As an introduction to the different aspects of the Internet of Things, this presentation covers everything from terminology and history to applications and explanation of different layers of IoT.
This was presented on July 27th 2016 at Monenco Iran.
Ensuring Technical Readiness For Copilot in Microsoft 365
An Introduction to the Internet of Things
1. Internet of Things, an introduction to Monenco Iran, July 2016Internet of Things, an Intro Monenco Iran, July 2016
2. Internet of Things, an introduction to Monenco Iran, July 2016
Presentation Organization
o Terminology
o A brief history
o Trend analysis
o Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
o Application areas
o Predictions about the future of IoT
o Top adopters of IoT
o Where is the money?
o Stages of IoT maturity
o Explanation as layers
o IoT Hardware
Internet of Things, an Intro Monenco Iran, July 2016
3. Internet of Things, an introduction to Monenco Iran, July 2016
Presentation Organization (cont.)
o IoT Network: communication models
o LPWA Networks
o IoT Platforms
o Messaging protocols
o IoT Enablers
o New business models
o Big data and IoT
o Concerns about IoT
o Conclusion
4. Internet of Things, an introduction to Monenco Iran, July 2016
Terminology
IoE
IoT IoS
IoP
M2M
IoD IIoT
IoH
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Terminology
IoX
*
* Replace the X with your preferred letter!
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Terminology
IoM
Internet of Monenco?!
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Terminology
Internet of Everything (IoE)
Defined by Cisco, Internet of Everything (IoE) brings
together people, process, data, and things to make
networked connections more relevant and valuable
than ever before.
8. Internet of Things, an introduction to Monenco Iran, July 2016
Terminology
Internet of Things (IoT)
Connecting everyday objects we interact with in an
information network so that they can communicate
and exchange data.
Every object must have a unique identifier, but
having internet connectivity is not mandatory.
9. Internet of Things, an introduction to Monenco Iran, July 2016
Terminology
Internet of Digital (IoD)
Very close to the concept of Traditional Internet, IoD
refers to “Digital-First” objects like smartphones,
tablets, laptops and smart TVs connecting to the
Internet for exchanging data.
10. Internet of Things, an introduction to Monenco Iran, July 2016
Terminology
Internet of Human (IoH)
Refers to the interactions that human users have
with the IoT and IoD subsystems. These interactions
can be both direct (e.g. manual) and indirect (e.g.
automated, ambient tracking of human activity)
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Terminology
Machine to Machine (M2M)
The technology that allows wireless or wired
devices to have a point to point connection to other
devices of the same type.
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Terminology
Industrie 4.0
A term introduced by German government referring
to the 4th industrial revolution after the invention of
steam engine, mass production and automation.
It takes the idea of Industrial Internet further to
computerization of manufacturing industry.
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Terminology
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The same as the definition of Industrie 4.0, but not
limited to a specific country. It is introduced by an
international consortium and unlike Industrie 4.0
that covers manufacturing, IIoT is a general concept
covering every industry.
It is defined as the integration of complex
machinery with networked sensors and software.
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Terminology
Internet of Everything
Internet
Web of
Things
Internet of Things
Industrie 4.0
Machine to Machine
Industrial Internet
Terms
Disambiguation
Virtual World Physical World
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A brief history
1929
Robert Bureau launched the first
radiosonde, a device that used wireless
telemetry, converted to Morse code, to
transmit temperature and barometric
pressure from a weather balloon.
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A brief history
UCLA and Stanford Research Institute
connect over ARPANET, the forerunner to
the Internet, introducing packet switching
1969
UCLA and Stanford Research
Institute connect over ARPANET
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A brief history
1978
First service trial of Bell Labs-developed
cellular system is conducted in Chicago.
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A brief history
1981Hayes AT modem command set
automates dialing and control
of communications links.
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A brief history
1982
What is believed to be the first Internet-
connected device was created when
graduate students at Carnegie Mellon
University’s School of Computer Science
installed micro switches in the
department’s Coke machine so they could
monitor inventory from their computers.
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A brief history
1984
The first handheld wireless cell
phone—the Motorola DynaTAC
8000X—was purchased for $3,995.
