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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
                    AND ERGONOMIC
                      CONTROLS



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                       Slide 1
Ergonomics




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                    Slide 2
Ergonomics

          VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:


             The study of man’s relationship with his or her
              workplace.

             Fitting the task to the person rather than forcing
              him/her to adapt to the work environment.

             Designing the workplace to prevent occupational
              injury and illness.



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                               Slide 3
Ergonomics

     VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:


          Discovering the capabilities and limitations of the
           human body.
          The art and science that addresses workers’ job
           performance and well-being in relation to their job
           tasks, tools, equipment and environment.
          The study of the relationship between people and
           machines or between employees and their
           environment.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                             Slide 4
Ergonomics
      VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:



            The study of the interaction between the
             worker and the process at the workplace.

                       WHAT OTHER DEFINITIONS
                          HAVE YOU HEARD?



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                    Slide 5
Ergonomics
           ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF
           ALL WORKPLACE INJURIES. ERGONOMICS WILL HELP:


                Improve quality.
                Improve absenteeism.
                Maintain a healthier work force.
                Reduce injury and illness rates.
                Acceptance of high-turnover jobs.
                Workers feel good about their work.
                Reduce workers’ compensation costs.
                Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level of awareness.

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                      Slide 6
Ergonomics

         “It is estimated that in the United States,
         97% of the money spent for medical care is
         directed toward treatment of an illness,
         injury or disability. Only 3% is spent on
         prevention.”

                        Self-help Manual for your Back
                        H. Duane Saunders, MSPT
                        by Educational Opportunities




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                         Slide 7
Historical progression of WMSDs
                        (Work related Musculoskeletel disorders)




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                   Slide 8
Ergonomics
                       A Multi-disciplinary Approach



              THINK ABOUT THE NUMBER
                OF WAYS ERGONOMICS
                    IMPACTS OUR
                     DAILY LIFE!

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                       Slide 9
Ergonomics
                           A Multi-disciplinary Approach


                         FOR EXAMPLE!
                       The science of ergonomics is
                         critically important in the
                        continuing development of
                                      the
                               AUTOMOBILE!
Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                           Slide 10
Ergonomics
                            A Multi-disciplinary Approach
          THE FOLLOWING DISCIPLINES HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN
          DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE:


              Economics
              Sociology
              Physiology
              Psychology
              Biomechanics
              Physical Sciences
              Management Philosophies
              Engineering, Industrial Design
              Safety & Health, Human Factors Engineering



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                            Slide 11
Program Implementation
        IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ERGONOMIC PROGRAM REQUIRES:


              Personal Interest
              Dedication
              Management Commitment


            NOTE:
            UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE IS
            ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                               Slide 12
Typical Applications
         APPLICATIONS


              Work station design
              Tool selection and design
              Office safety improvement
              Video display terminals (VDT’s) safety
              Back injury reduction and prevention
              Manual material handling improvement
              Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) reduction


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                            Slide 13
Industrial Hygiene And
                               Ergonomic Controls
          ENGINEERING CONTROLS                                  1st CHOICE
                Work Station Design  Tool Selection and Design
                Process Modification  Mechanical Assist

           ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS                               2nd CHOICE
                Training Programs    Job Rotation/Enlargement
                Pacing               Policy and Procedures

           PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT                       LAST CHOICE
                Gloves                        Wraps
                Shields                       Eye Protection
                Non-Slip Shoes                Aprons




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                                Slide 14
Source of ergonomic
                                  hazards

               1.      The work itself
               2.      The workstation
               3.      Workpiece / tools
               4.      Working environment




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                   Slide 15
Industrial Hygiene And
                               Ergonomic Controls
          OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS:
             Occupational risk factors are defined as any attribute of a job or
             task that we know increases the probability of injury or illness.

           INAPPROPRIATE


        1. Force                  - Including-     Internal or External
        2. Posture                - Such as -      Extreme Twisting or Bending
        3. Repetition             - Including-     Muscle Group Overexertion
        4. Insufficient Rest      - Including-     Muscle Group Overexertion


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                                  Slide 16
Industrial Hygiene And
                              Ergonomic Controls
             WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO 4 MAIN PARTS:

          1. Gathering information from available sources.

          2. Conducting baseline screening surveys to determine which
             jobs need a closer analysis.

          3. Performing ergonomic job hazard analyses of those work
             stations with identified risk factors.

          4. After implementing control measures, conducting periodic
             surveys and follow-up to evaluate changes.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                  Slide 17
Industrial Hygiene And
                         Ergonomic Controls

              TANGIBLE INDICATORS:
               Accident Records
               Production Records
               Personnel Records
               Employee Surveys


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                Slide 18
WORKSITE ANALYSIS
                                    Continued

        SYMPTOM SURVEY


           1. Note areas of pain
              or discomfort!

           2. What do you feel is
              the source?

           3. What environmental
              changes would help?

           4. What other feedback
              can be gathered?
                                           FRONT   BACK

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                          Slide 19
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND
                        ERGONOMIC CONTROLS



                       WHAT TANGIBLE
                         INDICATORS
                       WOULD BE MOST
                       USEFUL TO YOU?



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                Slide 20
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND
                              ERGONOMIC CONTROLS
           INCIDENCE RATES:           incidence rates for upper extremity
           disorders and/or back injuries should be calculated by counting
           the incidences of CTDs and reporting the incidences per 100 full
           time workers per year per facility.

