High Voltage

An Introduction to Electrical
System
Edited & Presented By :
Mohammed Zaid Shaikh
+97152-5953641

Electrical System
How Dependable Electricity Reaches You
Electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution

Electricity Generation

Electricity generation:
is the process of generating electric power from
sources of energy.
The fundamental principles of
electricity generation were discovered during the
1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist
Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used
today: electricity is generated by the movement of a
loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of
a magnet.
Sources of Energy can be classified majorly as,
1.Hydropower
2.Fossil Energy (Coal, Natural gas)
3.Nuclear Energy
4.Wind Energy
5.Renewable Energy ( Solar, Biomass)
Electricity (Power) Generation : Source of Energy
Use of Nuclear Energy in Electricity generation

Hydropower :
A nonpolluting renewable energy source,
hydroelectricity accounts for 20% of the
electricity consumed around the world.
Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Hydro Energy
Use of Hydro energy in Electricity Generation
Cross section of Turbine

Electrical System : Sources of Energy
Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy :
Nuclear energy
originates from the
splitting of uranium
atoms in a process
called fission. At the
power plant, the
fission process is used
to generate heat for
producing steam,
which is used by a
turbine to generate
electricity.

Electricity (Power) Generation : Source of Energy : Fossil Energy
Fossil fuels :
are formed over the course of millions of years from organic matter such as;
Prehistoric animals, sea organisms, and plants as they decay, are compressed, and heated and then trapped
underground where they have remained. Once discovered they are mined or pumped out to the earth’s surface and
used as a source of fuel such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy, which means once they have been burned and depleted there will
be no more left for human consumption for millions of years.
In other words, no human effort will result in the reproduction of new fossil fuels. Crude oil (called petroleum) is the
fossil fuel used most frequently by humans, as it is easier to extract than other forms of fossil fuels.
Another notorious, but somewhat “new” form of fossil fuels are bituminous sands, alternatively called oil sands, tar
sands, or oil shale. Oil that is suspended in sands in a gooey mixture just beneath the topsoil is extracted by stripping
entire forests of vegetation, then mixed with enormous quantities of water and chemicals which are dumped in
“tailings ponds” and then turned into usable fuels. Mining bituminous sands has been called a slow-motion oil spill
because of the widespread environmental destruction and inefficiency of the processes used to extract it.
Extracting oil often results in oil spills which harm local soil, water systems, and wildlife
Renewable sources of energy, such as wind power, wave energy, solar power, geothermal, and low-impact hydro, are
much more environmentally-safe, clean, and plentiful.

Electricity (Power) Generation : Source of Energy : Fossil Energy
Fossil fuels :
Such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum,
are the basis of the modern world's energy needs.
Deposits of organic material, subjected to millions
of years of heat and pressure, eventually develop
into natural sources of heat and energy. These
ancient stores of energy power our world today,
and as consumers it is important to understand why
and how they influence society.
The burning of fossil fuels – including gasoline,
diesel, jet fuel, kerosene, and so on – generates
greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide,
which have been linked to human-caused climate
change. Burning fossil fuels also results in other
environmental pollutants, including air pollution,
water and soil pollution, and more.
Use of Fossil Energy in Electricity generation

Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Geothermal
Super-heated water or
steam from earth's
interior utilized in
running the turbines of a
conventional power plant
to generate electricity.
Such plants are usually
small and suitable only
for the needs of a local
community. Iceland,
Italy, New Zealand,
Russia, and the US are
among the few countries
having the right-sized
geothermal energy fields.

The Definition of Photovoltaic: The word “photovoltaic”
combines two terms – “photo” means light and “voltaic”
means voltage. A photovoltaic system in this discussion uses
photovoltaic cells to directly convert sunlight into electricity.
Photovoltaic energy or a solar electric system generates
electricity naturally and efficiently. To understand how
photovoltaic power harnesses electricity one must first
understand the basic underlying physics and the design of a
photovoltaic device. This is a fully functional system that can
be used as a renewable resource in generating electric power.
The DOE or the Solar Energy Technologies Program of the
United States Department of Energy is constantly adding to
the expertise and knowledge of the field of photovoltaic
energy. As improvements are made in technology, in the field
of solar energy, there is an abundance of power derived from
the energy of the sun. Photovoltaic technology studies how
the sun’s energy can essentially work for us as a power
source.
Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Photovoltaic Energy

Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Wind Energy
Wind energy is energy collected from motion caused by heavy winds. Wind energy is collected in
turbines with propellers that spin when the wind blows and turn the motion of the propeller into
energy that can be used in the electrical grid. Wind energy is a clean, renewable energy source
that is abundant in windy areas. Large wind farms are often located outside of cities, supplying
power for electrical grids within the city.
Wind turbines come in a variety of sizes that can be used to supply power to individual buildings
or feed electricity into a grid system. They must be located above nearby buildings and trees to
work effectively for a home or building. Considerations to be taken when installing a wind
turbine include location, average wind speed, the height of the surrounding buildings and trees,
and the building’s connection to the electrical grid.

Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Wind Energy
The wind is one of the cleanest sources of
energy, and because it is a naturally
generated resource, it is also the most
abundant energy source on the planet
today. Wind power is energy that is created
through the conversion of wind into forms
that are more practically useful, such as
electricity. Wind energy is currently
supplying as much as 1% of the world’s
electricity use, however the power of wind
energy could potentially supply as much as
20% of global electricity.
Wind Diagram The Process Behind Wind Energy is Pretty Simple

Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Ocean Thermal Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC) uses
the temperature difference
between cooler deep and
warmer shallow or surface
ocean waters to run a heat
engine and produce useful
work, usually in the form of
electricity. However, the
temperature differential is
small and this impacts the
economic feasibility of
ocean thermal energy for
electricity generation.