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A brief history
1990
Internet pioneers John Romkey and Simon
Hackett connect a toaster to the Internet,
allowing it to be turned on and off online.
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A brief history
1992The first mass-produced GSM
digital cell phone, the Nokia
1011, became commercially
available.
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A brief history
1995
The Internet goes commercial with
Amazon and Echobay (Ebay)
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A brief history
1998
Internet connected fountain
Mark Weiser constructed a water fountain
outside his office whose flow and height
mimicked the volume and price trends of
the stock market.
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A brief history
1999
Kevin Ashton introduced
“Internet of Things”
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A brief history
2000LG announces 1st Internet
refrigerator Plans
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A brief history
2002
The Ambient Orb is created by an spin-off
of MIT Media Lab. The Orb monitors the
Dow Jones, personal portfolios, weather
and other data sources and changes its
color based on the dynamic parameters.
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A brief history
2005
ITU published it’s 1st report on IoT
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A brief history
2008
IPSO Alliance was launched
for deploying IP for “Smart
Object” communication
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A brief history
2009Cisco: Internet of Things is born
The point in time when more “things or
objects” were connected to the Internet
than people.
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A brief history
2010
Google’s self-driving car hit the road
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A brief history
2011
IPv6 public launch
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses
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Trend analysis
Internet of Things
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Trend analysis
Internet of Everything
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Trend analysis
Industrial Internet
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Trend analysis
Industrie 4.0
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Did you know that?
87% of people have never
heard of the term IoT!
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Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
Everyone’s talking about IoT applications these days
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Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
Data
Generation
Security Privacy
Connectivity
Device
Lifespan
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Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
Data
Generation
Industries are the main producers of BIG DATA
230 million active users
80GB of daily data
6,000 sensors
2.5 TB of daily data
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Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
Security
Although average
consumers want their
smart devices to be secure,
but they don’t pay much
for that!
Eye-watering figures
being invested to protect
against breaches in
industries.
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Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
Privacy
Consumers are just
concerned about their
personal information and
habits shared with public.
It is of great importance
for industries to make
sure their data do not get
into unwanted hands.
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Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
Connectivity
For consumers,
connectivity means a slow
browsing experience or
drop of a call, reducing
productivity
For industries 24/7/365
uptime is a must. If an
engineer loses connectivity
in the middle of drilling
operations an oil spill is
very likely to happen.
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Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
Device
Lifespan
A couple year of lifespan is
sometimes enough for a
consumer product.
Industry assets often need
to work day in, day out for
up to 35 years
So, more time, effort and resource need to be invested into the
maintenance, repair and security of industry devices and machinery
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Consumer .vs Industrial IoT
Consumer IoT is just a showcase
Consumer IoT
Industrial IoT
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Application areas
Human
Home &
Office
Retail
FactoriesCities
Vehicles
Worksites
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Application areas: Human
Healthcare
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Application areas: Human
Fitness
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Application areas: Human
Smartwatch
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Application areas: Human
Smartwatch
David Rose (MIT Media Lab):
A big mistake is the effort to make existing devices and applications
just smaller.
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Application areas: Human
Productivity
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Application areas: Home and Office
Smart Appliances
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Application areas: Home and Office
Energy Management
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Application areas: Home and Office
Security, lighting and more…
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Application areas: Retail
Warehouse optimization
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Application areas: Retail
Customer behavior analysis
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Application areas: Factories
Predictive
Maintenance
Fleet
Management
Worker
Productivity
Optimization
Energy
Management
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Application areas: Cities
Smart Lighting Smart Grid
Smart Waste
Management
Traffic Control
Smart Parking
Air & Water
Quality
Monitoring
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Application areas: Worksites
Oil & Gas
Drilling
Facilities
Mining
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Application areas: Vehicles
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Predictions about the future of IoT
2025Perspective
3.9 to 11.1 trillion $ potential value
Impact on 11% of world economy
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Too optimistic
expectations?