                                   INCIDENCE RATE

                (NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200,000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY

                        NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR


           200,000 = approximate annual work hours for 100 workers.
           The same method should be applied to departments, production lines, or
          job types within each facility.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                                 Slide 21
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND
                                 ERGONOMIC CONTROLS
          • SAMPLE INCIDENCE RATE CALCULATION:

                        (Number of new cases (200,000 work hrs*) per facility

                                 Number of hours worked/facility/yr
          If you experienced 2 carpal tunnel cases last year, in a population of 100 employees.
          What is the incidence rate?
                2 X 200,000
         IR =
                100 X (50 X 40 hrs)

                 400,000                         IR = 2 CASES OF CARPAL TUNNEL PER
         IR =
                 200,000                         100 PERSON-YEARS OF EXPOSURE

          * 200,000 = approximate annual work hours for 100 workers.
          * The same method should be applied to departments, production lines, or job types
          within each facility.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                                               Slide 22
ANTHROPOMETRY

                ANTHROPOMETRY:

                The    technology   of  measuring    and
                quantifying various human physical traits
                such as size, weight, proportion, mobility
                and strength.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                        Slide 23
Anthropometry

                 Engineering
                 Anthropometry:

                The application of anthropometric
                data to equipment, workplace and job
                design       to      enhance      the
                efficiency, safety and comfort of the
                operator.

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                        Slide 24
Anthropometric
                          Measurements

          • When designing products it is important to
            remember that people come in many sizes
            and shapes.
          • Anthropometric data varies considerably
            between regional populations.
          • For example, Scandinavian populations tend
            to be taller, while Asian and Italian
            populations tend to be shorter.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                    Slide 25
Anthropometric
                                     Measurements




               The relative sizes of different percentile humans.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                    Slide 26
Anthropometric
                                 Measurements
          • It is common practice to design for the 5th percentile
            (5th%) female to the 95th percentile (95th%) male.
          • The 5th% female value for a particular dimension (e.g.
            Sitting height) usually represents           the smallest
            measurement for design in a population.
          • Conversely, a 95th% male value may represent the largest
            dimension for which one is designing.
          • The 5th% to 95th% range accommodates approximately
            90% of the population.
          • To design for a larger portion of the population, one might
            use the range from the 1st% female to the 99th% male.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                     Slide 27
Common Ranges Of
                       Measurements (For Office
                          Furniture Design.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                  Slide 28
Semester 2 2011/2012
                       Slide 29
Common ranges of measurements
                       used in office furniture design.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                          Slide 30
Common Workplace
                             Postures
               There are common postures found in the
               office environment that can be considered
               when designing workplace products or
               space.
                    • Standing
                    • Sitting
                    • Reaching
                    • Moving


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                       Slide 31
Standing
           Desk height for a standing operator can range from 28 - 43“
           (Grandjean, 1997) depending on whether the desk is for precision,
           light, or heavy work.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                           Slide 32
Sitting
        • Knowing what parameters to design for while the user
          is seated can help increase the comfort of the user.
        • Common seated anthropometric measurements can
          be seen in slide 17
        • Spine and Lumbar
             – Maintaining the neutral, or standing shape of the lumbar, or
               lower spinal area, is important for comfort and posture.
             – Chairs can give appropriate and correct lumbar support.
             – This seated lumbar support will help the spine maintain an S-
               shaped curve similar to the spine’s shape when standing (as
               seen in Figure 5.)



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                           Slide 33
Sitting




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                 Slide 34
Sitting
         • Posture
              – Correct seated posture is a continual debate with
                ergonomic professionals.
              – Some say that users need to have a 90-90-90 degree
                placement for the elbow, hip, and knee joints,
                respectively.
              – Others feel that a variation in this placement is better, as
                long as it does not lead to slouching or hunching over.
              – A good seated posture is one that is comfortable and
                does not put a lot of stress or strain on the user’s
                buttocks, back, or arm muscles, and allows the user’s
                feet to be on the floor.
Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                         Slide 35
Reaching

         • The workstation, and parts that go with
           workstations (such as overhead storage and
           pedestals), should allow the majority of
           movement of the user’s body joints within
           healthy zones.
         • When designing products, consider how much
           individuals will have to reach in order to
           minimize awkward or unhealthy positions.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                    Slide 36
Moving
        • Users will move around in their environment to file
          papers, answer a phone, or stretch.
        • An occasional break from sitting is encouraged
          because it helps to stimulate muscles, and increases
          blood flow, which decreases fatigue.
        • The space in a cubicle or desk area should allow the
          chair to move around easily.
        • Also, a wheelchair may need to turn around or move in
          the office space, requiring a 60" diameter turning
          radius and at least 36" of passage width


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                              Slide 37
Moving
     • Chairs and other devices in the workspace can allow the user to
       easily get up and move around without having to move armrests,
       adjust other chair settings, or put undue stress on the body.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                     Slide 38
Ranges of motion (ROM) for
                            different joints.
                                   • Zone 0 (Green Zone)
                                   Preferred zone for most movements.
                                   Puts minimal stress on muscles and joints.

                                   • Zone 1 (Yellow Zone)
                                   Preferred zone for most movements.
                                   Puts minimal stress on muscles and joints.


                                   • Zone 2 (Red Zone)
                                   More extreme position for limbs. Puts greater
                                   strain on muscles and joints.


