SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 29
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Logic
LOGIC
Logic comes from the word
“LOGOS”, which means “REASON”.
It is concerned with the methods and
rules for correct thinking.
LOGIC: The SCIENCE and ART
of REASONING
•Logic, as an ART, on one hand, direct
reason. As an ART it guides man’s reason
so that he can proceed with order and
precision in the search for meaning.
•Logic as a SCIENCE, on the other
hand, “investigates, discovers,
expresses, systematizes,
demonstrates, and explains the laws
of correct thinking.
METHODS OF REASONING
1.INDUCTIVE METHOD – where we can
obtain universal knowledge by considering
the particular things.
2.DEDUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE – when we
proceed from universal knowledge to
particular cases.
DIVISION OF LOGIC
1. Material Logic – this focuses on the study of
the main philosophical problems taken up in
logic such as problems of the universals,
abstraction, or inductions.
2. Formal Logic – this is centered on the
operation of the mind from the point of view
of correct thinking.
Material Logic : Acts/Level of the Mind
• Simple Apprehension
• Judging
•Reasoning
SIMPLE APPREHENSION
It is the basic operation of the mind or
“the mental process by which we grasp the
general meaning of the thing without
affirming or denying anything about it”.
JUDGING
It is the act of the mind by which we
compare two, concepts, either they agree
or not. If we put concepts together, the
end result is called judgment or
proposition.
REASONING
Is the act of mind by which we derive
new truths from previously assumed truth.
The mind combines several judgments or
propositions in order to arrive at a previously
unknown judgment, it is called syllogism.
Levels of Expressions
• Term
•Proposition
•Inference
TERM
A term is a word that denotes a
particular object. By denoting a term
brings us an object or idea.
Types of TERM
• Simple and Complex
• Significant and Non-Significant
• Distributive and Collective
• Univocal, Equivocal and Analogical
• Contrary and Contradictory
Simple and Complex
• Simple – when the term used consists of a
word, for instance “Jesus” such is called a
simple term.
• Complex – composed of many term but
standing one idea. Example, The lady in red
walking down the street.
Significant and Non-Significant
• Significant – when a term is used to
directly express a concept, it is called a
significant term.
•Non-Significant – when it is not points
directly to the nature of a thing.
Distributive and Collective
• Distributive – a term is distributive when
it shows the essence of entities singularity.
• Collective – a term is collective when it
shows the essence of entities as a group.
Univocal, Equivocal and Analogical
• Univocal – a term is said to be
univocal when it has the same
meaning.
• Equivocal – a term is said to
be equivocal when it is used in
entirely different sense.
• Analogical – a term is said to
be analogical when it is used in
distinct but related senses.
Contrary and Contradictory
• Contrary – terms are ones that
represent two extremes of the
same genus.
• Contradictory – terms are ones
that are totally opposed to each
other.
PROPOSITION
A Proposition is a sentence in which
the subject and predicate are combined in
order to state something as true or false. A
Proposition therefore either affirms or
denies.
The valid Propositional sentence excludes the
Exclamatory, Interrogative, and the Imperative.
• Exclamatory Sentence – express
emotions. Example: Give me liberty
or give me death!
• Interrogative Sentence – ask
questions. Example: Am I my
brother’s keeper.
• Imperative Sentence – give orders.
Example: Send this Order to the
Mayor.
Parts of the Propositions
• Subject – is a bout which something is
affirmed or denied.
• Predicate – is what affirmed or denied to
the subject.
• Copula – is either is (am, are) if
affirmative or is not (am not, are not) if
negative.
Types of the Proposition
• Singular
• Particular
• Universality
 Proper nouns
 Demonstrative
 Article “THE”
 Nouns modified by adjective in
superlative degree
 Personal Pronoun
Singular (5 signs)
Particular (4 signs)
 Indefinite Pronouns
 Article “A” and “AN”
General Proposition
 Use of numbers
Universality (3 signs)
 Universal idea
 Universal expression
 Article a, an, and the
Classification of Proposition
Positive Negative
Universal or
Singular
A E
Particular I O
The symbols A, E, I, O indicate the
classification of categorical proposition on
the basis of quantity and quality.
INFERENCE
Inference is a process by which
the mind draws new knowledge or
insight from any given proposition or a
set of proposition. Inference must follow
the valid sequence of premises.
Types of Inference
 Immediate Inference – when there is no
intermediary in deriving an opposite insight.
 Mediate Inference – for instance the
categorical syllogism, when there is an
intermediary, i.e. . Middle term.
THE END 
Prepared by :
Ma.Luz T. Sisbreño