2020Perspective
Gartner
Cisco
Intel
IDC
26
billion
50
billion
200
billion212
billion
Predictions about the future of IoT
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Cisco:
By 2018:
IP Traffic reached 1.6zettabytes
57% of Traffic will come from
devices other than PCs
Predictions about the future of IoT
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Advanced
89%
Developing
11%
Human
Value created by different economies
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Advanced
87%
Developing
13%
Home
Value created by different economies
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Advanced
71%
Developing
29%
Retail
Value created by different economies
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Advanced
57%
Developing
43%
Factories
Value created by different economies
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Advanced
59%
Developing
41%
Cities
Value created by different economies
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Advanced
63%
Developing
37%
Vehicles
Value created by different economies
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Advanced
54%
Developing
46%
Worksites
Value created by different economies
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Advanced
62%
Developing
38%
Total
Value created by different economies
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Predictions about the future of IoT
Human
5%
Home & Office
8%
Retail
12%
Factories
36%Vehicles
6%
Worksites
5%
Cities
28%
Total
Value created by different economies
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Industrial IoT .vs SCADA
• SCADA is a system that monitor and control industrial,
infrastructure, and facility-based processes that exist in the
physical world.
• Industrial Internet of Things is much more related to long
time data storage for analysis
• SCADA usually refers to centralized systems, different of the
decentralized nature of Internet of Things elements
• IIoT can be used instead of SCADA as long as it provides
security and accuracy required by SCADA standards.
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Top adopters of IoT
Devices online per 100 people
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Where is the money?
3% 20% 77%
Hardware Connectivity
Value Added
Services
Larger share will go to software than hardware
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Where is the money?
Value is created by making sense of Data
Wisdom
Understanding
Knowledge
Information
Data
Less Important
More Important
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Gartner Hype Cycle
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Gartner Hype Cycle
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Emerging Technologies Hype Cycle: 2012
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Emerging Technologies Hype Cycle: 2013
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Emerging Technologies Hype Cycle: 2014
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Emerging Technologies Hype Cycle: 2015
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Stages of IoT Maturity
Monitoring Control Optimization Autonomous
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Explanation as layers
Solution
Application
Network
Device
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IoT Network: communication models
Device to
Device
Device to
Cloud
Device to
Gateway
Back-end
data sharing
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IoT Network: communication models
Device to
Device
Sensor Network
ZigBee, BLE, Z-Wave
Device 1 Device 2
Two devices get connected without server interaction
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IoT Network: communication models
Device to
Cloud
Cloud Service
Device 1 Device 2
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IoT Network: communication models
Device to
Gateway
Cloud Service
Device 1 Device 2
Gateway
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IoT Network: communication models
Back-End
Data Sharing
Cloud Service 2
Cloud Service 3
Cloud Service 1
Device 1
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WSN Network Topologies
Point to
Point
Star
Mesh Cluster Tree
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WSN Network Topologies
Point to
Point
Sensor
Gateway
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WSN Network Topologies
Star
Sensor
Gateway
Sensor Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
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WSN Network Topologies
Mesh
Sensor
Gateway
Sensor Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
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WSN Network Topologies
Cluster
Tree
Sensor
Gateway
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Gateway
Gateway
Coordinator
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
Sensor
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Did you know that?
There are search engines for IoT!
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LPWA Networks
Coverage
Bandwidth
RFID/
NFC
Bluetooth
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11n
802.11ad
WBAN
802.15.3
ZigBee
802.15.4
LPWAN
VSAT
802.11ah
3G
4G
5G
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WSN Protocols: BLE
• Bluetooth is one of the most widely used short range radios
• Widely used in commercial products specially wearables
• BLE has targeted WSN and IoT market
• Very low power, offering years of battery life
• Redesigned for small packet data transfer
• 4.2 Core Specification defines BLE connectivity to IP and 6LoWPAN
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WSN Protocols: ANT+
• Open Access
• Very similar to BLE, working in 2.4GHz band
• Each node can act as Master/Slave or Repeater
• Simpler that BLE, but supports all network topologies
• Up to 1Mbps data rate
• Specially designed for interacting with sensors and is widely used in health
monitoring applications
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WSN Protocols: ZigBee
• Initially designed for industrial applications, but widely used in consumer
applications too
• Different protocols offered bt ZigBee Alliance like Zigbee PRO and Zigbee
Remote Control
• Sits on top of 802.15.4
• Mostly used at 2.4GHz band, but sub-GHz modules with long range coverage
are also available
• Provides high security, low power, scalability and support of many nodes.