                                   • Zone 3 (Beyond Red Zone)
                                   Most extreme positions for limbs, should be
                                   avoided if possible, especially with heavy
                                   lifting or repetitive tasks.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                         Slide 39
Repetitive Motions

            • If repetitive tasks are necessary, minimizing the
              number of continuous movements can help reduce the
              risk of injuries.
            • There is no specific number for minimum daily
              repetitions.
            • The factors affecting repetitive tasks include user’s
              muscle strength, amount of force required, and type of
              task.
            • Decreasing the amount of force required to perform a
              task will also lower the risk of pain and musculoskeletal
              disorders.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                          Slide 40
Neutral and awkward
                          wrist postures




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                             Slide 41
Neutral and awkward
                         elbow postures




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                             Slide 42
Neutral and awkward
                        shoulder postures




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                             Slide 43
Neutral and awkward
                          back postures




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                             Slide 44
Wrist posture with
          the keyboard
          placed at different
          positions, including
          flat, positive, and
          negative tilt




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                 Slide 45
When body joints are in
           awkward postures, maximum
           force produced decreases.

           Muscle fatigue will occur
           earlier when working in an
           awkward posture instead of a
           neutral posture.




                       Hand dynamometer


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                          Slide 46
Pinch grip & power grip

                                      A power grip curls the
                                       fingers toward the palm;
                                       a pinch grip presses the
                                       thumb       against   the
                                       fingers of the hand or an
                                       object, and does not
                                       involve the palm.
                                      The amount of force that
                                       can     be    generated
                                       depends on the type of
                                       grip and the width of the
                                       grip.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                            Slide 47
Fatigue Failure
         Endplate fractures usually occur through
         repeated loading, by a process known as
         fatigue failure
         The vertebrae of the back can have multiple
         sub-failures that are not visible but can result
         in complete failure over time.

         The number of cycles that lead to failure of
         the vertebrae varies across the population.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                            Slide 48
Moment Arms And Lifting




          Principles
          •   Reduce the weight of the object being lifted.
          •   Keep loads close to the body when lifting.

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                              Slide 49
Moment Arms And Lifting

         The length of the moment arm
         and weight of the object both
         affect the forces exerted by the
         lower-back muscles.

         The size and shape of the object
         lifted or carried, existence of
         barriers,   and       design    of
         workstations are all factors that
         affect the moment arm of an
         object being lifted or carried.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                    Slide 50
Ergonomic Risk Factors
                 PERSONAL RISK FACTORS

               1.      Age
               2.      Gender
               3.      Attitude
               4.      Training
               5.      Strength
               6.      Work Method
               7.      Anthropometry

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                    Slide 51
Ergonomic Risk Factors
              JOB RISK FACTORS
               1.   Weight of load
               2.   Location/size of load
               3.   Frequency of the Task
               4.   Duration and pace of cycle
               5.   Stability of load
               6.   Coupling of load
               7.   Travel distances of worker
               8.   Reach distances of worker
               9.   Symmetry between worker and the object
                    held

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                             Slide 52
Ergonomic Risk Factors

         JOB RISK FACTORS
               10. Static work posture
                       a) Standing
                       b) Sitting
               11. Work platforms or stairs
               12. Torso flexion (bending)
                       a) Mild (up to 45 degrees)
                       b) Severe (greater than 45 degrees)
               13. Work heights (too high or too low)
               14. Floor surfaces (wet, smooth, vibration)




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                             Slide 53
Ergonomic Risk Factors

          JOB RISK FACTORS
                 15. Environment
                        a) Hot (sweat, reduced grip, fatigue)
                        b) Cold (gloves reduce grip by as much as 30%)
                 16. Lighting
                       a) posture problems (because of inability to see)
                 17. Noise/vibration
                        a) Frequency very important
                        b) Can amplify through the body




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                           Slide 54
Ergonomic Risk Factors


                        WHAT ARE THE
                        PRIMARY RISK
                           FACTORS
                       ASSOCIATED WITH
                          YOUR JOB?




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                Slide 55
Job And Task Analysis

         UNIT LOADS:

          DEFINED AS:
          The unit to be moved or handled
          at any one time.

           THE CONTAINER, CARRIER, OR SUPPORT USED
           TO MOVE MATERIALS MUST BE INCLUDED AS PART OF THE
           UNIT LOAD.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                               Slide 56
Job And Task Analysis

         FACTORS AFFECTING UNIT LOADS

           The material to be utilized

           The quantity of material to be handled

           The susceptibility of the material to damage

           The number of times the unit load is handled

           The receiving, storing, shipping, and handling methods

           The environmental conditions to which the load is exposed

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                        Slide 57
Job And Task Analysis

                       DESIGNING THE UNIT LOAD

                 Optimize the weight of the load
                 Reduce the size of the load
                 Insure stability of the load
                 Optimize load coupling


               - HAND TO LOAD
               - FOOT TO FLOOR


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                    Slide 58
Job And Task Analysis
         DEFINITION OF TERMS:

          Fundamental Movements or acts

                            “ELEMENT”
                       - Search     - Inspect
                       - Select     - Assemble
                       - Grasp      - Disassemble
                       - Reach      - Delay (unavoidable)
                       - Move       - Delay (avoidable)
                       - Hold       - Plan
                       - Position   - Rest (overcome fatigue)



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                Slide 59
Job And Task Analysis
         DEFINITION OF TERMS:

          The time required to complete one sequence of tasks
           sub- tasks, or elements.