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Inductive and deductive reasoning
Inductive and deductive reasoningInductive and deductive reasoning
Inductive and deductive reasoningAbir Chaaban
 
Philosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning ppt
Philosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning pptPhilosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning ppt
Philosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning pptUmer Niazi
 
Categorical Propositions- Logic
Categorical Propositions- LogicCategorical Propositions- Logic
Categorical Propositions- LogicKent Sunglao
 
Deductive and Inductive Arguments
Deductive and Inductive ArgumentsDeductive and Inductive Arguments
Deductive and Inductive ArgumentsJanet Stemwedel
 
Chapter 4 logical reasoning
Chapter 4 logical reasoningChapter 4 logical reasoning
Chapter 4 logical reasoningJaypee Sidon
 
The Importance of Logic
The Importance of LogicThe Importance of Logic
The Importance of LogicJonathan Fan
 
Judgment and proposition or logical statement
Judgment and proposition or logical statementJudgment and proposition or logical statement
Judgment and proposition or logical statementling selanoba
 
Critical thinking and logic powerpoint
Critical thinking and logic powerpointCritical thinking and logic powerpoint
Critical thinking and logic powerpointannvillanueva
 
Inductive, Deductive, and Fallacies
Inductive, Deductive, and FallaciesInductive, Deductive, and Fallacies
Inductive, Deductive, and FallaciesDarnell Kemp
 
Deduction vs. Induction
Deduction vs. InductionDeduction vs. Induction
Deduction vs. InductionRobert Allen
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Notes for logic
Notes for logicNotes for logic
Notes for logic
 
Inductive and deductive reasoning
Inductive and deductive reasoningInductive and deductive reasoning
Inductive and deductive reasoning
 
Philosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning ppt
Philosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning pptPhilosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning ppt
Philosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning ppt
 
Basic Concepts of Logic
Basic Concepts of LogicBasic Concepts of Logic
Basic Concepts of Logic
 
Division of logic
Division of logicDivision of logic
Division of logic
 
Logic Reasoning
Logic ReasoningLogic Reasoning
Logic Reasoning
 
Inductive vs deductive reasoning
Inductive vs deductive reasoningInductive vs deductive reasoning
Inductive vs deductive reasoning
 
Categorical Propositions- Logic
Categorical Propositions- LogicCategorical Propositions- Logic
Categorical Propositions- Logic
 
Laws of logic
Laws of logicLaws of logic
Laws of logic
 
Deductive and Inductive Arguments
Deductive and Inductive ArgumentsDeductive and Inductive Arguments
Deductive and Inductive Arguments
 
Chapter 4 logical reasoning
Chapter 4 logical reasoningChapter 4 logical reasoning
Chapter 4 logical reasoning
 
The Importance of Logic
The Importance of LogicThe Importance of Logic
The Importance of Logic
 
Logic.ppt.
Logic.ppt.Logic.ppt.
Logic.ppt.
 
philosophy and logic
philosophy and logicphilosophy and logic
philosophy and logic
 
Judgment and proposition or logical statement
Judgment and proposition or logical statementJudgment and proposition or logical statement
Judgment and proposition or logical statement
 
Critical thinking and logic powerpoint
Critical thinking and logic powerpointCritical thinking and logic powerpoint
Critical thinking and logic powerpoint
 