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WSN Protocols: ZigBee
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WSN Protocols: Wi-Fi
• Mostly used for Home/Office applications where Wi-Fi connectivity is available
• Currently 802.11n is widely used which in power-hungry!
• 802.11ah is being approved by IEEE to meet IoT applications (may be late 2016)
• 802.11ah is a sub-GHz technology and offer up to 100kbps data rates
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WSN Protocols: Z-Wave
• Designed for smart home applications
• Operates at sub-GHz band
• Uses Mesh topology
• No need for Coordinator as compared to ZigBee technology
• 232 nodes can be used in a single network
• Hardware is only provided by a single manufacturer
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WSN Protocols: 6LoWPAN
• The idea is that every sensor or actuator support IP and can be addressed
• PHY can be implemented on 802.15.4, Wi-Fi or Ethernet
• Uses Header Compression and Packet Capsulation
• Can be used in sub-GHz bands
• Uses Mesh topology
• Routers are also used for coverage
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WSN Protocols: 6LoWPAN
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WSN Protocols: Thread
• Based on 6LoWPAN, but aims Smart Home applications only
• Supports 250 nodes in a network
• High level of encryption is used
• Uses 802.15.4 as PHY
• Can be easily used in 802.15.4 networks with a firmware upgrade
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WSN Protocols: Sigfox
• Coverage is something between Wi-Fi and Cellular networks
• Is low power, low data rate and long range
• Uses ISM bands
• 10bps to 1kbps data rate uses UBN technology
• 50μW transceiver power consumption (20+ years on a 2.5Ah battery)
• 3 to 10KM coverage in urban areas
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WSN Protocols: LoRa
• Similar to SIGFOX and used for M2M and IoT applications
• Supports millions of nodes in a network
• 300bps to 50kbps data rate
• With The Things Network (TTN) movement, gateway costs will be dropped
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WSN Protocols: Weightless
• Uses White Space in UHF band (470MHz to 790 MHz)
• Up to 100kbps data rate
• 20 to 30 mA power consumption
• 2KM coverage
• Developed and adopted by Neul team
• Nwave has offered a free SDK for implementing WEIGHTLESS
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WSN Protocols: Waviot
• Better performance that aforementioned protocols in terms of Link Budget and
Coverage
• Operates at 868.8MHz and has 166dB Link Budget
• Uses Star topology
• 16KM coverage in urban areas (865KM2 area) with a single gateway
• 1,350,000 nodes can be defined in a network
• 10bps to 100bps data rate
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LPWA Protocols: Waviot
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LPWA Protocols: Waviot
Serial Modem
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LPWA Protocols: Waviot
Radio Modules
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LPWA Protocols: Waviot
Base Stations
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IoT Network: Operator’s Role in IoT
Selling
Connectivity
Selling 3rd
Party Products
Selling Own
Products
Providing
M2M services
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It’s Demo Time
If you have data connectivity, just visit
http://illumina.ir
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It’s Demo Time
How did I implement that?
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It’s Demo Time
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ms. Kalantar's Room Weather!
Temperature Humidity
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IoT Platform
44 Billion Terabytes, annual data created in 2020
This is where data storage, action management and analysis
becomes very important
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IoT Platform
Hardware Communication
Software
Backend
Application
Software
4 components of IoT from Data perspective
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IoT Platform
Hardware
• This is where data is created
• Includes sensors, actuators, processor and communication
interfaces
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IoT Platform
Communications
• This is where data is transferred
• Different protocols are introduces to ensure data is correctly
reaches the platform from hardware
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IoT Platform
Software
Backend
• This is where data is managed
• All the devices and networks are managed here
• This layer acts as the interface between other systems
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IoT Platform
Application
Software
• This is where data creates value
• Users interact with this layer
• Usually installs on smartphones, tablets or computers
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IoT Platform
Platform is actually the Software Backend where all data-related
stuff is happening
It is the core component of IoT architecture that can connect
physical and virtual world and connectivity between devices
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IoT Platform
Components of an IoT Platform
Additional Tools
Data Visualization
Data processing and Action management
Device Management
ConnectivityandNormalization
External Interfaces
Database Data Analysis
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IoT Platform
ConnectivityandNormalization
• As different parts of the system use different protocols and
message formatting, this layer is used to integrate data and
provide a software interface.