                                       “CYCLE”
                        Example:

                         1.   Assemble new box
                         2.   Put bottles in box from conveyor
                         3.   Stack boxes on pallet
                         4.   Go to step 1



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                 Slide 60
Job And Task Analysis

                       TASK ANALYSIS

            Identify the job to study
            Collect the data
            Evaluate the data
            Formulate control measures



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                  Slide 61
Job And Task Analysis

                IDENTIFYING THE JOB TO STUDY

                Accident investigations
                Accident statistics
                Complaints & operator feedback
                Production bottlenecks, high errors
                High employee turnover jobs


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                       Slide 62
Job And Task Analysis

                       COLLECTING THE DATA


                         Direct observation
                         Video tape
                         Action photographs
                         Documentary accounts
                         Accident statistics

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                     Slide 63
Job And Task Analysis

                       EVALUATING THE DATA


                Task description
                Sub-task description
                Element description
                Risk factor/hazard identification


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                     Slide 64
Job And Task Analysis

            FORMULATING CONTROL MEASURES



                 Application of ergonomic principles
                 Corrective action for non-compliance
                 Eliminate or reduce exposure



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                         Slide 65
Job And Task Analysis

                       TASK ANALYSIS FORM

              TASK DESCRIPTION    - Action Being Performed
              LEFT HAND          - Usage
              RIGHT HAND         - Usage
              FREQUENCY          - Usually per minute
              NOTES              - Supporting information
              POSTURE            - Acceptable to extreme
              FORCE              - High, Medium, Low
              DURATION           - Length of Stressor



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                              Slide 66
Job And Work Station Design

                       GOOD JOB DESIGN
     REDUCES                 Discomfort, Fatigue, Aches & Pains
                             Injuries & Illnesses, Work Restrictions


     AVOIDS                  Absenteeism, Turnover, Complaints,
                             Poor Performance, Poor Vigilance


     ABATES                  Accidents, Production Problems,
                               Poor Quality, Scrap/Rework


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                   Slide 67
Job And Work Station Design

                       GOOD JOB DESIGN
                                         EMPLOYEE:
     PREVENTS                Economic Loss, Loss in Earning Power,
                             Loss in Quality of Life, Pain & Suffering

                                          EMPLOYER:
     PREVENTS                Economic Loss, Loss in Expertise,
                             Compensation Costs, Damaged Goods
                             & Equipment



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                   Slide 68
Job And Work Station Design

                       DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

              Design for the Range-of-Motion of the Worker
              Design for the Field of Vision of the Worker
              Design out Extreme Ranges-of-Motion
              Reduce Force in Job Accomplishment
              Reduce the Frequency of Motions Required
              Reduce the Duration of a Specific Task
              Design to Provide Adequate Support to Back, and Legs



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                      Slide 69
Job And Work Station Design

                       DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

             Incorporate Adjustable Work Surfaces
             Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Heights
             Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Reaches
             Design Work Platforms with Ranges-of-Movement
             Incorporate the use of Mechanical or Powered Assists
             Incorporate the use of Suspension Devices for Tools
             Incorporate the use of Floor mats to Reduce Leg Trauma



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                       Slide 70
Job And Work Station Design


                        THE BOTTOM LINE

                      Do not design for the average!
                      Do not design for yourself!
                      The large must be able to fit!
                      The small must be able to reach!
                      Design for a range!
                      Design for adjustability!

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                          Slide 71
Job And Work Station Design



                         WHAT ADDITIONAL
                              DESIGN
                         CONSIDERATIONS
                         CAN YOU THINK OF
                            FOR WORK
                            STATIONS?




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                Slide 72
Job And Work Station Design

                       DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

                 Consider the Gender and Age of Users.
                 The Specific Use of the Tool Is Critical.
                 Contact Manufactures for Their Assistance.
                 Make Informed Decisions Before You Buy.
                 Don’t be Fooled by Misleading Advertising.
                 Any Other (than its intended) Use Negates Possibly All
                  Benefits and May Prove to be Detrimental to an Ergonomic
                  Program.


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                             Slide 73
Job And Work Station Design


                          REMEMBER

                       A TOOL WHICH IS CALLED AN
                        “ERGONOMIC TOOL”
                     IS ONLY AN ERGONOMIC TOOL
                   WHEN IT IS USED FOR ITS INTENDED
                               PURPOSE

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                      Slide 74
Tool Design And Selection

                           CONSIDERATIONS

                                         PINCHPOINTS
                        STRAIGHT WRIST
                                          WEIGHT
                                               TORQUE

                                               VIBRATION

                                             SAFE BALANCE

                                   FIRM GRIP

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                            Slide 75
Tool Design And Selection


        Tools come in endless variety, the next few slides
         provide some considerations to think about.




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                              Slide 76
Tool Design And Selection

                         HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS



            Criteria        consideration

             Diameter             - avoid one size fits all

             Hand fit             - avoid grooves and contours
                                     that cause pressure points

             Handle               - non-conductive
              Material             - textured to avoid slip or twist
                                   - Consider thickness


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                       Slide 77
Tools whose handles
          are      sized     and
          shaped               to
          complement          the
          hand, require less
          effort to use, thereby
          reducing the muscle
          fatigue that leads to
          discomfort.



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                    Slide 78
Tool Design And Selection

                       HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS



          Criteria             consideration

           Orientation        - accommodates straight wrist?

           Span               - not too large to grasp easily?

           Grip strength      - consider powered tools when
                                 operator has difficulty with
                                 forces or high repetition!