Electricity generation:
is the process of generating electric
power from sources of energy.
.The fundamental principles of electricity
generation were discovered during the
1820s and early 1830s by the British
scientist Michael Faraday. His basic
method is still used today: electricity is
generated by the movement of a loop of
wire, or disc of copper between the poles
of a magnet.
Sources of Energy can be classified as,
1.Hydro Energy
2.Fossil Energy
3.Nuclear Energy
4.Renewable Energy
Power Plant using Nuclear Fission to generate Electricity
Power Generation : Source of Energy : Power Plants

Electricity Generation & Distribution
Electricity(Power) Generation, Distribution
Generating electricity
Generators are the devices that
transfer kinetic energy into
electrical energy. Mains electricity is
produced by generators.
Turning generators directly
Generators can be turned directly,
for example by:
1.wind turbines
2.hydroelectric turbines
3.wave and tidal turbines
When electricity is generated using
wave, wind, tidal or hydroelectric
power (HEP) there are two steps
involved :
1.The turbine turns a generator.
2.Electricity is produced.

Electricity Generation & Distribution
Electricity(Power) Generation, Distribution
Generating electricity
Generators are the devices that transfer kinetic energy
into electrical energy. Mains electricity is produced by
generators.
Turning generators indirectly
Generators can be turned indirectly using fossil or
nuclear fuels. The heat from the fuel boils water to make
steam, which expands and pushes against the blades of
a turbine. The spinning turbine then turns the generator.
These are the steps by which electricity is generated
from fossil fuels:
Heat is released from a primary energy source fuel and
boils the water to make steam .
The steam turns the turbine.
The turbine turns a generator and electricity is
produced.
The electricity goes to the transformers to produce the
correct voltage.

Sources of Energy can be classified as,
1.Hydro Energy
2.Fossil Energy
3.Nuclear Energy
4.Renewable Energy
Fossil Energy :
Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum)
are the basis of the modern world's energy
needs. Deposits of organic material, subjected to
millions of years of heat and pressure,
eventually develop into natural sources of heat
and energy. These ancient stores of energy
power our world today, and as consumers it is
important to understand why and how they
influence society.
Power Generation : Source of Energy
Fossil fuel
A Traditional Fossil Energy Source

Electrical System : Electrcity Generation
Electricity is most often generated at a power
station by electromechanical generators, primarily
driven by heat engines fueled by chemical
combustion or nuclear fission but also by other
means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water
and wind.
There are many other technologies that can be and
are used to generate electricity such as solar
photovoltaics and geothermal power.
For electric utilities, it is the first process in the
delivery of electricity to consumers. The other
processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and
electrical power storage and recovery using
pumped-storage methods are normally carried out
by the electric power industry.
A coal-fired power plant in Laughlin, Nevada U.S.A.
Jeddah Power Plant ,will use super critical BOILERS , K.S.A
Power / Electricity Generation : Power Plants-Stations
Wind turbines in Texas, USA

Thermal Power Plants
Thermal power plants work by
heating water into steam, using that
steam to drive a turbine, and the
turbine to run an electrical generator.
In most thermal power plant designs,
fossil fuels are burned to provide the
heat.
Nuclear Power Plants
In a nuclear power plants, it is the
fission of heavy, unstable elements
that provides the source of heat for
boiling the water and making steam.
In all other respects, the actual
process of generating electricity is
the same as in a conventional thermal
power plant
Power / Electricity Generation :
Thermal Power Plants
Japan's Oi Nuclear Power Plant in Fukui prefecture

Sources of electricity in the U.S. in 2009 fossil fuel
generation (mainly coal) was the largest source.
Sources of electricity in France in 2006; nuclear power
was the main source.
Power / Electricity Generation : Source

Electrical System : Power Station
A power station (also referred to as a generating station, power
plant, powerhouse or generating plant) is an industrial facility
for the generation of electric power. At the center of nearly all
power stations is a generator, a rotating machine that converts
mechanical power into electrical power by creating relative
motion between a magnetic field and a conductor.
The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. It
depends chiefly on which fuels are easily available, cheap enough
and on the types of technology that the power company has access
to.
Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal,
oil, and natural gas to generate electricity, and some use nuclear
power, but there is an increasing use of cleaner renewable sources
such as solar, wind, wave and hydroelectric. Central power
stations produce AC power, after a brief Battle of Currents in the
19th century demonstrated the advantages of AC distribution.
Central Utah Coal Fired Power Plant
Big Bend Power Station
Power / Electricity Generation : Source

Electricity –Electrical Energy
There are seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy into
electrical energy:
1.Static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic generator
is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator and MHD generators.
Charge carriers are separated and physically transported to a position of increased electric
potential.
Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge (examples: triboelectric
effect and lightning)
2.Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamo or alternator transforms
kinetic energy (energy of motion) into electricity. This is the most used form for generating
electricity and is based on Faraday's law. It can be experimented by simply rotating a magnet
within closed loops of a conducting material (e.g. copper wire)
Methods Transforming Energy Electrical Energy

Electricity –Electrical Energy
3.Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a battery,
fuel cell or nerve impulse
4.Photoelectric effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar cells
5.Thermoelectric effect, the direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity, as in
thermocouples, thermopiles, and thermionic converters.
6.Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electrically anisotropic molecules or crystals.
Researchers at the US Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley
Lab) have developed a piezoelectric generator sufficient to operate a liquid crystal display using
thin films of M13 bacteriophage .
7..Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles (examples:
betavoltaics or alpha particle emission)
Methods Transforming Energy Electrical Energy