• Seems simple, but one of the most complicated parts.
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IoT Platform
Device Management
• Ensure that devices in the network work correctly
• Provides remote firmware upgrade for devices
• Also offers remote configuration
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IoT Platform
Database
• Provides data storage
• Usually implemented in cloud
• Is common between all the layers
• Must be scalable for Big Data applications
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IoT Platform
Data processing and Action management
• The stored and normalized data is processed here
• Based on IFTTT rules, actions are triggered or messages are
sent to the user or the device
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IoT Platform
Data Visualization
• Visualization gives an overall look of the data
• Very useful if implemented
• Linear, stacked or pie charts used to demo data in 2D or 3D
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IoT Platform
Data Analysis
• In many applications involving Big Data, platform goes beyond
simple decision making IFTTT rules.
• When big data is involved, machine learning algorithms are
used to turn data to useful information
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IoT Platform
Additional Tools
• Some platforms offer tools like user access control and
different kinds of reports
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IoT Platform
External Interfaces
• As stated in McKinsey report, connectivity between different
platforms and businesses can make 40% more value in IoT
• APIs, SDKs and Gateways are the main three interfaces for
data exchange between platforms
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Did you know that?
63 new devices get
connected every second!
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Top IoT Platform Providers
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• The leading platform for IoT
• Acquired by PTC for 112 million $ in 2013
• Offers complete functionality with data analysis tools
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• AWS IoT Provides connectivity to AWS platform
• AWS offers very powerful features that can be used in IoT apps
• Supports Device Shadowing
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• Designed for connecting appliances and sensors to the cloud
• Supports connectivity to other platforms and social networks
• Defines different access levels for different users
• THNGSHUB can be used for protocol compatibility
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• Provides connectivity, storage, monitoring, data analysis and
trigger management
• Supports HTTP, MQTT, WebSockets, TCP, UDP and CoAP
• Supports commercial hardware including ESP8266, Arduino,
Raspberry Pi, Electric Imp, MOVE, fitbit, hue, LIFX, …
• 2$/device/year
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• Based on cellular networks
• Has worldwide coverage (except Iran and some others!)
• Supports both SMS and Data connectivity
• Pay as you go and Monthly plans are offered
• Does not provide advanced analytic tools
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• Is a PaaS, offering variety of features
• Supports device management (remote firmware upgrade)
• IFTTT rules can be defined for triggering
• Offers customized panels for different users
• REST is used for data exchange with the server
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• Specifically designed for gathering data from sensors
• Provides data acquisition, real-time monitoring and storage
• Different APIs are offered in order to use services in software apps
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• A free and very simple, but efficient platform for connecting
devices
• Idea inspired from Twitter, but for connecting physical objects
• Every object could have parameters and attributes
• Data can be sent to and received from the server using simple
URLs
• Storage is also offered if you pay for that
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Top IoT Platform Providers
• Is a universal platform and provides the whole chain
• Any device that can have internet connectivity can use this
platform
• Uses REST APIs
• Guarantees end-to-end security using TLS
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Top IoT Platform Providers
Famous IaaS Providers
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Messaging protocols
Application Layer
Communication Model
Server-Client
Publish-Subscribe
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Messaging protocols
Sever-Client
• Uses request-reply method
• Any node needing data sends a request to the sever and a data
packet containing the needed data is sent back to the client
• Usually used in computer networks, not optimized for IoT
• Compatibility with RESTful web services is the main advantage
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Messaging protocols
Publish-Subscribe
• Every message is a subset of a Topic
• There are some message publishers and some topic subscribers
• Serve’s role is to route the message according to the Topics
• Very useful in applications where there are huge number of
content creators and consumers
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Messaging protocols
DDS AMQP MQTT
JMS REST CoAP
XMPP
