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Hepatitis C and its Treatment
1.
2. Presented by: MOHEER FATIMA (07)Presented by: MOHEER FATIMA (07)
M.Phill PharmacologyM.Phill Pharmacology
University of SargodhaUniversity of Sargodha
Presented to: Dr.Shoaib AkhtarPresented to: Dr.Shoaib Akhtar
Professor ofProfessor of
PharmacologyPharmacology
University of SargodhaUniversity of Sargodha
3. Hepatitis:Hepatitis:
Hepatitis (plural: hepatitides) is a medical condition defined by
the inflammation of the liver caused by a viral infection and
characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the
tissue of the organ
The word commonly is from Greek “Hepato” meaning Liver
and suffix “itits” meaning inflammation.
It can also be caused by:
Genetic diseases
Medications (including over-
the-counter)
Alcohol
Hepatitis viruses (A,B,C,D,E)
4. Many viruses cause hepatitis. Of these, six
medically important viruses are commonly described as
“hepatitis viruses” because their site of infection is Liver.
These six are,
1) Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Picornaviridae
2) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepadnaviridae
3) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Flaviviridae
4) Hepatitis D virus (HDV) Delta
5) Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Caliciviridae
6) Hepatitis G virus (HGV) Flaviviridae
5. Factors Hepatitis
A
Hepatitis
B
Hepatitis
C
Hepatitis
D
Hepatitis
E
Hepatitis
F
Hepatitis
G
Source of
Transmissio
n
Feacal oral
route
Blood
Body fluids
Blood
Body fluids
Blood
Body
fluids(Co
infect with
HBV.
Feacal Oral
Route
Feacal
Oral route
Blood and
BY sexual
contact
Chronic
Infection
No Yes Yes Yes No - yes
Diagonostic
s Tests
Anti-HAV-
IgM-positive
in acute
hepatitis; IgG-
positive after
infection
HBV-DNA,
anti-HBc-IgM,
HbeAg, anti
HBsAg
Anti-HCV or
anti-HDV,
HCV RNA
HDAg-
positive (anti-
HDV), HDV
RNA serum
Anti-HEV - Anti-HGV
Sighn and
symptoms
Dark
Urine,jaundi
ce,Headach
e,Fatigue
Arthralgias ,
Rash
Similar to
HBV,Less
severe
Similar to
HBV
Similar to
HAV.Very
severe in
pregnant
women
_
Similar to
Hcv
Prevention
and
treatment
Pre Post
exposure
immunizatio
n
Alfa
interferon
and vaccine
is available
Blood donor
Screening,
Peginterfer
on,Ribavirin
,Sofsobuvir
Pre Post
exposure
Immunizatio
n
Ensure safe
Drinking
Water.No
vaccine and
no antiviral
therapy
No
treatment
Available
No
treatment
available,on
ly bed
rest ,avoid
alcohol
6.
7. Hepatitis C Virus
Hepatitis C is caused by
single-stranded RNA
virus. Its size is 60nm and
incubation period is 6 to 7
weeks.
Hepatitis C virus (formerly
non-A, non-B virus); may
be more than 1 virus
8. The virus can survive outside the body at room temperature,
on environmental surfaces, for at least 16 hours but no longer
than 4 days.
The virus is an RNA virus and uses liver cells to create copies
of itself, killing those cells in the process.
It is an infectious form of hepatitis. Hepatitis C is more likely
then other forms of hepatitis to result in chronic hepatitis.
Having hepatitis C also increases the risk of developing liver
cancer.
9. Many infected people do not know they have the
virus because for most, there will be no symptoms
and for others, the symptoms may not show up for
decades
You may not know you have this infection until
damage has already been done to your liver
There is no vaccine
10. Sharing needles, pipes, straws, filters, ties, or water for drug
use.
Piercing or tattooing equipment (including ink) used on
someone else.
Hygiene/grooming such as razors, nail clippers and
toothbrushes.
Unprotected sex.
Reusing medical equipment that was not properly sterilized.
Pre-1992 blood transfusions.
HCV also can be passed from mother to unborn child.