Turbines :
A turbine is a rotary
mechanical device that
extracts energy from a fluid
flow and converts it into
useful work. A turbine is a
turbomachine with at least
one moving part called a
rotor assembly, which is a
shaft or drum with blades
attached. Moving fluid acts
on the blades so that they
move and impart rotational
energy to the rotor. Early
turbine examples are
windmills and water
wheels.
Methods Transforming Energy Electrical Energy : Turbines
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Generator

In early days
Water wheels
and Wind mill
where used to
convert the
energy of free
flowing Water
and wind into
useful form of
power or
rotational
energy by
means of
fallings water or
vanes (sails)
Turbines : Early days Turbines
A water wheel is a machine for converting the
energy of free-flowing or falling water into
useful forms of power, often in a watermill.
A windmill is a machine that converts the
energy of wind into rotational energy by
means of vanes called sails
Wind mill, Amsterdam, Netherlands, built in
1757,
A waterwheel standing 42ft (13m) high powers
the Old Mill at Berry College in Rome, Georgia,
USA

Sources of driving Turbines
include;
Steam :
Water is boiled by
Nuclear fission
The world runs on electricity, and
nuclear power is one method of
generating electricity. It makes
electricity using the same
principles as fossil fuel plants.
The fuel source creates heat to
turn water into steam. The steam
flows against the fins of a turbine
causing it to spin. Steam drives
the turbine. In a nuclear power
plant, fission creates the heat to
turn water into steam.
Turbines : Type of Turbines based on Sources : Steam
•Nuclear fission

Sources of driving TURBINES include:
Steam –
Water is boiled by
•Nuclear fission
•The burning of fossil fuels (coal,
natural gas, or petroleum). In hot gas
(gas turbine), turbines are driven
directly by gases produced by the
combustion of natural gas or oil.
Combined cycle gas turbine plants are
driven by both steam and natural gas.
They generate power by burning
natural gas in a gas turbine and use
residual heat to generate additional
electricity from steam. These plants
offer efficiencies of up to 60%.
Nuclear Turbines versus Coal
Turbines
Nuclear Turbines versus Coal Turbines Sandia's Closed Loop Carbon
Dioxide Gas Turbine
Oil or Natural Gas to Generate Heat. In a
Nuclear Energy Facility,enec.gov.ae

Sources of driving
TURBINES include:
•Renewables.
Solar thermal energy
(the sun as the
heat source): solar
parabolic troughs
and solar power
towers
concentrate
sunlight to heat a
heat transfer fluid,
which is then used
to produce steam.
Solar Thermal Plants use the sun's heat to
run steam turbines
Solar Thermal Energy
Sunrise on Solar Thermal Research Hub
Solar Power Tower

Sources of driving
TURBINES include:
•Renewables.
Geothermal power.
Either steam under
pressure emerges
from the ground
and drives a
turbine or hot
water evaporates a
low boiling liquid
to create vapour to
drive a turbine.
Blue Lagoon Geothermal Power Plant,
Iceland
MATSUKAWA Geothermal Power Station
Iwate, JAPAN
Geothermal Power Turbine Geothermal Power Turbine

Sources of driving
TURBINES include:
•Renewables.
Ocean thermal
energy
conversion
(OTEC ): uses
the small
difference
between cooler
deep and
warmer surface
ocean waters to
run a heat
engine (usually
a turbine).
The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion-
Via the Guardian & the Telegraph
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion is based on
the work of ..

Sources of driving
TURBINES include:
•Renewable.
Biomass:
What is biomass?
Energy from biomass is
produced from organic
matter of recent origin. It
does not include fossil
fuels, which have taken
millions of years to form.
Although there are many
different forms of biomass,
the focus here is wood fuel
as the most common fuel
option for heat production.
GE's Biomass Steam Turbine
Product Line Offers a Compact,
Biomass Extraction Cum Condensing
Turbine.
Operates a Proprietary Direct Fired
Biomass Fueled Gas Turbine
Turbine house, generator in a biomass
co-generation plant,

Turbines
Biomass:
How is it carbon neutral?
As the wood is burned, CO2 is released,
but this will be equivalent to the amount
absorbed by the plant when it was growing.
There are emissions associated with the
production and transportation of wood fuel,
but if transportation distances are short (no
more than 25 miles), the use of wood to
generate heat is generally regarded as being
carbon neutral.
To also be sustainable, the rate of use must
be the same as or less than the rate of
natural replenishment. It is therefore
important to ensure that fuel supply is from
a renewable source.

Turbines
Other renewable sources:
Water (hydroelectric) -
Turbine blades are acted upon
by flowing water, produced by
hydroelectric dams or tidal
forces.
Wind - Most wind turbines
generate electricity from
naturally occurring wind.
Solar updraft towers use wind
that is artificially produced
inside the chimney by heating
it with sunlight, and are more
properly seen as forms of
solar thermal energy
Hydroelectric Water Turbine
Hydroelectricity Water TurbineWater Turbine
water turbine that can generate
pollution-free electricity for a
city.

