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FRAUD ENGAGEMENT
      FROM A TO Z


                     SAMUEL BOWERCRAFT, MSIS, CISA

                     &

                     DAVID HAMMARBERG,

                     CPA, CFE, CISSP, MCSE, WXYZ




                 3
            01
      8/2
4/1
/   13
     / 19
04
PROFESSIONAL
      ETHICS

                     MICHAEL HOFFNER (CPA)
                     PARTNER

                     ELAINE NISSLEY (CISA, CCSA, PMP, CRISC, CRMA)
                     PRINCIPAL

                 3
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A BIT ABOUT US
       Michael Hoffner
       • Partner
       • Audit
       • CPA               Elaine Nissley
                                 • Principal
                     • Audit and Consulting
                   • MBA, CISA, PMP, CRISC
AGENDA
Governing Standards for CPA’s
 • AICPA Code of Professional Ethics
 • PICPA and Other Standard Setters



Standards for Internal Audit
 • Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)
 • Information Systems Audit & Control Association (ISACA)
MAKING ROOM FOR ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING
GOVERNING STANDARDS FOR CPA’S
AICPA Code of Professional Conduct
Specific statutes/rule makers
 • U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO)
 • Department of Labor (DOL)
 • Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)
 • U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)
 • Others
AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
The Principles
  • Department of Labor (DOL)
The Rules
  • Govern the performance of professional services by members
AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
The Principles
 • Article I: Responsibilities
 • Article II: The Public Interest
 • Article III: Integrity
 • Article IV: Objectivity and Independence
 • Article V: Due Care
 • Article VI: Scope and Nature of Services
AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
The Rules – ET Section 100
Rule 101 (Independence)
     •   Covers general rules regarding independence relative to
         attest services
     •   Clarifies application to member as well as family members
     •   Numerous interpretations

Rule 102 (Integrity and Objectivity)
     •   Speaks to conflicts of interest, knowing misrepresentations,
         and providing advisory services
AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
The Rules – ET Section 200
 Rule 201 (General Standards)
 • Competence, Due Professional Care, Planning and Supervision, Sufficient
   Relevant Data
 Rule 202 (Compliance with Standards)
 Rule 203 (Accounting Principles)
 •   Clarifies the CPA’s responsibilities regarding providing an opinion on financial
     statements purported to be in accordance with GAAP
AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
The Rules – ET Section 300
 Rule 301 Confidential Client Information
 • Prohibited to disclose confidential client information without consent
 • Does not relieve requirement to respond to a subpoena or summons
 Rule 302 Contingent Fees
 • Prohibits contingent fees for clients receiving an audit or review, most
   compilations, and related to certain tax situations
AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
The Rules – ET Section 400
 •   “Responsibilities to Colleagues” – reserved
The Rules – ET Section 500
 •   Rule 501 Acts Discreditable
       •   Negligence, employment practices, general ethics matters, false or misleading
           marketing, etc.
 •   Rule 502 Advertising
 •   Rule 503 Commissions and Referral Fees
 •   Rule 505 Form of Organization and Name
FOCUS ON INDEPENDENCE
                                       Independence
Implies one’s ability to act with integrity and exercise objectivity and
                          professional skepticism
To help provide clarity and simplify the concepts contained in Rule 101, the AICPA publishes
                  “AICPA Plain English Guide to Independence”
   http://www.aicpa.org/interestareas/professionalethics/resources/tools/downloadabledocuments/plain%20english
                                                       %20guide.pdf
FOCUS ON INDEPENDENCE
The Plain English Guide
• 43 page document updated regularly
• Links AICPA standards to PCAOB and SEC rules that may differ from AICPA rules
• Clarifies that Independence means:
      • Independent in Mind
      • Independent in Appearance
• Provides numerous definitions, illustrations of application, and frequently asked
  questions
FOCUS ON INDEPENDENCE
Things of note
  •   Clarity on accepting employment or a board position with a client
  •   Network vs. Association Firm
  •   When family members are subject to the rules
  •   What if I receive an inheritance that impairs my independence?
  •   Can I have a loan or bank account with a client?
  •   May I give or accept gifts or entertainment to/from a client?
FOCUS ON INDEPENDENCE
Things of note (cont.)
  • Service on an Advisory Board or as an honorary director/trustee for
    a client is permitted, as long as specific as to function
  • What non attest services are permitted, and which are not?
       •   May not make operational or financial decisions, or perform management functions
           for the client
       •   May not authorize or execute transactions, prepare source documents (i.e. purchase
           order), or have custody of assets
       •   Client MUST assume management responsibility and accept responsibility for results
           of the services
PICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Principles of Professional Conduct
 •   Article I – Responsibilities
 •   Article II – The Public Interest
 •   Article III – Integrity
 •   Article IV – Objectivity and Independence
 •   Article V – Due Care
 •   Article VI – Scope and Nature of Services
PICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Rules of Conduct and Interpretations