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                  Slide 79
Adjustability in tools, or
          multiple tool designs, is
          important     because     it
          allows for neutral postures
          to be adopted

          When       selecting       or
          purchasing                  a
          tool, consider the ability of
          the tool’s handle to be
          adjusted      in    multiple
          positions to keep the wrist
          in a neutral posture



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                          Slide 80
Tool Design And Selection

                       GUARDING CONSIDERATIONS




          Criteria              consideration

           Pinch points        - pinch and nip points covered?

                                - Stopper to avoid closing fingers?

           Exhaust             - pointed away from hand and body?



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                      Slide 81
Tool Design And Selection

                         FREE HAND CONSIDERATIONS




              Criteria         consideration


               Free hand use         - jigs and fixtures to hold work

                                      - Fixtures can even hold tool



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                         Slide 82
When purchasing heavy power tools, consider features that allow the
           tool to be held with both hands.

           When operating heavy tools, take advantage of features that allow for
           greater control of the tool and less fatigue.

Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                               Slide 83
Tool Design And Selection

                       STORAGE OF TOOL BETWEEN CYCLES




           Criteria             consideration

            Between cycles     - suspend if frequently grasped or
                                  released

                                - Consider workstation or waist
                                  mounted holster



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                     Slide 84
Tool Design And Selection

                       POWER TOOLS




            Criteria           consideration

             Center of         - should be near fist
              Gravity           - avoid nose-heavy tools
             Weight            - support or counterbalance
                                  if over two pounds




Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                              Slide 85
Tool Design And Selection

                       POWER TOOLS




          Criteria              consideration

           Trigger location   - placed with grip so digits
                                 don’t have to reach
           Trigger tension    - light enough to avoid fatigue,
                                 heavy enough to avoid
                                 accidental activation
           Size               - preferably large enough to
                                 span multiple fingers


Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                  Slide 86
Tool Design And Selection

                       POWER TOOLS




          Criteria               consideration

           Power               - torque and speed should be adequate
                                  to match fastening requirements

           Hose connection     - swivel connection reduces “moment”
                                  created by dangling hose



Semester 2 2011/2012
                                                                    Slide 87