Reciprocating engines
Small electricity generators are often
powered by reciprocating engines
burning diesel, biogas or natural gas.
Diesel engines are often used for back up
generation, usually at low voltages.
However most large power grids also use
diesel generators, originally provided as
emergency back up for a specific facility
such as a hospital, to feed power into the
grid during certain circumstances. Biogas
is often combusted where it is produced,
such as a landfill or wastewater treatment
plant, with a reciprocating engine or a
microturbine, which is a small gas
turbine.
Advanced reciprocating engines will run at higher pressures and higher ...
Reciprocating engine

Photovoltaic panels
Unlike the solar heat concentrators mentioned above,
photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity.
Although sunlight is free and abundant, solar electricity is still
usually more expensive to produce than large-scale
mechanically generated power due to the cost of the panels.
Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been decreasing in cost
and multijunction cells with close to 30% conversion efficiency
are now commercially available. Over 40% efficiency has been
demonstrated in experimental systems.[8] Until recently,
photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where
there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a
supplemental electricity source for individual homes and
businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and
photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by
environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the
deployment of solar panels. Installed capacity is growing by
40% per year led by increases in Germany, Japan, California and
New Jersey.
Electricity generation with wind turbines,
photovoltaics and biogas
Solar photovoltaic panels and micro wind turbines
produce electricity

Other generation methods :Various other technologies have been studied and developed for power
generation. Solid-state generation (without moving parts) is of particular interest in portable applications.
This area is largely dominated by thermoelectric (TE) devices, though thermionic (TI) and
thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems have been developed as well. Typically, TE devices are used at lower
temperatures than TI and TPV systems. Piezoelectric devices are used for power generation from mechanical
strain, particularly in power harvesting. Betavoltaics are another type of solid-state power generator which
produces electricity from radioactive decay. Fluid-based magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation
has been studied as a method for extracting electrical power from nuclear reactors and also from more
conventional fuel combustion systems. Osmotic power finally is another possibility at places where salt and
sweet water merges (e.g. deltas, ...) Electrochemical electricity generation is also important in portable and
mobile applications. Currently, most electrochemical power comes from closed electrochemical cells
("batteries"),[9] which are arguably utilized more as storage systems than generation systems; but open
electrochemical systems, known as fuel cells, have been undergoing a great deal of research and development
in the last few years. Fuel cells can be used to extract power either from natural fuels or from synthesized
fuels (mainly electrolytic hydrogen) and so can be viewed as either generation systems or storage systems
depending on their use.

Photovoltaic panels
Unlike the solar heat concentrators mentioned above, photovoltaic panels convert sunlight
directly to electricity. Although sunlight is free and abundant, solar electricity is still usually
more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically generated power due to the cost of the
panels. Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been decreasing in cost and multijunction cells
with close to 30% conversion efficiency are now commercially available. Over 40% efficiency
has been demonstrated in experimental systems.[8] Until recently, photovoltaics were most
commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a
supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in
manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by
environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed
capacity is growing by 40% per year led by increases in Germany, Japan, California and New
Jersey

Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating
electrical power by converting solar radiation into
direct current electricity using semiconductors that
exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power
generation employs solar panels composed of a
number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic
material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics
include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline
silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and
copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the
growing demand for renewable energy sources, the
manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays
has advanced considerably in recent years.
Nellis Solar Power Plant at Nellis Air Force Base in
the USA. These panels track the sun in one axis

High voltage
High voltage transmission
High voltage is used for electric power transmission to reduce the energy lost in the resistance of the wires.
For a given quantity of power transmitted and size of conductor, doubling the voltage will deliver the
same power at only half the current. Since the power lost as heat in the wires is proportional to the square
of the current, but does not depend on the voltage, doubling the voltage reduces the line-loss loss per unit
of electrical power delivered by a factor of 4. While power lost in transmission can also be reduced by
increasing the conductor size, larger conductors are heavier and more expensive.
High voltages cannot easily be used for lighting and motors, and so transmission-level voltages must be
reduced to values compatible with end-use equipment. Transformers are used to change the voltage level
in alternating current (AC) transmission circuits. AC became dominant after the War of Currents
competition between the direct current (DC) system of Thomas Edison and the AC system of George
Westinghouse because transformers made voltage changes practical and generators using AC were more
efficient than those using DC.
Practical conversion between AC and high power high voltage DC became possible with the development of
power electronics devices such as mercury arc valves and, starting in the 1970s, semiconductor devices
such as thyristors and later variants such as integrated gate-commutated thyristors (IGCTs), MOS
controlled thyristors (MCTs) and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBT).

High voltage
Overhead line systems
The capacitive effect of long underground or undersea cables in AC
transmission applications also applies to AC overhead lines,
although to a much lesser extent. Nevertheless, for a long AC
overhead transmission line, the current flowing just to charge
the line capacitance can be significant, and this reduces the
capability of the line to carry useful current to the load at the
remote end. Another factor that reduces the useful current
carrying ability of AC lines is the skin effect, which causes a
non-uniform distribution of current over the cross-sectional
area of the conductor. Transmission line conductors operating
with HVDC current do not suffer from either of these
constraints. Therefore, for the same conductor losses (or
heating effect), a given conductor can carry more current to the
load when operating with HVDC than AC.
Overhead Transmission Tower

Power lines
Electrical transmission and distribution lines for electric power always use
voltages significantly higher than 50 volts, so contact with or close
approach to the line conductors presents a danger of electrocution.
Contact with overhead wires is a frequent cause of injury or death.
Metal ladders, farm equipment, boat masts, construction machinery,
aerial antennas, and similar objects are frequently involved in fatal
contact with overhead wires. Digging into a buried cable can also be
dangerous to workers at an excavation site. Digging equipment (either
hand tools or machine driven) that contacts a buried cable may energize
piping or the ground in the area, resulting in electrocution of nearby
workers. A fault in a high-voltage transmission line or substation may
result in high currents flowing along the surface of the earth, producing
an earth potential rise that also presents a danger of electric shock.
Unauthorized persons climbing on power pylons or electrical apparatus are
also frequently the victims of electrocution.[6] At very high
transmission voltages even a close approach can be hazardous, since
the high voltage may spark across a significant air gap.
Electrical Transmission and Distribution
Line
High voltage

Elements of a Substatio
Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In a large
substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may
occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for
protection of distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although
a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as capacitors and voltage
regulators may also be located at a substation.
Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-purpose
buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations. Indoor substations are usually
found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to
protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution conditions.
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protect people from high
voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults at a substation can cause a
ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a fault can cause metal objects
to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a person's feet; this touch potential
presents a hazard of electrocution.