101 – Independence                      400 – Responsibilities to Colleagues [Reserved]
102 – Integrity and Objectivity         501 – Acts Discreditable
201 – General Standards                 502 – Advertising and Other Forms of Solicitation
202 – Compliance with Standards         503 – Commissions and Referral Fees
203 – Accounting Principles
                                        505 – Forms of Practice & Name
301 – Confidential Client Information
302 – Contingent Fees
OTHER RULEMAKING BODIES
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
 •   Initially adopted AICPA Rule 101 and 102 (Independence, Integrity and
     Objectivity)
 •   Adopted specific, more restrictive (in many cases) rules regarding Auditor
     Independence, Contingent Fees, Tax Services, Requirements for Audit Committee
     Approval of Services, and other Independence Standards
OTHER RULEMAKING BODIES
GAO (US General Accounting Office)
 •   Ethical principals and independence rules related to Yellow Book (Governmental) audit
     and attest work
 •   Many similarities to AICPA Code of Conduct
 •   Includes seven specific safeguards which must be in place for non audit services to be
     allowed

DOL (Dept of Labor)
 •   More restrictive than AICPA in most definitions
 •   Require independence for a more restrictive time period
INTERNAL AUDIT


INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY AUDITS
IIA CODE OF ETHICS
Integrity
    Honesty, diligence, responsible, and lawful
Objectivity
    Avoid conflict of interest or bias
    Disclose all material facts
Confidentiality
    Do not disclose information without authorization
Competency
    Maintain professional competency
ISACA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
         Support Compliance with IS Governance
             Objectivity, and Due Diligence
            Honest, Lawful, Good Character
           Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality
                 Maintain Competency
               Report all Significant Facts
           Support Education of Stakeholders
COMMON PROFESSIONAL ETHICAL OBJECTIVES
Honesty and Integrity
   “Integrity is telling myself the truth and honesty is telling the truth to other people.”
   Spencer Johnson
Transparency and Confidentiality
   “One man’s transparency is another’s humiliation.” Gerry Adams
Competency and Due Diligence
   “The expectations of life depend upon diligence; the mechanic that would perfect
   his work must first sharpen his tools.” Confucius
GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES
                             Traditionalists         Baby Boomers                Generation X                 Millennials
     Birth Years               1900-1945               1946-1964                  1965-1980                  (1977-1994)
                                                                                                              1981-2000
    Current Age                   63-86                    44-62                      28-43                      8-27
Work Ethic and Values   Adhere to rules         Challenge authority         Like a casual work        Want long-term
                        Dedicated work ethic    Dislike conformity and      environment               relationships with
                        Value due process and   rules                       Looking for meaningful    employers, but on their
                        fair                    Value Equality              work and innovation       own terms
                        play                    Value Personal              Move easily between       Recognize that people
                        Value Honor             fulfillment/gratification   jobs and criticized for   make the company
                        Value compliance        Willing to take risks       having no attachment to   successful
                                                Work efficiently            a particular              Understand importance
                                                                            job/employer              of great mentors
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
      DILEMMAS