11.
12. Sneezing
Coughing
Sharing drinking
glasses or eating
utensils
Breast feeding
Food and water
Handshakes
Holding hands
Hugging
Kissing on the cheek
Playing with children
17. Infection and Inflammation:
Fibrosis:
Cirrhosis:
the virus enters the bloodstream and is carried to the
liver to infect the liver cells . infected liver cells
become damaged and some cells die causing the liver
to swell.
Continuous Inflammation of the Liver caused by
Hepatitis C can lead to fibrosis.The formation of scar
tissue within the liver.
Extensive scarring can block the flow of blood through
the liver and cause liver function to deteriorate over
time .this is called cirrhosis.
18. Hepatocellular carcinoma:
Liver Transplant:
Hepatitis C is the leading Cause of Liver cancer ,The
formation of malignant tumor in the liver and
ultimately liver stops working and liver failure occur.
May be needed for patients who develop liver failure
or liver cancer
About 50% of all U.S. liver transplants result from
liver damage caused by hepatitis C
19.
20. Cover open wounds.
Tell people not to touch your blood.
Clean blood spills yourself or inform others to use latex
gloves.
Dispose of needles/materials properly.
Do not inject drugs
Avoid sharing contaminated articles like Razors,
toothbrushes, or other personal care items.
Practice safe sex
21. Acute Hepatitis
Itis a short-term illness
that occurs within the first 6
months after someone is
exposed to the Hepatitis C
virus. For most people,
acute infection leads to
chronic infection.
Chronic Hepatitis
is a long-term illness that
occurs when the Hepatitis C
virus remains in a person’s
body. Hepatitis C virus
infection can last a lifetime and
lead to serious liver problems,
including cirrhosis (scarring of
the liver) or liver cancer.
22. Acute phase
70-80% of people experience NO
SYMPTOMS
20-30 % may experience:
fatigue
flu-like symptoms
nausea
yellowing of the eyes and skin
low appetite
rash
abdominal pain
bruise or bleed easily
dark-coloured urine
light or clay-coloured stools
Chronic phase
Can take decades for these signs to
appear:
fatigue
nausea
yellowing of the eyes
blood in stool or vomit
dry or itchy skin
sleep disturbances
depression
weight loss
23. Blood Testing:
HCV antibody Test
HCV RNA test
Viral genotyping test
LFTs
Parameter Normal Ranges
ALT or SGPT male:10-40U/L
Female:7-35U/L
AST or SGOT Male:14-20U/L
Female:10-36U/L
Billirubin Direct bilirubin: 0 to 0.3 mg/dL
Total bilirubin: 0.3 to 1.9 mg/dL
Total cholestrol 180-200mg/dl
Prothrombin Time and INR 11-13seconds and 0.8 -1.1.
Total protein 60 to 80g/L or 6 to 8g/dL
24.
25. Primary Goal :
Eradicate HCV infection .
Secondary Goals:
Slow disease progression
Improve histology
Reduce risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Improve health related Quality of life
26. Prevention:
No vaccine for the prevention of HCV .
Never share needles.
Avoid direct exposure to blood or blood products.
Don't share personal care items.
Choose tattoo and piercing parlors carefully.
Practice safe sex.
Avoiding alcohol and drugs that can damage the liver,it
may help slow the rate of progression of the disease.
27. Treatment of Acute Hepatitis:
Treatment of acute hepatitis C Include Alpha and Beta
interferon Monotherapy.
It significantly decreases the number of patients that
become chronic carriers.
Acute Hepatitis C Treatment
Genotype 1,2,3,4 Interferon Monotherapy
Interferon+Ribavirin
Peginterferon Monotherapy
Peginterferon+Ribavirin
28. Interferon :
Given by shot, usually 3 times a week
Dose: Interferon-alpha 3 MIU TIW SC
Pegylated interferon:
Long-acting, taken once a week
Drug Form
Recommended
Treatment
Regimn
Pegylated
interferon alfa-2b
(PEG-Intron)
Pen injection
system
1.5 mcg per kg
subcutaneously
once weekly
Pegylated
interferon alfa-2a
(Pegasys)
Prefilled syringe 180 mcg
subcutaneously
once weekly
29. Combination therapy:
Interferon (standard or pegylated) taken with
antiviral drug ribavirin (Virazole) is the treatment of
choice for chronic hepatitis C.