Elements of a Substation
A:Primary power lines' side B:Secondary power lines' side:
1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4.Transformer for
measurement of electric voltage 5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current
transformer 8.Lightning arrester 9.Main transformer 10.Control building 11.Security
fence 12.Secondary power lines

Substation
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low,
or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may
be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally
substations are un-attended, relying on SCADA for remote
supervision and control.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between
high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the
interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The word
substation comes from the days before the distribution system
became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller
generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving
their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own
generators. The first substations were connected to only one power
station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of
that power station
A 50 Hz electrical substation in
Melbourne. This is showing three of the
five 220 kV/66 kV transformers, each with
a capacity of 185 MVA

Transformer
A transformer is a power converter that transfers energy between two electrical circuits by
inductive coupling between two or more windings. A varying current in the primary winding
creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux
through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive
force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling.
If a load is connected to the secondary winding, current will flow in this winding, and
electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the
load. Transformers may be used for AC-to-AC conversion of a single power frequency, or for
conversion of signal power over a wide range of frequencies, such as audio or radio
frequencies.
In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to
the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns)
to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

Transformer
Sub-station Transformers :
This type of transformer is used in sub
stations to transfer the incoming
voltage to the next voltage level. It can
be system or auto transformer with
two/three windings. In general it is
equipped with On load tap changers
and are connected to transmission grids
by bushings and cables.
The system/auto transformer is built in
core form. HV/LV windings are
galvanically separated for system
transformer while they are Auto
connected for auto transformer.
Liquid Filled Power Transformers upto 200MVA,220KV

Transformer : Substation
132kV substation is part of
transmission and distribution of
power in which the transmission
voltage is 132kV. The substation
is for stepping down or stepping
up of the voltages to the required
voltage. the substation also serves
as a place where the transmission
lines can be isolated, controlled
and monitored. The substation
consists of different equipment
that is used to regulate, monitor
and distribute the required power.
132 KV Substation
132 KV Substation

Transformer : Substation
11kV/400V Package Substations Have Ratings Of 500kVA
Primary substation - when the
transformer is HV/MV or MV/MV.
e.g. substation designed for
132kV/33kV or 230kV/22kV or
33kV/11kV etc
stepped down for MV distribution
(mainly for utilities and heacy
industries)
Secondary substation - when the
transformer is HV/LV or MV/LV. e.g.
substation designed for 11kV/400V or
6.6kV/400V etc
stepped down for LV distribution
(mainly for residential, commercial)
sometime referred to as a kiosk
substation.
132/11-kV Substations in North of Kuwait

Transformer
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer
thus enables an alternating current (AC) voltage to be
"stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped
down" by making Ns less than Np. The windings are coils
wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers
being a notable exception.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units
weighing hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to
interconnect portions of power grids. All operate on the same
basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While
new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers
in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains")
voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric
power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission
economically practical.
High-voltage-transformer--Newcastle-upon-
Tyne_web
High Voltage Transformer

Switchgear
In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of
electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to
control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used
both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear
faults downstream. This type of equipment is important because it is
directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply.
The very earliest central power stations used simple open knife
switches, mounted on insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power
levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making opening manually
operated switches too dangerous for anything other than isolation of a
de-energized circuit. Oil-filled equipment allowed arc energy to be
contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a
switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with
electrically operated switching elements, using oil circuit breakers.
Today, oil-filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast,
vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing large currents and power levels
to be safely controlled by automatic equipment incorporating digital
controls, protection, metering and communications.
High voltage switchgear

High Voltage Switchgear
A section of a large switchgear panel, in this case, used to
control on-board casino boat power generation.
High voltage switchgear was invented at the
end of the 19th century for operating motors
and other electric machines.[1] The
technology has been improved over time and
can be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV.[2]
Typically, the switchgear in substations is
located on both the high voltage and the low
voltage side of large power transformers. The
switchgear on the low voltage side of the
transformers may be located in a building,
with medium-voltage circuit breakers for
distribution circuits, along with metering,
control, and protection equipment. For
industrial applications, a transformer and
switchgear line-up may be combined in one
housing, called a unitized substation or USS

Transformer
A delta-wye (Δ-Y) transformer is a type of three-phase
electric power transformer design that employs Delta on
primary and wye/star on secondary. A neutral wire can be
provided on wye output side. It can be a single three-
phase transformer, or built from three independent single-
phase units. The term Delta-Wye transformer is used in
North America, and Delta-Star system in Europe.
Delta-wye transformers are common in commercial,
industrial, and high-density residential locations, to supply
three-phase distribution systems.
An example would be a distribution transformer with a
delta primary, running on three 11kV phases with no
neutral or earth required, and a star (or wye) secondary
providing a 3-phase supply at 400 V, with the domestic
voltage of 230 available between each phase and an
earthed neutral point.
Star -Delta Transformer