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SEGREGATION OF DUTIES
An auditor observes that a receivables clerk has physical
  access to and control of cash receipts. The auditor is a
  good friend of the clerk and has a high level of trust in
  the individual. Accordingly, the auditor notes in the
  working papers that controls over receipts are
  adequate.
WHISTLE BLOWING
During the course of an audit, the auditor learned that
  certain individuals in the organization were involved in
  dumping toxic wastes in a nearby stream. The auditor
  has decided to report her findings to the appropriate
  individuals within the organization.
QUESTIONS
      Michael Hoffner
      • Partner
      • Audit
      • CPA               Elaine Nissley
                                • Principal
                    • Audit and Consulting
                  • MBA, CISA, PMP, CRISC
/   13
     / 19
04
FRAUD ENGAGEMENT
      FROM A TO Z


                     SAMUEL BOWERCRAFT, MSIS, CISA

                     &

                     DAVID HAMMARBERG,

                     CPA, CFE, CISSP, MCSE, WXYZ




                 3
            01
      8/2
4/1

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McKonly & Asbury Webinar - Professional Ethics

  • 1. FRAUD ENGAGEMENT FROM A TO Z SAMUEL BOWERCRAFT, MSIS, CISA & DAVID HAMMARBERG, CPA, CFE, CISSP, MCSE, WXYZ 3 01 8/2 4/1
  • 2. / 13 / 19 04
  • 3. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS MICHAEL HOFFNER (CPA) PARTNER ELAINE NISSLEY (CISA, CCSA, PMP, CRISC, CRMA) PRINCIPAL 3 01 8/2 4/1
  • 4. A BIT ABOUT US Michael Hoffner • Partner • Audit • CPA Elaine Nissley • Principal • Audit and Consulting • MBA, CISA, PMP, CRISC
  • 5. AGENDA Governing Standards for CPA’s • AICPA Code of Professional Ethics • PICPA and Other Standard Setters Standards for Internal Audit • Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) • Information Systems Audit & Control Association (ISACA)
  • 6. MAKING ROOM FOR ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING
  • 7. GOVERNING STANDARDS FOR CPA’S AICPA Code of Professional Conduct Specific statutes/rule makers • U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) • Department of Labor (DOL) • Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) • U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) • Others
  • 8. AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT The Principles • Department of Labor (DOL) The Rules • Govern the performance of professional services by members
  • 9. AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT The Principles • Article I: Responsibilities • Article II: The Public Interest • Article III: Integrity • Article IV: Objectivity and Independence • Article V: Due Care • Article VI: Scope and Nature of Services
  • 10. AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT The Rules – ET Section 100 Rule 101 (Independence) • Covers general rules regarding independence relative to attest services • Clarifies application to member as well as family members • Numerous interpretations Rule 102 (Integrity and Objectivity) • Speaks to conflicts of interest, knowing misrepresentations, and providing advisory services
  • 11. AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT The Rules – ET Section 200 Rule 201 (General Standards) • Competence, Due Professional Care, Planning and Supervision, Sufficient Relevant Data Rule 202 (Compliance with Standards) Rule 203 (Accounting Principles) • Clarifies the CPA’s responsibilities regarding providing an opinion on financial statements purported to be in accordance with GAAP
  • 12. AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT The Rules – ET Section 300 Rule 301 Confidential Client Information • Prohibited to disclose confidential client information without consent • Does not relieve requirement to respond to a subpoena or summons Rule 302 Contingent Fees • Prohibits contingent fees for clients receiving an audit or review, most compilations, and related to certain tax situations
  • 13. AICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT The Rules – ET Section 400 • “Responsibilities to Colleagues” – reserved The Rules – ET Section 500 • Rule 501 Acts Discreditable • Negligence, employment practices, general ethics matters, false or misleading marketing, etc. • Rule 502 Advertising • Rule 503 Commissions and Referral Fees • Rule 505 Form of Organization and Name
  • 14. FOCUS ON INDEPENDENCE Independence Implies one’s ability to act with integrity and exercise objectivity and professional skepticism To help provide clarity and simplify the concepts contained in Rule 101, the AICPA publishes “AICPA Plain English Guide to Independence” http://www.aicpa.org/interestareas/professionalethics/resources/tools/downloadabledocuments/plain%20english %20guide.pdf
  • 15. FOCUS ON INDEPENDENCE The Plain English Guide • 43 page document updated regularly • Links AICPA standards to PCAOB and SEC rules that may differ from AICPA rules • Clarifies that Independence means: • Independent in Mind • Independent in Appearance • Provides numerous definitions, illustrations of application, and frequently asked questions