Drug Form
Recommended
Treatment
Regimn
Ribavirin
(Rabetol)
For viral genotype 1
Capsule Weight 75 kg (165 lb) or
greater: three 200-mg
capsules twice daily (total
daily dose of 1,200 mg)
Weight less than 75 kg: two
200-mg capsules every
morning and three 200-mg
capsules every evening (total
daily dose of 1,000 mg)
For genotype 2,3 All weights: two 200 mg
capsules twice daily (total
daily dose of 800 mg)
30. Interferon alone:
10 – 15% chance of clearing the virus from the
blood
Interferon & ribavirin:
Up to 40% chance of clearing the virus
Pegylated interferon alone:
About the same as interferon & ribavirin 40%
Pegylated interferon & ribavirin:
Up to 50% chance of clearing the virus
31. These are the proteins ,synthesized by host cells in
response to various inducers and in turn cause
biochemical changes leading to an antiviral state in
cells.
Types:
Alpha,Beta and Gamma
32.
33. Interferons are the potent cytokines that possess
Antiviral
Antiproliferative
Immunomodulatory activity.
Adverse effects:Adverse effects:
Doses >1 to 2 MU cause Influenza like syndrome.
Symptoms include:
Fever
Myalgia,Arthralgia
Chills
Headache
N/V ,Diarrhoea
34. HCV treatment improved again in 2001 with FDA
approval of pegylated interferon.
Attaching the polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecule
to interferon (a process called pegylation) keeps
the drug in the bloodstream longer and makes it
more effective against HCV.
Types:
peginterferon-alpha-2a
peginterferon-alpha-2b.
35.
36. Peginterferon alpha is indicated for the treatment of
patients with chronic hepatitis C who have compensated
liver disease.
Advantages over conventional Interferons:
They have slower absorption
Reduced distribution
lower elimination rate
Greater therapeutic efficacy
The current recommendations include the use of a
combination therapy with pegylated IFNalfa and ribavirin
as the standard treatment.
37. Pegylated interferons have improved
pharmacokinetics profile,and it reduce the extent
of their adverse events.
But it cause Ocular toxicity including
Retinopathy
Optic neuropathy
Ocular loss
38. It is an antiviral drug,a purine nucleoside analogue
with a modified base and D-Ribose sugar.
It inhibits the replication of wide range of RNA and
DNA viruses.
39.
40. Monotherapy:
For 6-12 months
It decreases aminotransferase elevations to normal but
does not effect HCV RNA level.
Combination therapy:
Oral Ribavirin + Injection of pegIFN alfa 2a or 2b
This treatment used for chronic HCV infection.
In HCV/HIV co-infected patients.
Used in recurrent HCV infection after liver transplantation.
Ribavirin aerosol is used for Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia
in hospitalized children .
41. Aerosolized Ribavirin may cause
conjunctival irritation
Rash
Transient wheezing
Systemic Ribavirin cause
Dose related Anemia
Oral Ribavirin cause
Fatigue
Insomnia
Depression
Teratogenic
42. Boceprevir & Telaprevir:
Boceprevir and Telprevir are Pretease inhibitor.
Developed in May of 2011, boceprevir and
telprevir were the first drugs to act directly on
the HCV virus.
Boceprevir and teleprevir increased the cure rate
for HCV genotype 1 to 70%.
A treatment regime with boceprevir or telaprevir,
with interferon and ribavirin lasts 24-48 weeks.
43.
44. Boceprevir and Telaprevir in combination with
pegylated interferon alpha and Ribavirin are
appreved for genotype 1 HCV infection.
