Analyze the forces shaping work, workplace and worker skills required in the 21st Century.
Discuss the implications of these trends for the workforce, firms and management.
Articulate the ways in which people differ from one another at a high level and why it is important for management.
2. Learning Objectives
Analyze the forces shaping work, workplace and
worker skills required in the 21st Century.
Discuss the implications of these trends for the
workforce, firms and management.
Articulate the ways in which people differ from
one another at a high level and why it is
important for management.
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
2
3. 21st Century at Work
Rapid Pace of
Technology
Shifting
Demographics
Economic
Globalization
21St
Century
Work
Source: The 21st Century at Work, LYNN A. KAROLY, CONSTANTIJN W. A. PANIS, Rand Corporation (2004)
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
3
5. Civilian Labor Force in the USA
1950, 2000, 2050 (Projected)
Source: Mitra Toossi, Monthly
Labor Review (May, 2002)
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
5
7. Women in the US Workforce
Source: http://carrington.edu/blog/carrington-college-news/women-inthe-workforce/
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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8. The Gender Journey - USA
Source: 20-first's Global Gender Balance Scorecard 2013 (PDF 2 MB)
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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9. The Gender Journey - Europe
Source: 20-first's Global Gender Balance Scorecard 2013 (PDF 2 MB)
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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10. The Gender Journey - Asia
Source: 20-first's Global Gender Balance Scorecard 2013 (PDF 2 MB)
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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12. Implications for the Workforce and Workplace:
Shifting Demographics
The workforce is becoming more diverse in gender,
race and ethnicity.
The workforce is becoming more balanced in age.
Workers have more responsibilities outside of work.
Many mature workers will remain in the workforce.
Educational attainment will continue to rise.
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
12
13. RAPID ADVANCE OF TECHNOLOGY
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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14. Rapid Advance of Technology
Moore’s Law, Predicted and Actual
Price Indices for ICT
SOURCE: BEA NIPA Tables, Table 7.8 (http://www.bea.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp).
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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15. Global Knowledge and Hi-Tech
Industries 1998 - 2010
Value-Add
Exports
Source: National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2012
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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16. Global Growth of the Internet
World Population
Estimate
Internet Users 2000 Internet Users 2012 Growth
7,017,846,922
360,985,492
1/8/2014
2,405,518,376
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
566.4%
Source: www.internetworldstats.com
16
17. Factors Leading to Rapid Adoption of
Technology
Computing power and capacity, data transmission
speed, and network connectivity have increased
dramatically, while hardware costs have fallen
rapidly.
Increased user-friendliness of new software has led
to rapid adoption of computer systems.
Levels of business investment in computer
hardware during the mid- to late 1990s reaching
several times the level of previous years.
High bandwidth, affordable tariffs resulting in
widespread adoption of the Internet.
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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18. Innovations of the 2nd Millenium
20th Century
21st Century
1. Electrification
2. Automobile
3. Airplane
4. Water supply and distribution
5. Electronics
6. Radio and television
7. Agricultural mechanization
8. Computers
9. Telephone
10. Air conditioning/refrigeration
11. Interstate highways
12. Space flight
13. Internet
14. Imaging
15. Household appliances
16. Health technologies
17. Petrochemical technology
18. Laser and fiber optics
19. Nuclear technologies
20. High-performance materials
1. Energy conservation
2. Resource protection
3. Food and water production and distribution
4. Waste management
5. Education and learning
6. Medicine and prolonging life
7. Security and counter-terrorism
8. New technology
9. Genetics and cloning
10. Global communication
11. Traffic and population logistics
12. Knowledge sharing
13. Integrated electronic environment
14. Globalization
15. AI, interfaces and robotics
16. Weather prediction and control
17. Sustainable development
18. Entertainment
19. Space exploration
20. "Virtualization" and VR
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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19. Focus of Innovation
20th Century: Physical Capital
and Physical Objects
Cheap power through
electrification
Capital assets such as
factories, mines, oil wells and
refineries
Telephony
Computers
Household appliances
The Internet
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21st Century: Intellectual Capital
and Virtual Objects
Digitization of information, Big
Data
Decoding the human genome
Online knowledge resources (e.g.,
weather prediction and control,
traffic and logistics, terrorism and
security)
Global connectedness and rapid
knowledge dissemination
User generated content
Internet of Things
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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20. 21st Century IT Innovations
“Consumerization of IT”
“There’s an App for that!”