  • 16. FOCUS ON INDEPENDENCE Things of note • Clarity on accepting employment or a board position with a client • Network vs. Association Firm • When family members are subject to the rules • What if I receive an inheritance that impairs my independence? • Can I have a loan or bank account with a client? • May I give or accept gifts or entertainment to/from a client?
  • 17. FOCUS ON INDEPENDENCE Things of note (cont.) • Service on an Advisory Board or as an honorary director/trustee for a client is permitted, as long as specific as to function • What non attest services are permitted, and which are not? • May not make operational or financial decisions, or perform management functions for the client • May not authorize or execute transactions, prepare source documents (i.e. purchase order), or have custody of assets • Client MUST assume management responsibility and accept responsibility for results of the services
  • 18. PICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Principles of Professional Conduct • Article I – Responsibilities • Article II – The Public Interest • Article III – Integrity • Article IV – Objectivity and Independence • Article V – Due Care • Article VI – Scope and Nature of Services
  • 19. PICPA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Rules of Conduct and Interpretations 101 – Independence 400 – Responsibilities to Colleagues [Reserved] 102 – Integrity and Objectivity 501 – Acts Discreditable 201 – General Standards 502 – Advertising and Other Forms of Solicitation 202 – Compliance with Standards 503 – Commissions and Referral Fees 203 – Accounting Principles 505 – Forms of Practice & Name 301 – Confidential Client Information 302 – Contingent Fees
  • 20. OTHER RULEMAKING BODIES Public Company Accounting Oversight Board • Initially adopted AICPA Rule 101 and 102 (Independence, Integrity and Objectivity) • Adopted specific, more restrictive (in many cases) rules regarding Auditor Independence, Contingent Fees, Tax Services, Requirements for Audit Committee Approval of Services, and other Independence Standards
  • 21. OTHER RULEMAKING BODIES GAO (US General Accounting Office) • Ethical principals and independence rules related to Yellow Book (Governmental) audit and attest work • Many similarities to AICPA Code of Conduct • Includes seven specific safeguards which must be in place for non audit services to be allowed DOL (Dept of Labor) • More restrictive than AICPA in most definitions • Require independence for a more restrictive time period
  • 23. IIA CODE OF ETHICS Integrity  Honesty, diligence, responsible, and lawful Objectivity  Avoid conflict of interest or bias  Disclose all material facts Confidentiality  Do not disclose information without authorization Competency  Maintain professional competency
  • 24. ISACA CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Support Compliance with IS Governance Objectivity, and Due Diligence Honest, Lawful, Good Character Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality Maintain Competency Report all Significant Facts Support Education of Stakeholders
  • 25. COMMON PROFESSIONAL ETHICAL OBJECTIVES Honesty and Integrity “Integrity is telling myself the truth and honesty is telling the truth to other people.” Spencer Johnson Transparency and Confidentiality “One man’s transparency is another’s humiliation.” Gerry Adams Competency and Due Diligence “The expectations of life depend upon diligence; the mechanic that would perfect his work must first sharpen his tools.” Confucius
  • 26. GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES Traditionalists Baby Boomers Generation X Millennials Birth Years 1900-1945 1946-1964 1965-1980 (1977-1994) 1981-2000 Current Age 63-86 44-62 28-43 8-27 Work Ethic and Values Adhere to rules Challenge authority Like a casual work Want long-term Dedicated work ethic Dislike conformity and environment relationships with Value due process and rules Looking for meaningful employers, but on their fair Value Equality work and innovation own terms play Value Personal Move easily between Recognize that people Value Honor fulfillment/gratification jobs and criticized for make the company Value compliance Willing to take risks having no attachment to successful Work efficiently a particular Understand importance job/employer of great mentors
  • 27. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS DILEMMAS 3 01 8/2 4/1
  • 28. SEGREGATION OF DUTIES An auditor observes that a receivables clerk has physical access to and control of cash receipts. The auditor is a good friend of the clerk and has a high level of trust in the individual. Accordingly, the auditor notes in the working papers that controls over receipts are adequate.
  • 29. WHISTLE BLOWING During the course of an audit, the auditor learned that certain individuals in the organization were involved in dumping toxic wastes in a nearby stream. The auditor has decided to report her findings to the appropriate individuals within the organization.
  • 30. QUESTIONS Michael Hoffner • Partner • Audit • CPA Elaine Nissley • Principal • Audit and Consulting • MBA, CISA, PMP, CRISC
  • 31. / 13 / 19 04
  • 32. FRAUD ENGAGEMENT FROM A TO Z SAMUEL BOWERCRAFT, MSIS, CISA & DAVID HAMMARBERG, CPA, CFE, CISSP, MCSE, WXYZ 3 01 8/2 4/1