ADRs:ADRs:
Anemia,Rash ,Pruritis
Hepatitis C Treatment
protocol
Treatment
lasts
Cure
Rates
Genotype 1 Telaprevir+in
terferon+
Ribavirin
24 to 48
weeks 70-75%
Boceprevir+I
nterferon+Ri
bavirin
28-48 weeks
80%
45. Sofsobuvir(Sovaldi):
SOVALDI is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleotide
analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor among the
second generation of protease inhibitors that
directly attack the Hep C virus cell..
Sofosbuvir was
approved by FDA at 6th
December 2013.
46. One 400 mg tablet taken once daily with or without food.
Should be used in combination with ribavirin or in combination with
pegylated interferon and ribavirin for the treatment of HCV.
Should be used in combination with ribavirin in patients with
hepatocellular carcinoma awaiting liver transplantation for up to 48
weeks or until liver transplantation, whichever occurs first.
Patient population Treatment Duration
Genotype 1,4 SOLVADI+peginterfer
on alfa +Ribavirin
12 weeks
Genotype 2 SOLVADI+Ribavirin 12 weeks
Genotype 3 SOLVADI+Ribavirin 24 weeks
47.
48. Indicated for the treatment of genotype 1, 2, 3 or 4
chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV).
It is the first drug that has demonstrated safety and
efficacy to treat certain types of HCV infection without
the need for co-administration of interferon
ADRs:ADRs:
In combination with Ribavirin
Fatigue ,Headache
In combination with peginterferon alfa
Insomnia,Anemia,Fatigue
50. Acetaminophen (Tylenol® and others):
No more than four extra strength or six regular strength
tablets per day
Ibuprofen and other anti-inflammatory medications
(Motrin®, Advil®, Aleve®, and others)
Hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis should NOT take any
Iron supplements.They may increase the rate of liver
scarring
Coadministration of amiodarone with SOVALDI in
combination with another DAA may result in serious
symptomatic bradycardia.
Drugs that are intestinal P-gp inducers
(e.g., rifampin, St. John’s wort) may alter the
51. A medicine with the ability to protect liver cells from damaging by
poisons and viruses is referred to as a hepatoprotective.
The herbal remedies help in supporting the immune systems
efforts to fight off the virus.
It must be pointed out that herbal treatments are not designed for
acute stages of hepatitis.
In this case bed rest and low fat diet, along with gentle herbal
diaphoretics such as elderflowers (Sambucus nigra) and
catnip (Nepeta cataria) are the limit of treatment recommended.
52. The more widespread and longer lasting chronic stages of hepatitis
lend themselves to treatments with herbal remedies and other natural
therapies.
Herbalists believe strongly in the need for bitter compounds as foods
and medicines in order to stimulate production of gastric juices and
bile from the liver.
53. Also known as milk thistle it is a common weed of
pastures in Australia as well as in Europe and North
America. It is regarded as the standard amongst
hepatoprotective drugs.
Constituents:
Flavonolignans. These are unusual
polyphenolic compounds referred
to collectively as silymarin.
54. Action:
Early studies demonstrated the dual effect of the flavonolignans from
Silybum on the liver.
i.e.
A membrane stabilizing effect (protecting liver cells from destruction
from toxins) via anti-oxidant action.
And protein synthesis enhancing effect, whereby the protected cells
act as regeneration centers for new cells.
Uses:
Thistle seed preparations are ideal for chronic and post-acute stages of
hepatitis. It is also used in fatty degeneration and even cirrhosis of the
liver.
55. Known as Reishi mushroom in china.
Constituents:
Triterpenes including ganoderic acid; polysaccharides; organic
germanium; adenosine.
Action and Use:Action and Use:
Antiviral; antioxidant; antitumor; immuno-stimulant; hypoglycaemic;
cardiotonic; anti-inflammatory.
Hepatitis patients show improved symptoms and
less tiredness in clinical trials.
In China it is frequently used for chronic
hepatitis.
It can be obtained in the dried form or
in tablets. Daily doses range between 2
56. Phyllanthus are low shrubs common across southern Asia
and Australia. In parts of India the herb is renowned for its
success in treating hepatitis and jaundice.
Constituents:
Ellagitannins including lignans- phyllanthin
; flavanoids; alkaloids.
