2. Definition
"Pronoun" is the sentence element
used to replace a noun, or a noun
equivalent construction. The
replaced noun is named the
". "antecedent
4. Syntactically, pronouns have the
same functions as nouns do;
morphologically, pronouns are used
to avoid repetition, and to
set/clarify nouns' categories of
. number, person, and gender
5. There are eight categories of pronouns, The
:categories of pronouns are
.Personal Pronouns. 1
Possessive Pronouns .. 2
3. Demonstrative Pronouns.
4. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns.
5. Interrogative Pronouns.
6. Relative Pronouns.
7. Reciprocal Pronouns.
.8. Indefinite Pronouns
7. Personal pronouns represent specific people or
:things. We use them depending on
(. number: singular (I) or plural ( we
person: 1st person (I), 2nd person (you) or 3rd
(. person(he
(. gender: male (he), female (she) or neuter (it
.(case: subject (we) or object (us
We use personal pronouns in place of the
.person or people that we are talking about
8. :Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences
Examples (in each case, the first example shows a subject pronoun, the second
(:an object pronoun
9. . I like coffee -
.John helped me -
? Do you like coffee-
.John loves you -
. He runs fast-
?Did Ram beat him -
. She is clever-
?Does Mary know her -
. We went home-
.Anthony drove us -
. It doesn't work-
?Can the engineer repair it -
? Do you need a table for three-
?Did John and Mary beat you at doubles-
. They played doubles-
John and Mary beat them -
10. :We often use it to introduce a remark
. It is nice to have a holiday sometimes-
. It is important to dress well-
.
We also often use it to talk about the
:weather, temperature, time and distance
. It's raining-
. It will probably be hot tomorrow-
? Is it nine o'clock yet-
It's 50 kilometers from here to-
. Cambridge
12. We use possessive pronouns to refer to a -
specific person/people or thing/things (the
"antecedent") belonging to a person/people
(and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals
.(or thing/things
You will never find a possessive-
pronoun near a noun, despite the fact it
is the genitive of personal pronoun
:We use possessive pronouns depending on-
( number: singular (mine) or plural (ours-
person: 1st person (mine), 2nd person (yours) or 3rd person-
( (his
.( gender: male (his), female (hers-
13. Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by some
:example sentences. Each possessive pronoun can
. be subject or object-
.refer to a singular or plural antecedent-
14. :Examples
Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one.-
( (subject = My picture
I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object = my-
(flowers
All the essays were good but his was the best.-
( (subject = his essay
John found his passport but Mary couldn't find hers.-
((object = her passport
15. Singular Plural
Used my our
before your your
nouns his, her, its their
Used mine ours
alone yours yours
his, hers, its theirs
17. Definitions
Reflexive pronoun is used with an active voice verb in order-
to reflect the action of the verb back on the subject--the
antecedent.
-Emphatic pronoun accompanies its antecedent in order to
accentuate its action/state.
-Reflexive and emphatic pronouns take different positions
. within the sentence structure
18. We use a reflexive pronoun when we**
want to refer back to the subject of the
sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end
(. in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural
: There are eight reflexive pronouns
19. the underlined words are
the SAME person/thing
I saw myself in the -
. mirror
Why do you blame -
?yourself
. John sent himself a copy -
20. . I made it myself. OR I myself made it-
Have you yourself seen it? OR Have you seen it-
? yourself
She spoke to me herself. OR She herself spoke-
. to me
22. Demonstrative pronouns and
demonstrative adjectives have
exactly the same forms. The way to
differentiate them depends on their
position relative to the
.antecedent/determined nouns
Demonstrative pronouns
.THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE
THE FORMER, THE LATER
THE FIRST, THE LAST
THE OTHER,THE OTHERS
SAME
SUCH
SO
23. A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or
:things
( near in distance or time (this, these*
(far in distance or time (that, those*
near far
singular this that
plural these those
. This tastes good*
. These are bad times*
. That is beautiful*
! Those were the days*
24. ATTENTION
The word "that" has four main functions:
1. demonstrative pronoun or adjective:
That book is good.
2. relative pronoun:
Anything that you remember could help a
lot.
3. conjunction:
He said that he had been there before.
4. adverb:
.The snow was that high
25. Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with-
demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but a
, demonstrative pronoun stands alone
.while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun
( That smells. (demonstrative pronoun-
(That book is good. (demonstrative adjective + noun-
Normally we use demonstrative pronouns for things
only. But we can use them for people when the
: person is identified. Look at these examples
? This is Josef speaking. Is that Mary-
That sounds like John-
27. We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The
interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't
(. know (what we are asking the question about
There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom,
. what, which
The possessive pronoun whose can-
also be an interrogative pronoun (an
.(interrogative possessive pronoun
28. :Examples
question answer
? Who told you . John told me subject
Whom did you
. I told Mary object
? tell
What's An accident's
subject
? happened . happened
30. A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces-
a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun
.because it "relates" to the word that it modifies
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose,
.which, that
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for
people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That
can be used for people, and things and as subject and
.object in defining relative clauses
Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural,
and there is no difference between male and
. female
31. :Examples
The person who phoned me last night is-
.my teacher
. The car which hit me was yellow-
The person whom I phoned last-
.night is my teacher
The car, whose driver jumped out just-
before the accident, was completely
destroyed
33. We use reciprocal pronouns when-
each of two or more subjects is
acting in the same way towards the
.other
There are only two reciprocal pronouns,
:and they are both two words
each other-
one another-
34. :When we use these reciprocal pronouns-
there must be two or more people, things or groups
involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I,
you [singular], he/she/it), and
they must be doing the same thing
:Examples
. John and Mary love each other-
The ten prisoners were all blaming-
. one another
?Why don't you believe each other-
36. An indefinite pronoun does
not refer to any specific
person, thing or amount. It
is vague and "not definite".
Some typical indefinite
:pronouns are
37. Some Indefinite Pronouns
All, any, most, none and some can be singular
or plural, depending on the phrase that
.follows them
38. Note that many indefinite pronouns also function
as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the
:following sentences
He has one job in the day and another at night.-
( (pronoun
(I'd like another drink, please. (adjective-
39. Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural.
However, some of them can be singular in one context and
.plural in another
Notice that : A singular pronoun takes a singular
verb AND that any personal pronoun should also
(.agree (in number and gender
All is forgiven.-
.- All have arrived
We can start the meeting because everybody-
.has arrived
.John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good-