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. 1. Integrity The integrity of internal auditors establishes trust and thus provides the basis for reliance on their judgment. 1.1. Shall perform their work with honesty, diligence, and responsibility. 1.2. Shall observe the law and make disclosures expected by the law and the profession. 1.3. Shall not knowingly be a party to any illegal activity, or engage in acts that are discreditable to the profession of internal auditing or to the organization. 1.4. Shall respect and contribute to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization.   2. Objectivity Internal auditors exhibit the highest level of professional objectivity in gathering, evaluating, and communicating information about the activity or process being examined. Internal auditors make a balanced assessment of all the relevant circumstances and are not unduly influenced by their own interests or by others in forming judgments 2.1. Shall not participate in any activity or relationship that may impair or be presumed to impair their unbiased assessment. This participation includes those activities or relationships that may be in conflict with the interests of the organization. 2.2. Shall not accept anything that may impair or be presumed to impair their professional judgment. 2.3. Shall disclose all material facts known to them that, if not disclosed, may distort the reporting of activities under review.   3. Confidentiality Internal auditors respect the value and ownership of information they receive and do not disclose information without appropriate authority unless there is a legal or professional obligation to do so. 4. 3.1. Shall be prudent in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. 3.2. Shall not use information for any personal gain or in any manner that would be contrary to the law or detrimental to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization.   Competency Internal auditors apply the knowledge, skills, and experience needed in the performance of internal audit services. 4.1. Shall engage only in those services for which they have the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience. 4.2. Shall perform internal audit services in accordance with the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing . 4.3. Shall continually improve their proficiency and the effectiveness and quality of their services.
  2. 1. Integrity The integrity of internal auditors establishes trust and thus provides the basis for reliance on their judgment. 1.1. Shall perform their work with honesty, diligence, and responsibility. 1.2. Shall observe the law and make disclosures expected by the law and the profession. 1.3. Shall not knowingly be a party to any illegal activity, or engage in acts that are discreditable to the profession of internal auditing or to the organization. 1.4. Shall respect and contribute to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization.   2. Objectivity Internal auditors exhibit the highest level of professional objectivity in gathering, evaluating, and communicating information about the activity or process being examined. Internal auditors make a balanced assessment of all the relevant circumstances and are not unduly influenced by their own interests or by others in forming judgments 2.1. Shall not participate in any activity or relationship that may impair or be presumed to impair their unbiased assessment. This participation includes those activities or relationships that may be in conflict with the interests of the organization. 2.2. Shall not accept anything that may impair or be presumed to impair their professional judgment. 2.3. Shall disclose all material facts known to them that, if not disclosed, may distort the reporting of activities under review.   3. Confidentiality Internal auditors respect the value and ownership of information they receive and do not disclose information without appropriate authority unless there is a legal or professional obligation to do so. 4. 3.1. Shall be prudent in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. 3.2. Shall not use information for any personal gain or in any manner that would be contrary to the law or detrimental to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization.   Competency Internal auditors apply the knowledge, skills, and experience needed in the performance of internal audit services. 4.1. Shall engage only in those services for which they have the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience. 4.2. Shall perform internal audit services in accordance with the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing . 4.3. Shall continually improve their proficiency and the effectiveness and quality of their services.