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Ech 5511 ergonomic control

  • 1. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 1
  • 3. Ergonomics VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:  The study of man’s relationship with his or her workplace.  Fitting the task to the person rather than forcing him/her to adapt to the work environment.  Designing the workplace to prevent occupational injury and illness. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 3
  • 4. Ergonomics VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:  Discovering the capabilities and limitations of the human body.  The art and science that addresses workers’ job performance and well-being in relation to their job tasks, tools, equipment and environment.  The study of the relationship between people and machines or between employees and their environment. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 4
  • 5. Ergonomics VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:  The study of the interaction between the worker and the process at the workplace. WHAT OTHER DEFINITIONS HAVE YOU HEARD? Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 5
  • 6. Ergonomics ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF ALL WORKPLACE INJURIES. ERGONOMICS WILL HELP:  Improve quality.  Improve absenteeism.  Maintain a healthier work force.  Reduce injury and illness rates.  Acceptance of high-turnover jobs.  Workers feel good about their work.  Reduce workers’ compensation costs.  Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level of awareness. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 6
  • 7. Ergonomics “It is estimated that in the United States, 97% of the money spent for medical care is directed toward treatment of an illness, injury or disability. Only 3% is spent on prevention.” Self-help Manual for your Back H. Duane Saunders, MSPT by Educational Opportunities Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 7
  • 8. Historical progression of WMSDs (Work related Musculoskeletel disorders) Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 8
  • 9. Ergonomics A Multi-disciplinary Approach THINK ABOUT THE NUMBER OF WAYS ERGONOMICS IMPACTS OUR DAILY LIFE! Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 9
  • 10. Ergonomics A Multi-disciplinary Approach FOR EXAMPLE! The science of ergonomics is critically important in the continuing development of the AUTOMOBILE! Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 10
  • 11. Ergonomics A Multi-disciplinary Approach THE FOLLOWING DISCIPLINES HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE:  Economics  Sociology  Physiology  Psychology  Biomechanics  Physical Sciences  Management Philosophies  Engineering, Industrial Design  Safety & Health, Human Factors Engineering Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 11
  • 12. Program Implementation IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ERGONOMIC PROGRAM REQUIRES:  Personal Interest  Dedication  Management Commitment NOTE: UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL! Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 12
  • 13. Typical Applications APPLICATIONS  Work station design  Tool selection and design  Office safety improvement  Video display terminals (VDT’s) safety  Back injury reduction and prevention  Manual material handling improvement  Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) reduction Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 13
  • 14. Industrial Hygiene And Ergonomic Controls ENGINEERING CONTROLS  1st CHOICE  Work Station Design  Tool Selection and Design  Process Modification  Mechanical Assist  ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS  2nd CHOICE  Training Programs  Job Rotation/Enlargement  Pacing  Policy and Procedures  PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE  Gloves  Wraps  Shields  Eye Protection  Non-Slip Shoes  Aprons Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 14
  • 15. Source of ergonomic hazards 1. The work itself 2. The workstation 3. Workpiece / tools 4. Working environment Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 15
  • 16. Industrial Hygiene And Ergonomic Controls  OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS: Occupational risk factors are defined as any attribute of a job or task that we know increases the probability of injury or illness.  INAPPROPRIATE 1. Force - Including- Internal or External 2. Posture - Such as - Extreme Twisting or Bending 3. Repetition - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion 4. Insufficient Rest - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 16
  • 17. Industrial Hygiene And Ergonomic Controls  WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO 4 MAIN PARTS: 1. Gathering information from available sources. 2. Conducting baseline screening surveys to determine which jobs need a closer analysis. 3. Performing ergonomic job hazard analyses of those work stations with identified risk factors. 4. After implementing control measures, conducting periodic surveys and follow-up to evaluate changes. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 17
  • 18. Industrial Hygiene And Ergonomic Controls TANGIBLE INDICATORS:  Accident Records  Production Records  Personnel Records  Employee Surveys Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 18
  • 19. WORKSITE ANALYSIS Continued SYMPTOM SURVEY 1. Note areas of pain or discomfort! 2. What do you feel is the source? 3. What environmental changes would help? 4. What other feedback can be gathered? FRONT BACK Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 19
  • 20. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS WHAT TANGIBLE INDICATORS WOULD BE MOST USEFUL TO YOU? Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 20
  • 21. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS INCIDENCE RATES: incidence rates for upper extremity disorders and/or back injuries should be calculated by counting the incidences of CTDs and reporting the incidences per 100 full time workers per year per facility. INCIDENCE RATE (NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200,000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR  200,000 = approximate annual work hours for 100 workers.  The same method should be applied to departments, production lines, or job types within each facility. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 21
  • 22. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS • SAMPLE INCIDENCE RATE CALCULATION: (Number of new cases (200,000 work hrs*) per facility Number of hours worked/facility/yr If you experienced 2 carpal tunnel cases last year, in a population of 100 employees. What is the incidence rate? 2 X 200,000 IR = 100 X (50 X 40 hrs) 400,000 IR = 2 CASES OF CARPAL TUNNEL PER IR = 200,000 100 PERSON-YEARS OF EXPOSURE * 200,000 = approximate annual work hours for 100 workers. * The same method should be applied to departments, production lines, or job types within each facility. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 22
  • 23. ANTHROPOMETRY ANTHROPOMETRY: The technology of measuring and quantifying various human physical traits such as size, weight, proportion, mobility and strength. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 23
  • 24. Anthropometry Engineering Anthropometry: The application of anthropometric data to equipment, workplace and job design to enhance the efficiency, safety and comfort of the operator. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 24
  • 25. Anthropometric Measurements • When designing products it is important to remember that people come in many sizes and shapes. • Anthropometric data varies considerably between regional populations. • For example, Scandinavian populations tend to be taller, while Asian and Italian populations tend to be shorter. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 25
  • 26. Anthropometric Measurements The relative sizes of different percentile humans. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 26
  • 27. Anthropometric Measurements • It is common practice to design for the 5th percentile (5th%) female to the 95th percentile (95th%) male. • The 5th% female value for a particular dimension (e.g. Sitting height) usually represents the smallest measurement for design in a population. • Conversely, a 95th% male value may represent the largest dimension for which one is designing. • The 5th% to 95th% range accommodates approximately 90% of the population. • To design for a larger portion of the population, one might use the range from the 1st% female to the 99th% male. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 27