“BYOD”
“Live Video Streaming”
“Big Data Analytics”
“Sensors and machine learning”
“The new Biology”
“Nanotechnology”
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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21. Impact of Technology
Use of PCs in the workplace doubled between 1984 and
2001.
80% of managers and professional workers use PCs in the
workplace.
Moore’s Law will continue for some time.
New technologies exploit the continued miniaturization
of computer chips and communications devices.
Continued growth in the volume, variety and velocity of
data.
The IT revolution is fundamentally intertwined with
economic globalization.
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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22. Implications for the Workforce and Workplace:
Technology Advancement and Adoption
Increase in productivity.
Shifting the skill requirement for jobs.
Changes to the wage structure.
Altering how firms are organized.
Changing the nature of employer-employee
relationship.
Provides the ability to work remotely.
Changes to the delivery of workplace education and
training.
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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24. Value of US Goods and Services Trade
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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25. A Review of
Significant 21st Century Economic Events
Dotcom Bust
Leverage
Yuan tied to $
30 – 1 ratios in building CDO portfolios
Securitization
Illiquidity
85% of US mortgages in Collateralized
Debt Obligations
Domino effect as defaults accelerated
Insurance
Deceptive sales tactics
Credit Default Swaps insure CDO owners
Complexity
CDOs could comprise CDOs
Deceit
Hubris
Sub-prime crisis
Myopia, Greed, Denial
9/11
Source: What Matters Now, Gary Hamel
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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26. Global Economic Integration
Growing trade, especially in services, with more
diverse countries.
IT Outsourcing.
Internationalization of Capital flows.
Globalization of Labor and Intellectual Capital.
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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27. Implications to the Workforce and Workplace:
Global Economic Integration
Expanding Markets.
Intensified Competition.
Importance of innovation.
Alteration in job mix, with displacements in
some sectors and growth in others.
Changing employment relationships.
1/8/2014
Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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28. Implications for 21st Century
Management
The business world is global and more complex.
Organizational boundaries are fluid and dynamic.
Leadership stretches across organizational boundaries.
Enterprises are networks of organizations that must
respond quickly to emergent challenges and
opportunities.
Rapid pace and nature of change.
Impact of technology evolution and convergence.
Importance of resilience, adaptability and long term
relevance.
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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30. Profound Shifts in Business Models
Focused competitors (jetBlue, Virgin America) gain
ground over industry Majors (AA, UA).
Transition from scattershot drug discovery to diseasefocused, gene-based drug design.
Plug-in hybrids and all-electrical vehicle challenge
combustion engine cars.
Software as a product transition to software as a service.
Explosive growth of e-books and diminishing role of
traditional booksellers.
Healthcare “fee for a service” business model moving to
“integrated care” models.
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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31. Management and Leadership Focus
Focus
20th Century
21st Century
Span
Within Organizations with
well defined boundaries
Across an Enterprise – a
network of organizations with
fuzzy boundaries
Context
Generally stable and
predictable, with longer
planning horizons
Complex and uncertain,
dynamic, real-time
Leadership
Hierarchical
Distributed
Orientation
Functional anchor
Issues anchor
Culture
Largely homogeneous
Highly diverse
Employment base
Largely permanent, full-time
Increasingly contractors,
outsource, off-shore
Employee Skills and
Knowledge
Functional
Integrative
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
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32. Thought Provokers
Does organizational longevity have intrinsic value?
Are Startups an alternative to established companies?
Is institutional death inevitable?
What management values does the www inspire?
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Mala Sarat Chandra
University of Washington
32
Hinweis der Redaktion
As a result of automation and the investment in new technology, the same tasks could be accomplished with a smaller workforce, which raises worker productivity.Some jobs are becoming more specialized and requiring greater analytic and problem-solving skills to perform tasks that cannot easily be automated. Often these skill requirements are manifested in increased demand for workers with higher education levels.Pay is tied to underlying skill capacities with a greater reward for those with the highest skills relative to lower-skill counterparts.With greater specialization and work products that can be digitized and distributed over electronic networks, it becomes possible to redistribute workers across geographically dispersed work sites rather than requiring workers to be collocated.The incorporation of new technologies requires the reorganization of work to account for the new responsibilities and level of decision-making required of workers in various occupations.Adapting to technological change often requires retraining workers so that they are able to work with the new technology and within new organizational structures.