  3. Honesty and Integrity - adherence to moral and right conduct principles; soundness of moral character; honesty. Dictionary.com One of the fastest was to lose respect of others is to operate in a do as I say, not as I do fashion. Have you experienced this in your career? Transparency and Confidentiality - Transparency includes a quality of openness and candor which helps people to understand why decisions are made. This must be balanced with confidentiality to protect valuable or sensitive information which if disclosed with harm the organization or be in violation of laws such as HIPPA. Has anyone experience the failure to maintain this balance? Competency and Due Diligence – Not only should we as professionals maintain our competency, and only engage in activities for which we are qualified, we should also perform our duties with due diligence. We should not jump to conclusions but make sure we have sufficient evidence to support our assertions. Looking at the quote by Confucius, who wants and mechanic to work on your care if that mechanic does not know his trade and jumps to a conclusion about what is wrong with your car before taking due care to evaluate the root cause of the problem. Has anyone experienced lack of knowledge or jumping to conclusions?
  4. There is an expectation that accountants and auditors will apply their professional judgment in a way that support the public’s interest. Both accountants and auditors are well known as whistleblowers. But quite often we find ourselves in a moral dilemma where application of our professional judgment in support of the public’s interests is at odds with our personal interests and the interests of the executives we work for. There are many examples where professionals made the choice on the side of their personal interests. For example, Sherron Watkins a CPA at Enron, who was the VP of Corporate Development and had previously worked for Arthur Anderson. She did not blow the whistle in the interest of the greater public good. She simple wrote an anonymous internal memo to chairman, Kenneth Lay relaying the fact that there were financial misstatements and she was concerned that there were whistleblowers within the company. She did end up testifying and ultimately won the 2002 Time People of the Year Award. But if she would have gone public sooner do you think there would have been less harm to the public? How do we handle these dilemmas and adequately apply our professional code of ethics? Interact with the audience. If no responses, revert back to the case of the Phantom CAE. If you have no experience in Information Systems auditing and you are requested to completed an IT audit, what should you do. (Indicate that you do not have the professional competency to complete the work unless you have guidance and assistance from a qualified IT Auditor who will need to review and sign-off on your work.)
  5. Analysis. Auditors must maintain their independence, integrity, and objectivity. Auditors must be alert to opportunities for fraud or conditions and activities where irregularities are most likely to occur. Cash has a high degree of inherent risk and should therefore be subject to stringent control procedures. Access to cash and the record keeping functions should be separated regardless of the personal qualities of the individuals involved. The fact that the clerk is a friend of the auditor is irrelevant. Management still needs to be aware that there is inadequate internal control in receivables.
  6. Analysis: Auditors shall report all significant facts. Has the auditor gone far enough? What obligation do they have to report this to the authorities?