3. Bouzianas et al. Current and Future Medical Approaches To Combat the Anthrax Threat. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2010; 53 (11): 4305 DOI: 10.1021/jm901024b
4. Outline I Introduction II History of the disease III Its use as a biological weapons IV Bacillus anthracis V the 3 routs of inection VI Pathogenesis VII The fight against anthrax VIII Conclusion
74. -papule enlarges,small vesicles form on its surface -the vesicles fill up with neutrophils and bacilli. -the vesicles undergoe necrosis and form painless alcer surrounded by an eschar tr
129. -cleaves most activated protein kinase kinases MAPKKS and trigger an apoptotic pathway to lyses the cells LF+PA necrosis EF+PA edema EF+LF inactive EF+LF+PA edema+ necrosis
140. rapid immunization of large, at-risk populations after potential exposure to anthrax
141. - vaccine applied to mucosal surfaces to replace intramuscular vaccination
142. - There study examined the use of soybean oil-and-water nanoemulsions (NEs) as a mucosal adjuvant for an rPA vaccine to replace the aluminum adjuvant of the traditional vaccines
143.
144. high titers of lethal-toxin-neutralizing serum antibodies
145. sGuinea pigs nasally immunized with rPA-NE vaccine were protected against an intradermal challenge with 1,000 times the 50% lethal dose
146. a needle-free anthrax vaccine requiring fewer doses and having fewer side effects than the traditional vailable human vaccine
149. this breakthrough is an excellent starting point and scientists should introduce the vaccine to humans and test it's success rate. In the future, research must focus on finding an antitoxin that can effectively cure vaccinated and non vaccinated humans after infection or exposure to the spores.
150. the fight against anthrax and all other biological weapons should be taken more seriously in the future to prevent any surprising attack from taking place.
151. Reference Baillie, L. 2001. The development of new vaccines against anthrax. J. Appl. Microbiol. 9: 609–613 . Bailey-Smith, K., Todd, S.J., Southworth, T.W., Proctor, J., Moir, A., 2005. The ExsA protein of Bacillus cereus is required for assembly of coat and exosporium onto the spore surface. J. Bacteriol. 187, 3800–3806. Franz D. 2009. Preparedness for an anthrax attack. Molecular aspects of medicine 30:503-510. Friedlander A. M. 1986. Macrophages are sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin through an acid-dependent process. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261:7123. Shadonly S., T. Smith. 2008. Anthrax. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233:63-72.