Hypothetical Syllogism
Hypothetical SyllogismHypothetical Syllogism
Hypothetical Syllogism
 
Inductive, Deductive, and Fallacies
Inductive, Deductive, and FallaciesInductive, Deductive, and Fallacies
Inductive, Deductive, and Fallacies
 
History of philosophy_and_philosophers
History of philosophy_and_philosophersHistory of philosophy_and_philosophers
History of philosophy_and_philosophers
 
Deduction vs. Induction
Deduction vs. InductionDeduction vs. Induction
Deduction vs. Induction
 

Andere mochten auch

Lesson 6: Informal Logic
Lesson 6: Informal LogicLesson 6: Informal Logic
Lesson 6: Informal Logicbsimoneaux
 
Dev.read.( final)
Dev.read.( final)Dev.read.( final)
Dev.read.( final)Edcel Jose
 
Critical And Creative Thinking Henderson
Critical And Creative Thinking HendersonCritical And Creative Thinking Henderson
Critical And Creative Thinking HendersonMariellesimone
 
Categorical syllogism
Categorical syllogismCategorical syllogism
Categorical syllogism3842
 
Political science
Political sciencePolitical science
Political sciencePSCN2012
 
Bill of rights (lecture)
Bill of rights (lecture)Bill of rights (lecture)
Bill of rights (lecture)John Torres
 
Philippine history and government
Philippine history and governmentPhilippine history and government
Philippine history and governmentash_banto
 
Political Development of the Philippine Government
Political Development of the Philippine GovernmentPolitical Development of the Philippine Government
Political Development of the Philippine GovernmentJheng Reyes
 
Statistics
StatisticsStatistics
Statisticspikuoec
 
Introduction to Elementary statistics
Introduction to Elementary statisticsIntroduction to Elementary statistics
Introduction to Elementary statisticskrizza joy dela cruz
 
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENTEVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENTJezreel A, Revellame
 
Pre spanish period in the philippines
Pre spanish period in the philippinesPre spanish period in the philippines
Pre spanish period in the philippinesKate Sevilla
 

Andere mochten auch (19)

Lesson 6: Informal Logic
Lesson 6: Informal LogicLesson 6: Informal Logic
Lesson 6: Informal Logic
 
Dev.read.( final)
Dev.read.( final)Dev.read.( final)
Dev.read.( final)
 
Logic
LogicLogic
Logic
 
Syllogism
SyllogismSyllogism
Syllogism
 
Syllogism
SyllogismSyllogism
Syllogism
 
Critical And Creative Thinking Henderson
Critical And Creative Thinking HendersonCritical And Creative Thinking Henderson
Critical And Creative Thinking Henderson
 
Categorical syllogism
Categorical syllogismCategorical syllogism
Categorical syllogism
 
LOGIC: Ideas & Terms
LOGIC: Ideas & TermsLOGIC: Ideas & Terms
LOGIC: Ideas & Terms
 
Political science
Political sciencePolitical science
Political science
 
Bill of rights (lecture)
Bill of rights (lecture)Bill of rights (lecture)
Bill of rights (lecture)
 
Philippine history and government
Philippine history and governmentPhilippine history and government
Philippine history and government
 
Political Development of the Philippine Government
Political Development of the Philippine GovernmentPolitical Development of the Philippine Government
Political Development of the Philippine Government
 
Political History of the Philippines
Political History of the PhilippinesPolitical History of the Philippines
Political History of the Philippines
 
Statistics
StatisticsStatistics
Statistics
 
Introduction to Elementary statistics
Introduction to Elementary statisticsIntroduction to Elementary statistics
Introduction to Elementary statistics
 
Ethics
EthicsEthics
Ethics
 
Politics and governance with constitution rpc
Politics and governance with constitution  rpcPolitics and governance with constitution  rpc
Politics and governance with constitution rpc
 
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENTEVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
 
Pre spanish period in the philippines
Pre spanish period in the philippinesPre spanish period in the philippines
Pre spanish period in the philippines
 