  • 28. Common Ranges Of Measurements (For Office Furniture Design. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 28
  • 30. Common ranges of measurements used in office furniture design. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 30
  • 31. Common Workplace Postures There are common postures found in the office environment that can be considered when designing workplace products or space. • Standing • Sitting • Reaching • Moving Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 31
  • 32. Standing Desk height for a standing operator can range from 28 - 43“ (Grandjean, 1997) depending on whether the desk is for precision, light, or heavy work. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 32
  • 33. Sitting • Knowing what parameters to design for while the user is seated can help increase the comfort of the user. • Common seated anthropometric measurements can be seen in slide 17 • Spine and Lumbar – Maintaining the neutral, or standing shape of the lumbar, or lower spinal area, is important for comfort and posture. – Chairs can give appropriate and correct lumbar support. – This seated lumbar support will help the spine maintain an S- shaped curve similar to the spine’s shape when standing (as seen in Figure 5.) Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 33
  • 35. Sitting • Posture – Correct seated posture is a continual debate with ergonomic professionals. – Some say that users need to have a 90-90-90 degree placement for the elbow, hip, and knee joints, respectively. – Others feel that a variation in this placement is better, as long as it does not lead to slouching or hunching over. – A good seated posture is one that is comfortable and does not put a lot of stress or strain on the user’s buttocks, back, or arm muscles, and allows the user’s feet to be on the floor. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 35
  • 36. Reaching • The workstation, and parts that go with workstations (such as overhead storage and pedestals), should allow the majority of movement of the user’s body joints within healthy zones. • When designing products, consider how much individuals will have to reach in order to minimize awkward or unhealthy positions. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 36
  • 37. Moving • Users will move around in their environment to file papers, answer a phone, or stretch. • An occasional break from sitting is encouraged because it helps to stimulate muscles, and increases blood flow, which decreases fatigue. • The space in a cubicle or desk area should allow the chair to move around easily. • Also, a wheelchair may need to turn around or move in the office space, requiring a 60" diameter turning radius and at least 36" of passage width Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 37
  • 38. Moving • Chairs and other devices in the workspace can allow the user to easily get up and move around without having to move armrests, adjust other chair settings, or put undue stress on the body. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 38
  • 39. Ranges of motion (ROM) for different joints. • Zone 0 (Green Zone) Preferred zone for most movements. Puts minimal stress on muscles and joints. • Zone 1 (Yellow Zone) Preferred zone for most movements. Puts minimal stress on muscles and joints. • Zone 2 (Red Zone) More extreme position for limbs. Puts greater strain on muscles and joints. • Zone 3 (Beyond Red Zone) Most extreme positions for limbs, should be avoided if possible, especially with heavy lifting or repetitive tasks. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 39
  • 40. Repetitive Motions • If repetitive tasks are necessary, minimizing the number of continuous movements can help reduce the risk of injuries. • There is no specific number for minimum daily repetitions. • The factors affecting repetitive tasks include user’s muscle strength, amount of force required, and type of task. • Decreasing the amount of force required to perform a task will also lower the risk of pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 40
  • 41. Neutral and awkward wrist postures Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 41
  • 42. Neutral and awkward elbow postures Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 42
  • 43. Neutral and awkward shoulder postures Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 43
  • 44. Neutral and awkward back postures Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 44
  • 45. Wrist posture with the keyboard placed at different positions, including flat, positive, and negative tilt Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 45
  • 46. When body joints are in awkward postures, maximum force produced decreases. Muscle fatigue will occur earlier when working in an awkward posture instead of a neutral posture. Hand dynamometer Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 46
  • 47. Pinch grip & power grip  A power grip curls the fingers toward the palm; a pinch grip presses the thumb against the fingers of the hand or an object, and does not involve the palm.  The amount of force that can be generated depends on the type of grip and the width of the grip. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 47
  • 48. Fatigue Failure Endplate fractures usually occur through repeated loading, by a process known as fatigue failure The vertebrae of the back can have multiple sub-failures that are not visible but can result in complete failure over time. The number of cycles that lead to failure of the vertebrae varies across the population. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 48
  • 49. Moment Arms And Lifting Principles • Reduce the weight of the object being lifted. • Keep loads close to the body when lifting. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 49
  • 50. Moment Arms And Lifting The length of the moment arm and weight of the object both affect the forces exerted by the lower-back muscles. The size and shape of the object lifted or carried, existence of barriers, and design of workstations are all factors that affect the moment arm of an object being lifted or carried. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 50
  • 51. Ergonomic Risk Factors PERSONAL RISK FACTORS 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Attitude 4. Training 5. Strength 6. Work Method 7. Anthropometry Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 51
  • 52. Ergonomic Risk Factors JOB RISK FACTORS 1. Weight of load 2. Location/size of load 3. Frequency of the Task 4. Duration and pace of cycle 5. Stability of load 6. Coupling of load 7. Travel distances of worker 8. Reach distances of worker 9. Symmetry between worker and the object held Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 52
  • 53. Ergonomic Risk Factors JOB RISK FACTORS 10. Static work posture a) Standing b) Sitting 11. Work platforms or stairs 12. Torso flexion (bending) a) Mild (up to 45 degrees) b) Severe (greater than 45 degrees) 13. Work heights (too high or too low) 14. Floor surfaces (wet, smooth, vibration) Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 53
  • 54. Ergonomic Risk Factors JOB RISK FACTORS 15. Environment a) Hot (sweat, reduced grip, fatigue) b) Cold (gloves reduce grip by as much as 30%) 16. Lighting a) posture problems (because of inability to see) 17. Noise/vibration a) Frequency very important b) Can amplify through the body Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 54
  • 55. Ergonomic Risk Factors WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH YOUR JOB? Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 55
  • 56. Job And Task Analysis UNIT LOADS: DEFINED AS: The unit to be moved or handled at any one time. THE CONTAINER, CARRIER, OR SUPPORT USED TO MOVE MATERIALS MUST BE INCLUDED AS PART OF THE UNIT LOAD. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 56
  • 57. Job And Task Analysis FACTORS AFFECTING UNIT LOADS  The material to be utilized  The quantity of material to be handled  The susceptibility of the material to damage  The number of times the unit load is handled  The receiving, storing, shipping, and handling methods  The environmental conditions to which the load is exposed Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 57