Transformer
For three-phase supplies, a bank of three
individual single-phase transformers can be
used, or all three phases can be
incorporated as a single three-phase
transformer. In this case, the magnetic
circuits are connected together, the core
thus containing a three-phase flow of
flux.[58] A number of winding
configurations are possible, giving rise to
different attributes and phase shifts.[84] One
particular polyphase configuration is the
zigzag transformer, used for grounding and
in the suppression of harmonic currents.,[85]
Three-phase step-down transformer mounted between
two utility poles

Transformer
Pole-mounted distribution transformer with
center-tapped secondary winding. This type
of transformer is commonly used in North
America to provide 120/240 volt "split-
phase" power for residential and light
commercial use. Note that the center
"neutral" terminal is grounded to the
transformer

Generator Synchronizing & Control Panels
Synchronization panels are mainly
designed and used to meet power
system requirements. These panels
provide manual as well as automatic
synchronizing function for one or more
generator breakers. They are widely
used in synchronizing generators and
offering multiplexing solutions

Distribution Board
The low-voltage board meets all the requirements of industrial plant engineering. It features compact and
robust switchgear cabinet technology, which reflects the experience of has gained from using many different
systems. The mechanical design is based on individual switchboard cabinet panels built from tried and tested,
commercially available standard switchgear cabinet systems, e.g., made by Cubic™ or Rittal™.
Our Low Voltage system provides compact solutions for confined spaces. They are well designed and offer
plenty of space for performing terminal connection work.
The switchboard offers a high level of operational reliability. All systems are type-tested in accordance with
the latest production and quality criteria of DIN EN 60439, Part 1, form of inner separation 2b.They are
manufactured in SEG own production facilities in accordance with the latest production and quality criteria
of DIN ISO 9001.
Mechanical Features
Besides the use of conventional fixed mounted design, the Low system concept also allows a standardized
draw out assembly. No matter what type of construction is used, all switchgear cabinet panels are designed as
individual segments and built ready mounted as a subsystem in all panels. The individual subsystems are easy
to connect on site via strap joints.
The heat generated by the individual system components is dissipated externally via a ventilation system.
Full-width perforated plates (cross flow division into compartments) between each panel result in optimum
flow conditions and good heat dissipation.
LV / MV / MCC Switch Board Control Panels

Distribution Board
LV / MV / MCC Switch Board Control Panels
Busbar System
The busbar system is mounted on
the system cabinets (on top design).
It is designed to inhibit eddy
currents. The busbar compartment is
separated from the other built-in
compartments by partition plates.
One person can easily mount the
busbar subsystem for each panel.
The “on top” design not only
reduces the installation costs, it also
provides convenient access to the
busbar terminal points for later
inspection work.

Distribution Board
MCC Panels are Motor Control Centers consisting of the circuit
breakers, starters and its controls which are generally having
higher capacity to feed larger loads.
MCC Panels which basically consist of starters are used to start
or control the motors, water pumps, compressors, fans, conveyer
belts etc.
A motor control center (MCC) is an assembly of one or more
enclosed sections having a common power bus and principally
containing motor control units. Motor control centers are in
modern practice a factory assembly of several motor starters. A
motor control center can include variable frequency drives,
programmable controllers, and metering and may also be the
electrical service entrance for the building. Motor control centers
are usually used for low voltage three-phase alternating current
motors from 208 V to 600 V. Medium-voltage motor control
centers are made for large motors running at 2300 V to around
15000 V, using vacuum contactors for switching and with
separate compartments for power switching and control.
MCC Panel
MCC Panel

Distribution Board
Power distribution board is a system by which the electrical energy is transmitted via branches to
reach the exact user. It is categorized into LV panels/ MDBs, SMDBs and the final Dbs.
• Main Distribution board: The LV Panels/mains distribution originates at the mains intake
which is located next to the transformer and radiates out throughout in a branching or tree
like fashion.
• Sub Main Distribution board: The Main Distribution board then feeds a Sub main
distribution board which is installed half way
through the mains distribution system, generally at the point where a large distribution cable
terminates, and several smaller
sub-circuits start
• Final distribution board: The final distribution board is generally installed locally to where
the electrical power is used
(point of utilization).
The power distribution boards are used for plants, industries, domestic purpose etc
Distribution Board : Components

Distribution Board
The electrical wiring is carried out to distribute current from a single
source of supply to various circuits, such arrangement of circuits is
made inside an enclosure called Distribution Board. The Distribution
Board is not merely an enclosure but a comprehensive system in
itself, comprising of copper bus bars, brass neutral links, earth links
to facilitate effective distribution of current. It incorporates safety
devices such as MCBs, ELCBs and Isolators, which serves to protect
the installation. A wide range of compact, elegant & economical DBs
with unique features, designed & engineered to provide user safety,
convenience and operational / maintenance advantages are offered.
Aesthetically superior DBs to suit the style of your home decor.
Complete range of DBs with detachable gland plates at the top and
bottom with knockouts on the sides of DB to increase the flexibility
of cables /conduit entry from all directions. Ready to use DBs that
are supplied with Neutral Links, Earth Links, Bus Bar and inter
connecting wire/links.
Distribution Board