Actions and Uses:
Astringent; diuretic; antiviral; hepatoprotective.
In India fresh roots are considered the
most effective for jaundice.
57. This study was conducted to evaluate the
hepatoprotective effects of aqueous acetone extract of
Sida alba.
It is a herbal plant used in Burkina Faso to treat Hepatitis
in albinos Wistar rats.
58. Male and female adult albinos Wistar rats (260-265 g)were used.
The animals were housed in cage under controlled conditions of 12-
h light/12-h dark cycle at 25ºC.
They received pellets food enriched with protein and water.
Group=5
n =6
Group 2
(control )
Received only
water and 35%
ethanol for 28
days daily
Group 3,4,5
Received
different doses of
aqueous acetone
extracts of Sida
alba. (75, 100,
150 mg/kg)
suspended in 35%
ethanol for 28
days daily
Group = 1
(control)
Received only
Water for 28
days daily .
59. Conclusion:Conclusion:
Administration of 35% ethanol for 28 days increase liver marker
enzymes (AST,ALT, ALP), glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol,
total bilirubin and direct bilirubin in serum as compared with rats
which received water (control water).
However, administrations of 35% ethanol along with
Aqueous acetone extract decreased the activities of liver markers
enzyme in serum comparatively to the control water
Group.
We noticed that extract at a dose of 150 mg/kg was
highly effective than 75 and 100mg/kg body weight compared to
the control water group
This study revealed that Sida alba presents a
hepatoprotective activity.
60. 1. Laurence Brunton , Bruce Chabner, Bjorn Knollman, Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition 12th Edition,page
no.1610,11,12,13,14.
2. Chaterjee, T.K., 2000. Medicinal Plants with Hepatoprotectve Properties. Herbal
Options.Books and A llied (P) Ltd., Calcutta, pp: 155.
3.1K. Konaté, 2A. Souza, 3R.R.R. Aworet Samseny, 4B. Batchelili, Hepatoprotective
Effect of Aqueous Acetone Extract of Sida alba L. (Malvaceae)Against Alcohol Induced
Liver Damage in albinos Wistar Rats, Published: February 10, 2011.
4. Slides share.com
5. Google
6. www.wikipedia.com
7. Google images
Hinweis der Redaktion
A hypothetical virus linked to hepatitis. However, an infection found in the Far East has shown that a new virus which is neither hepatitis B or C. The virus called HAF consists of double-stranded DNA and is substantially different from HAV and HEV, both of which are RNA based.hepa A Transmitted by food or
water contaminated by
the feces of an infected
individual.
Hepatitis G or GBV-C
First described early in 1996 Hepatitis G is another potential viral cause of hepatitis. The Hepatitis G virus, has been identified and is probably spread by blood and sexual contact.
There is doubt about whether it causes hepatitis or is just associated with hepatitis, as it does not appear to replicate primarily in the liver. It is now classified as GBV-C. Often patients with hepatitis G are infected at the same time by the hepatitis B or C virus, or both.
There is no specific treatment for any form of acute hepatitis. Patients should rest in bed as needed, avoid alcohol, and be sure to eat a balanced diet. Hepatitis F – Not separate entity – Mutant of B Virus.
Sexual transmission is not very likely, BUT it is still possible
If you have more than one sex partner, use latex condoms
If you have one long-term sex partner, you do not necessarily need to change your sex habits
Makes chemicals that our body needs to stay healthy.
Removes waste products and other harmful substances from our blood
Guards against infection.
Builds and converts proteins and sugars.
Stores vitamins, sugars, fats and other nutrients.
Releases chemicals and nutrients
into the body when needed.
Carcinoma may appear 15 – 60 years after the beginning of infection
Those with HCV have up to a 37% risk of mortality due to liver failure .Because HCV is asymptomatic, up to 75% of cases aren’t diagnosed until it is too late.
Acute hepatitis C is a short-term viral infection. People with acute hepatitis C are infectious for a small window of time, often just several months. Most people infected with the acute form of hepatitis C will experience illness and symptoms like fatigue and vomiting within the first six months after exposure. In many cases, the disease never even causes symptoms. When it does, symptoms are typically mild.