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Messaging protocols
DDS MQTT AMQP JMS REST CoAP XMPP
Comm. Model Pub/Sub Pub/Sub Pub/Sub Pub/Sub Req/Rep Req/Rep Pub/Sub
Architecture
Global
Data
Space
Message
Broker
Message
Broker
Message
Broker
Server/C
lient
Server/C
lient
XMPP
Server
Centricity Data Message Message Message Message Message Message
QoS stages 22 3 3 3 - 2 -
Interoperability ✓ ✓/x ✓ x ✓ ✓ ✓
Rela-time operation ✓ x x x x x x
Transfer Layer Protocol UDP TCP TCP TCP TCP UDP TCP
Coding Binary Binary Binary Binary Text Binary Text
6LoWPAN support ✓ ✓ depends depends ✓ ✓ x
Automatic Recognition ✓ x x x x ✓ ✓
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Messaging protocols
• Lightweight, open, easy to implement and simple
• Sits over TCP/IP
• Uses Pub/Sub utilizing Broker
• Invented at IBM in 1999 for connecting oil pipelines over satellite
connection where bandwidth as well as power is limited
Message Queueing Telemetry Transport
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Messaging protocols
• Facebook Messenger, EVRYTHNG, Amazon IoT and many others
use MQTT
• Some of the verbs used: Connect, Disconnect, Subscribe,
Unsubscribe, Publish
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Messaging protocols
• Topics are strings separated with “/”
e.g:
Iran/Tehran/Region3/Monenco/10thFloor/Yaghoot/temperature
• Clients subscribe to topics. They may use specific topics or use
wildcards.
Single Level: myhouse/+/temperature
Multi Level: myhouse/#
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Messaging protocols
Publish Subscribe Pattern
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Messaging protocols
Pub/Sub
Decoupling
Space
Time
Synchronization
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IoT Enablers
IPv6
Cheap
Sensors
Cheap
Bandwidth
Big Data
Wireless
Coverage
Smartphones
Cheap
Processing
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New business models
IaaS PaaS
SaaS
Sensor as
a Service
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New business models
Charging by usage
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Big data and IoT
High Volume High Velocity
Multiple Data
Sources
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Big data and IoT
Employees Users Things!
Who makes the data?
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Big data and IoT
2.5 Quintillion Bytes of Data Created Daily
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Big data and IoT
Big Data tools are readily available and used today, but
not widely in IoT
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Concerns about IoT
Lack of
Interoperability
Security
Concerns
Privacy
Concerns
IP Concerns
Uncertain RIO
Legacy
Equipment
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Concerns about IoT: Interoperability
Many devices focus on proprietary technology and
interfaces because they view themselves as the only game
in town, and thus they themselves will set the standards.
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Concerns about IoT: Interoperability
Mckinsey: 40 percent of the value of the Internet of Things
is on IoT interoperability
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Concerns about IoT: Interoperability
Open Interconnect Consortium with the collaboration of manufactures
is working on an open specification for interoperability on IoT
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Concerns about IoT: Secuirty
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Concerns about IoT: Secuirty
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Concerns about IoT: Secuirty
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Concerns about IoT: Secuirty
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Concerns about IoT: Secuirty
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Concerns about IoT: Secuirty
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Concerns about IoT: Secuirty
HP tested 10 IoT devices from Security point of view:
6 of them didn’t use encryption during firmware upgrade
9 of them sent some sort of personal information to the cloud
7 of them didn’t use encryption in the authentication process
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Concerns about IoT: Privacy
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Concerns about IoT Privacy
A story of failing customer behavior analysis
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Concerns about IoT: Uncertain RIO
CEOs are really uncertain about the IoT ROI,
but they don’t want to be another Kodak!
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Concerns about IoT: Intellectual Property
Important question: Who the data belongs to?
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And just a brief wrap-up
• The Internet of Things promises to deliver a step change in individuals’ quality
of life and enterprises’ productivity.
• A concerted effort is required to move the industry beyond the early stages of
market development towards maturity.
• Industry is where IoT can really create value, current consumer products are
just a showcase.
• Security and privacy are the main concerns for individuals and enterprises
• There are too optimistic predictions about IoT!
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Any questions?
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Thanks for your attention