Distribution Board
Power Distribution Board consists of Main Incomer of
250A/400A/630A etc upto 2500A or 4000A with
metering and indications and various numbers of
outgoing feeders of different ratings . Provision of
Horizontal / Vertical Busbars of adequate rating and
suitable cable alleys so as to terminate the cables from
top/bottom side.
The design of cabinet is suitable for the location
available which may be completed erected and
commissioned at site. The photograph shows internal
arrangement of components and Bus bars which is
designed for ease of maintenance and sufficient space
for cooling. All the safety precautions are duly taken
along with strongly supported busbars so as to sustain
the short circuits on outgoing side if any.
Power Distribution Boards (PDB) & Main Distribution Boards (MDB)

Distribution Board
Sub Main Distribution Boards
(SMDB)
Extremely economical for reducing
Power cabling costs. Installation
generally at load centers.
Sheet steel enclosed with Powder
coating In Cabinet (Wall mounting) or
Feeder Pillar (Floor mounting) design.
Outdoor or Indoor type with suitable
protection. Ample space for ease of
cable Termination. Complete with
MCCB/Switch/HRC fuses etc.
Customized to user requirements.
Sub Main Distribution Boards

Distribution Board
Final Distribution Boards :
It is a final connection of “domestic” or
small appliance loads that faults such as
loose connections are liable to occur.
CEL, over the years, has developed a
system of final distribution both wired
and back pan busbar types rigidly
connected and also available brought to
terminals for field connection. Floor and
wall mounted of single and or multi
cubicle design available.
Separate relay sections for emergency
lighting, outside lighting, heating, water
heating, etc. are part of the overall
package.
Final Distribution Boards

High voltage
High Voltage (Definition):
The use of the term high voltage usually (though not
always) means electrical energy at voltages high
enough to inflict harm or death upon living things.
Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage
warrant particular safety requirements and
procedures. In certain industries, high voltage
means voltage above a particular threshold (see
below).
High voltage is used in electrical power distribution,
in cathode ray tubes, to generate X-rays and
particle beams, to demonstrate arcing, for
ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and in high
power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial
and scientific applications
High voltages may lead to electrical breakdown, resulting in an
electrical discharge as illustrated by the plasma filaments streaming
from a Tesla coil.

The numerical definition of high voltage depends on context. Two factors considered in classifying a voltage
as "high voltage" are the possibility of causing a spark in air, and the danger of electric shock by contact
or proximity. The definitions may refer to the voltage between two conductors of a system, or
between any conductor and ground.
In electric power transmission engineering, high voltage is usually considered any voltage over
approximately 35,000 volts. This is a classification based on the design of apparatus and insulation.
The International Electrotechnical Commission and its national counterparts (IET, IEEE, VDE, etc.) define
high voltage as above 1000 V for alternating current, and at least 1500 V for direct current—and
distinguish it from low voltage (50–1000 V AC or 120–1500 V DC) and extra-low voltage (<50 V AC or
<120 V DC) circuits. This is in the context of building wiring and the safety of electrical apparatus.
In the United States 2005 National Electrical Code (NEC), high voltage is any voltage over 600 V (article
490.2). British Standard BS 7671:2008 defines high voltage as any voltage difference between
conductors that is higher than 1000 V AC or 1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a
conductor and Earth that is higher than 600 V AC or 900 V ripple-free DC.
High Voltage Definition

Electricians may only be licensed for particular voltage classes, in some jurisdictions. [1] For example, an electrical
license for a specialized sub-trade such as installation of HVAC systems, fire alarm systems, closed circuit
television systems may be authorized to install systems energized up to only 30 volts between conductors, and
may not be permitted to work on mains-voltage circuits. The general public may consider household mains
circuits (100–250 V AC), which carry the highest voltages they normally encounter, to be high voltage.
Voltages over approximately 50 volts can usually cause dangerous amounts of current to flow through a human being
who touches two points of a circuit—so safety standards, in general, are more restrictive around such circuits.
The definition of extra high voltage (EHV) again depends on context. In electric power transmission
engineering, EHV refers to equipment that carries more than 345,000 volts between conductors. In electronics
systems, a power supply that provides greater than 275,000 volts is called an EHV Power Supply, and is often
used in experiments in physics.
The accelerating voltage for a television cathode ray tube may be described as extra-high voltage or extra-high
tension (EHT), compared to other voltage supplies within the equipment. This
type of supply ranges from >5 kV to about 50 kV.[citation needed]
In digital electronics, a logical high voltage is the one that represents a logic 1. It is typically represented by a voltage
higher than the corresponding range for logic 0, but the difference may be less than a volt for some logic
families. Older systems such as TTL used 5 volts, newer computers typically use 3.3 volts (LV-TTL) or even 1.8
volts.
High voltage

High voltage
For high-voltage and extra-high-voltage transmission lines, specially trained personnel use so-called
"live line" techniques to allow hands-on contact with energized equipment. In this case the worker
is electrically connected to the high-voltage line but thoroughly insulated from the earth so that he
is at the same electrical potential as that of the line. Since training for such operations is lengthy,
and still presents a danger to personnel, only very important transmission lines are subject to
maintenance while live. Outside these properly engineered situations, insulation from earth does
not guarantee that no current flows to earth—as grounding or arcing to ground can occur in
unexpected ways, and high-frequency currents can burn even an ungrounded person. Touching a
transmitting antenna is dangerous for this reason, and a high-frequency Tesla Coil can sustain a
spark with only one endpoint).
Protective equipment on high-voltage transmission lines normally prevents formation of an unwanted
arc, or ensures that it is quenched within tens of milliseconds. Electrical apparatus that interrupts
high-voltage circuits is designed to safely direct the resulting arc so that it dissipates without
damage. High voltage circuit breakers often use a blast of high pressure air, a special dielectric gas
(such as SF6 under pressure), or immersion in mineral oil to quench the arc when the high voltage
circuit is broken.