This test is used for the detection of the presence of antibodies, indicating to exposure to HCV. This is the addition test to confirm the presence of Qualitative and quantitative methods of detection of HCV RNA by
1 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR,
2 Branched DNA (bDNA)
3 Transcription mediated amplification (TMA )
antibodies. aspartate aminotransferase), alanine aminotransferase
This test detect the kind of viral genotype.
HCV RNA test qualitative
This test may be use to distinguish between a current and past infection. These are seldom use any more. HCV viral Load (HCV RNA test, Quantitative) test
This test detect and measure the number of viral RNA particles in bloodHCV antibody - generally used to diagnose hepatitis C infection. Not useful in the acute phase as it takes at least 4 weeks after infection before antibody appears.
HCV-RNA - various techniques are available e.g. PCR and branched DNA. May be used to diagnose HCV infection in the acute phase. However, its main use is in monitoring the response to antiviral therapy.
HCV-antigen - an EIA for HCV antigen is available. It is used in the same capacity as HCV-RNA tests but is much easier to carry out.
HCV RNA (PCR testing)
Virus load
Lower detection limit can be 10-615 IU/ml
NOT a predictor of disease severity: a high viral
load does not mean the liver disease is more
severe, and a low viral load does not mean the
patient is ok and does not need therapy!
Helps predict response rate to treatment (lower
means a higher chance of cure with therapy)
Used to monitor response during treatment
best means of preventing transmission of HCV is to prevent contact with infected blood and organs and to avoid high-risk sexual behavior such as multiple partners and anal contact. Intravenous drug users are at greatest risk of becoming infected with hepatitis C because many share needles. ...
But it is expensive and has side effects that can limit its use. HCV treatment improved again in 2001 with FDA approval of pegylated interferon. Attaching the polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecule to interferon (a process called pegylation) keeps the drug in the bloodstream longer and makes it more effective against HCV. Replacing standard interferon with pegylated interferon has significantly improved response to HCV treatment and requires a dosing regimen of only one injection per week . Currently, therapy with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin is the standard treatment of HCV in HIV-positive people and the only FDA-approved treatment for coinfection. Ribavirin has little effect on HCV, but interferon increases its potency
Beginning several hour after injection.
, with a 40 kDa polyethylenglicol molecule of branched structure. PEG- IFNalfa- 2b with a 12kDa linear PEG. than the respective non- pegylated IFNalfawhich assures that concentrations appropriate to inhibit viral replication are maintained during longer periods of time, thus a allowing administration once a week,
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an essential protein encoded in the genomes of all RNA-containing viruses with no DNA stage that have sense negative RNA. It catalyses synthesis of the RNA strand complementary to a given RNA template. The RNA replication process is a two-step mechanism.
Appreved in U.S
which means it can
cause birth defects in a fetus or embryo.
(This is the same cure
rate for HCV genotypes 2 & 3 using interferon and
ribavirin.)
The Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) has finally fixed price of the ‘blockbuster’ oral drug – Sovaldi – after its registration in Pakistan, giving a good news to hepatitis C patients. The DRAP had announced official price of the hepatitis C drug (Sovaldi) Rs55,000 per pack while granting rights to the Ferozsons Laboratories. Though, the company had later reduced the price to Rs33,000 per pack, it was still beyond reach of many patients.
One of the abovementioned firms (Everest Pharmaceuticals), however, offered its lowest price Rs11,000 per pack creating a healthy competition to bring those poor patients in the net who were unable to afford the drug. The firms included M/s Everest Pharmaceuticals, M/s Global Pharma, M/s Weric, M/s Wilson, M/s Scotman, M/s Genom Pharma, M/s Genix, Sami, Max, Crystaline, M/s Mector, M/s Tas Pharmaceuticals, etc.Ferozsons laboratory
The seeds can be gathered (use gloves!) and made into decoctions, or ground up and used quite safely as foods. Avoid gathering in areas where chemical sprays are used.