  • 58. Job And Task Analysis DESIGNING THE UNIT LOAD  Optimize the weight of the load  Reduce the size of the load  Insure stability of the load  Optimize load coupling - HAND TO LOAD - FOOT TO FLOOR Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 58
  • 59. Job And Task Analysis DEFINITION OF TERMS:  Fundamental Movements or acts “ELEMENT” - Search - Inspect - Select - Assemble - Grasp - Disassemble - Reach - Delay (unavoidable) - Move - Delay (avoidable) - Hold - Plan - Position - Rest (overcome fatigue) Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 59
  • 60. Job And Task Analysis DEFINITION OF TERMS:  The time required to complete one sequence of tasks sub- tasks, or elements. “CYCLE”  Example: 1. Assemble new box 2. Put bottles in box from conveyor 3. Stack boxes on pallet 4. Go to step 1 Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 60
  • 61. Job And Task Analysis TASK ANALYSIS  Identify the job to study  Collect the data  Evaluate the data  Formulate control measures Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 61
  • 62. Job And Task Analysis IDENTIFYING THE JOB TO STUDY  Accident investigations  Accident statistics  Complaints & operator feedback  Production bottlenecks, high errors  High employee turnover jobs Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 62
  • 63. Job And Task Analysis COLLECTING THE DATA  Direct observation  Video tape  Action photographs  Documentary accounts  Accident statistics Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 63
  • 64. Job And Task Analysis EVALUATING THE DATA  Task description  Sub-task description  Element description  Risk factor/hazard identification Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 64
  • 65. Job And Task Analysis FORMULATING CONTROL MEASURES  Application of ergonomic principles  Corrective action for non-compliance  Eliminate or reduce exposure Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 65
  • 66. Job And Task Analysis TASK ANALYSIS FORM  TASK DESCRIPTION - Action Being Performed  LEFT HAND - Usage  RIGHT HAND - Usage  FREQUENCY - Usually per minute  NOTES - Supporting information  POSTURE - Acceptable to extreme  FORCE - High, Medium, Low  DURATION - Length of Stressor Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 66
  • 67. Job And Work Station Design GOOD JOB DESIGN REDUCES Discomfort, Fatigue, Aches & Pains Injuries & Illnesses, Work Restrictions AVOIDS Absenteeism, Turnover, Complaints, Poor Performance, Poor Vigilance ABATES Accidents, Production Problems, Poor Quality, Scrap/Rework Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 67
  • 68. Job And Work Station Design GOOD JOB DESIGN EMPLOYEE: PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Earning Power, Loss in Quality of Life, Pain & Suffering EMPLOYER: PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Expertise, Compensation Costs, Damaged Goods & Equipment Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 68
  • 69. Job And Work Station Design DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS  Design for the Range-of-Motion of the Worker  Design for the Field of Vision of the Worker  Design out Extreme Ranges-of-Motion  Reduce Force in Job Accomplishment  Reduce the Frequency of Motions Required  Reduce the Duration of a Specific Task  Design to Provide Adequate Support to Back, and Legs Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 69
  • 70. Job And Work Station Design DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS  Incorporate Adjustable Work Surfaces  Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Heights  Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Reaches  Design Work Platforms with Ranges-of-Movement  Incorporate the use of Mechanical or Powered Assists  Incorporate the use of Suspension Devices for Tools  Incorporate the use of Floor mats to Reduce Leg Trauma Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 70
  • 71. Job And Work Station Design THE BOTTOM LINE  Do not design for the average!  Do not design for yourself!  The large must be able to fit!  The small must be able to reach!  Design for a range!  Design for adjustability! Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 71
  • 72. Job And Work Station Design WHAT ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CAN YOU THINK OF FOR WORK STATIONS? Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 72
  • 73. Job And Work Station Design DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS  Consider the Gender and Age of Users.  The Specific Use of the Tool Is Critical.  Contact Manufactures for Their Assistance.  Make Informed Decisions Before You Buy.  Don’t be Fooled by Misleading Advertising.  Any Other (than its intended) Use Negates Possibly All Benefits and May Prove to be Detrimental to an Ergonomic Program. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 73
  • 74. Job And Work Station Design REMEMBER A TOOL WHICH IS CALLED AN “ERGONOMIC TOOL” IS ONLY AN ERGONOMIC TOOL WHEN IT IS USED FOR ITS INTENDED PURPOSE Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 74
  • 75. Tool Design And Selection CONSIDERATIONS PINCHPOINTS STRAIGHT WRIST WEIGHT TORQUE VIBRATION SAFE BALANCE FIRM GRIP Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 75
  • 76. Tool Design And Selection  Tools come in endless variety, the next few slides provide some considerations to think about. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 76
  • 77. Tool Design And Selection HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS Criteria consideration  Diameter - avoid one size fits all  Hand fit - avoid grooves and contours that cause pressure points  Handle - non-conductive Material - textured to avoid slip or twist - Consider thickness Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 77
  • 78. Tools whose handles are sized and shaped to complement the hand, require less effort to use, thereby reducing the muscle fatigue that leads to discomfort. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 78
  • 79. Tool Design And Selection HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS Criteria consideration  Orientation - accommodates straight wrist?  Span - not too large to grasp easily?  Grip strength - consider powered tools when operator has difficulty with forces or high repetition! Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 79
  • 80. Adjustability in tools, or multiple tool designs, is important because it allows for neutral postures to be adopted When selecting or purchasing a tool, consider the ability of the tool’s handle to be adjusted in multiple positions to keep the wrist in a neutral posture Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 80
  • 81. Tool Design And Selection GUARDING CONSIDERATIONS Criteria consideration  Pinch points - pinch and nip points covered? - Stopper to avoid closing fingers?  Exhaust - pointed away from hand and body? Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 81
  • 82. Tool Design And Selection FREE HAND CONSIDERATIONS Criteria consideration  Free hand use - jigs and fixtures to hold work - Fixtures can even hold tool Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 82
  • 83. When purchasing heavy power tools, consider features that allow the tool to be held with both hands. When operating heavy tools, take advantage of features that allow for greater control of the tool and less fatigue. Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 83
  • 84. Tool Design And Selection STORAGE OF TOOL BETWEEN CYCLES Criteria consideration  Between cycles - suspend if frequently grasped or released - Consider workstation or waist mounted holster Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 84
  • 85. Tool Design And Selection POWER TOOLS Criteria consideration  Center of - should be near fist Gravity - avoid nose-heavy tools  Weight - support or counterbalance if over two pounds Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 85
  • 86. Tool Design And Selection POWER TOOLS Criteria consideration  Trigger location - placed with grip so digits don’t have to reach  Trigger tension - light enough to avoid fatigue, heavy enough to avoid accidental activation  Size - preferably large enough to span multiple fingers Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 86
  • 87. Tool Design And Selection POWER TOOLS Criteria consideration  Power - torque and speed should be adequate to match fastening requirements  Hose connection - swivel connection reduces “moment” created by dangling hose Semester 2 2011/2012 Slide 87