High voltage : Definitions
HIGH VOLTAGE: High voltage starts at the point where designers have to consider additional technical issues, and
where there are significantly fewer component suppliers to choose from. See also additional definitions.
ISOLATION: The electrical separation between two conductors or two circuits.
ISOLATION VOLTAGE: The maximum dc or ac voltage that may be continuously applied between two isolated
conductors or two circuits.
PRIMARY CIRCUIT: A circuit electrically connected to the input or source of power to the device. See also
Secondary Circuit.
SAFETY GROUND: A conductive path to earth that is designed to protect persons from electrical shock by
shunting away any dangerous currents that might occur due to malfunction or accident.
SECONDARY CIRCUIT: A circuit that is electrically isolated from the input or source of power to the device. See
also Primary Circuit.
STANDOFF: A mechanical support insulator used to support a wire or component away from its mounting surface.
TRACKING: Marks made on a surface that experienced flashover.
WITHSTAND VOLTAGE: See Dielectric Withstand Voltage.
WORKING VOLTAGE: The specified or actual operating voltage applied between two conductors, circuits or a
component.

High voltage
Why we need High Voltage Transmission Line
One of the key concerns in the transmission of electricity is the power loss in transmission lines, dissipated as heat due to the
resistance of the conductors.
High-voltage transmission lines are used to transmit electric power over long distances. Normally, high voltage (HV)
transmission power lines are made of high voltage (between 138 and 765 kilovolts) conducting lines of copper and/or
aluminum.
Assume the power to be transmitted is P, and the resistance of the transmission line is r.
If the power is transmitted with voltage V, then the current flow through the transmission line is I=P/V.
The power loss Ploss=I2*r=(P/V)2*r
Since P and r are fixed conditions, less power will be lost if high voltages V are used.
Some students will raise questions like: From Ohm's law. if the voltage is increased, the current will increase ,too. Why is the
current smaller when high voltage is used to transmit the power.
Textbooks forgot to tell students that the transmission line needs a transformer to step down the voltage.
And the transformer does not have a fixed impedance. If higher voltage is used to transmit the power, the ratio of the
transformer will also change which will change the impedance of the transformer.
The following applet was developed to help you understand the high power transmission line.
You can change the Power/Voltage V and resistance r in the transmission line with sliders.
I will show current flow through the transmission line.
Z is the total impedance of the transmission line, Zt is the impedance of the transformer.
N:n shows the ratio of the high voltage transformer (Assume user voltage is 100V).
Efficiency of the power line is also shown at the right side.

Electricity Generation (duplicate)
Hydropower :
A nonpolluting renewable energy source,
hydroelectricity accounts for 20% of the
electricity consumed around the world.
Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Hydro Energy
Use of Hydro energy in Electricity Generation
Reservoir
Cross
section of
Turbine
Electricity Generation : Source of Energy : Nuclear Energy

High voltage Direct Current
A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power
transmission system uses direct current for the bulk
transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more
common alternating current systems.[1] For long-distance
transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and
suffer lower electrical losses. For underwater power cables,
HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and
discharge the cable capacitance each cycle. For shorter
distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment
compared to an AC system may still be warranted, due to
other benefits of direct current links.
HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC distribution systems, and can
increase system stability by preventing cascading failures due to phase instability from propagating
from one part of a wider power transmission grid to another. HVDC also allows transfer of power
between grid systems running at different frequences, such as 50 Hz vs. 60 Hz. Such
interconnections improve the stability of each grid, since they increase the opportunity for any grid
experiencing unusual loads to stay in service by drawing extra power from otherwise completely
incompatible grids.

High voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
Finally, depending upon the environmental
conditions and the performance of overhead line
insulation operating with HVDC, it may be
possible for a given transmission line to operate
with a constant HVDC voltage that is
approximately the same as the peak AC voltage
for which it is designed and insulated. The
power delivered in an AC system is defined by
the root mean square (RMS) of an AC voltage,
but RMS is only about 71% of the peak voltage.
Therefore, if the HVDC line can operate
continuously with an HVDC voltage that is the
same as the peak voltage of the AC equivalent
line, then for a given current (where HVDC
current is the same as the RMS current in the
AC line), the power transmission capability
when operating with HVDC is approximately
140% of the capability when operating with AC.
Overhead Transmission lines

High voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
The modern form of HVDC transmission uses
technology developed extensively in the 1930s
in Sweden (ASEA) and in Germany.
Early commercial installations included one in the
Soviet Union in 1951 between Moscow and
Kashira, and a 100 kV, 20 MW system between
Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954.
The longest HVDC link in the world is currently
the Xiangjiaba–Shanghai 2,071 km (1,287 mi),
±800 kV, 6400 MW link connecting the
Xiangjiaba Dam to Shanghai, in the People's
Republic of China.
In 2012, the longest HVDC link will be the Rio
Madeira link in Brazil, which consists of two
bipoles of ±600 kV, 3150 MW each, connecting
Porto Velho in the state of Rondônia to the São
Paulo area, where the length of the DC line is
over 2,500 km (1,600 mi).
Long distance HVDC lines carrying
hydroelectricity from Canada's Nelson river to
this converter station where it is converted to
AC for use in Winnipeg's local grid

High voltage
HIGH VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS
High Voltage Multipliers
High Voltage Multipliers are utilized in a
number of applications including X-Ray
high voltage power supplies,
electrostatic paint spray applications,
TWT amplifiers, and CRTs. Multipliers
are typically specific to particular
applications.

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High Voltage

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