing. Though
the risk small the operation to take a kidney from one
persons body and give it to the other can have
complications.

8. Argument #3
Therapeutic cloning is also a lot less risky that a donation
organ, because donation organs can be rejected by the body. If
your exact organ is cloned then there is no way that it can be
rejected. No way! I think in the future if one of your organs
starts to fail you’ll just get a replacement organ except that it will
be your exact organ! If the procedure is perfected it will become
and everyday thing of life.

9. Argument #4
Therapeutic cloning, involves the use of induced pluripotent
stem (iPS) cells aka stem cells. These stem cells are made by
reprogramming adult tissue into a versatile embryo-like state
which can grow (if a nucleus of a healthy organ is implanted) into
virtually any tissue of the human body (in theory). This is
different than cloning an animal, where they take a cells that has
been growing for a few days then extract the nucleus from them
and inject whatever animals nucleus they wish to grow. Some
people refer to the initial extracting of the nucleus as murders
and think that it is morally and ethically bad. With therapeutic
cloning there is no life killed. The organ may not be what you
were born with but it will be the exact same thing.

10. Conclusion
Organ Cloning, sounds just like what it describes. It means to make an
exact copy of another organ. Therapeutic organ cloning will one day save
and help the lives of countless people curing Diabetes, Parkinson’s Disease,
Heart Disease, Alzheimer's Disease and Paralysis just to name a few. The
stem cells needed for this procedure can be grown in labs. This procedure
when perfected will save some many lives it is almost impossible to realize
the scope of the magnitude of what can be accomplished here. The
government should definitely pay for the research that needs to be done.
When we can finally do this safe and sound, so many inconveniences of diet,
lifestyle, and so many things that people who don’t have these
inconveniences just take for granted, will not exist anymore.

11. Charts/Graphs
A punnett square. These
can help determine if any of
your offspring can inherit a
disease/disorder that you
# of people that will develop Alzheimer's have a trait for or carry.
Disease in the coming decades. Therapeutic
organ cloning can prevent this.

12. Works Cited
"About the Human Genome Project." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/
Human_Genome/project/about.shtml>.
"Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues --Genome Research." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. <http://www.ornl.gov/
sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/elsi.shtml>.
"About the Human Genome Project." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/
Human_Genome/project/about.shtml>.
"Multifactorial Disorder - Definition of Multifactorial Disorder in the Medical Dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary,
Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." Medical Dictionary. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
multifactorial disorder>.
"Genome.gov | Chromosome Abnormalities Fact Sheet." Genome.gov | National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) -
Homepage. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. <http://www.genome.gov/11508982>.
"Genetic Counseling." KidsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. <http://kidshealth.org/
parent/medical/genetic/genetic_counseling.html>.
"Understanding Karyotyping." Parenting Advice, Information, Parenting Skills for Today's Parents - IndiaParenting.com. Web. 21
Mar. 2011. <http://www.indiaparenting.com/pregnancy/116_2606/understanding-karyotyping.html>.
"New Artificial Stem Cells Have Their Own Ethical Issues - Times Online." The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion. Ed.
Mark Enderson. 24 July 2009. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article6725335.ece>.
"Therapeutic Cloning - How It Is Done; Possible Benefits." ReligiousTolerance.org by the Ontario Consultants on Religious
Tolerance. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. <http://www.religioustolerance.org/clo_ther.htm>.