Ähnlich wie Logic

Lecture 2 - Nature and use of argument.pptx
Lecture 2 - Nature and use of argument.pptxLecture 2 - Nature and use of argument.pptx
Lecture 2 - Nature and use of argument.pptxsharmi28it
 
LOGIC - Seminar In Problem Solving
LOGIC - Seminar In Problem SolvingLOGIC - Seminar In Problem Solving
LOGIC - Seminar In Problem SolvingMenchie Magistrado
 
Introduction to Philosophy of Education
Introduction to Philosophy of EducationIntroduction to Philosophy of Education
Introduction to Philosophy of Educationbladetrinity2
 
Critical Short Notes.pptx
Critical Short Notes.pptxCritical Short Notes.pptx
Critical Short Notes.pptxSebehadinKedir
 
- Logic - Module 1B - Logic and Propositions course lactur .pdf
- Logic - Module 1B - Logic and Propositions course lactur .pdf- Logic - Module 1B - Logic and Propositions course lactur .pdf
- Logic - Module 1B - Logic and Propositions course lactur .pdfMehdiHassan67
 
class - epistemology.pptx
class - epistemology.pptxclass - epistemology.pptx
class - epistemology.pptxnireekshan1
 
Parts of speech
Parts of speechParts of speech
Parts of speechAqsa Ijaz
 
Week 2 1. Utterance , Sent , Prop.pptx
Week 2  1. Utterance , Sent , Prop.pptxWeek 2  1. Utterance , Sent , Prop.pptx
Week 2 1. Utterance , Sent , Prop.pptxMarwaElsheikh5
 
The study of language
The study of languageThe study of language
The study of languageAhmad Suhaimi
 
Persuasion and Argumentation Terms
Persuasion and Argumentation TermsPersuasion and Argumentation Terms
Persuasion and Argumentation TermsPam Priest
 

Ähnlich wie Logic (20)

Logic
Logic Logic
Logic
 
Lecture 1.pptx
Lecture 1.pptxLecture 1.pptx
Lecture 1.pptx
 
Lecture 2 - Nature and use of argument.pptx
Lecture 2 - Nature and use of argument.pptxLecture 2 - Nature and use of argument.pptx
Lecture 2 - Nature and use of argument.pptx
 
LOGIC - Seminar In Problem Solving
LOGIC - Seminar In Problem SolvingLOGIC - Seminar In Problem Solving
LOGIC - Seminar In Problem Solving
 
Introduction to Philosophy of Education
Introduction to Philosophy of EducationIntroduction to Philosophy of Education
Introduction to Philosophy of Education
 
Philosophy of education b.ed level
Philosophy of education b.ed levelPhilosophy of education b.ed level
Philosophy of education b.ed level
 
Critical Short Notes.pptx
Critical Short Notes.pptxCritical Short Notes.pptx
Critical Short Notes.pptx
 
- Logic - Module 1B - Logic and Propositions course lactur .pdf
- Logic - Module 1B - Logic and Propositions course lactur .pdf- Logic - Module 1B - Logic and Propositions course lactur .pdf
- Logic - Module 1B - Logic and Propositions course lactur .pdf
 
Logic 1-6.pptx
Logic 1-6.pptxLogic 1-6.pptx
Logic 1-6.pptx
 
semantics
semanticssemantics
semantics
 
Modality
ModalityModality
Modality
 
class - epistemology.pptx
class - epistemology.pptxclass - epistemology.pptx
class - epistemology.pptx
 
Parts of speech
Parts of speechParts of speech
Parts of speech
 
Propositions
PropositionsPropositions
Propositions
 
Week 2 1. Utterance , Sent , Prop.pptx
Week 2  1. Utterance , Sent , Prop.pptxWeek 2  1. Utterance , Sent , Prop.pptx
Week 2 1. Utterance , Sent , Prop.pptx
 
All About Pronouns
All About PronounsAll About Pronouns
All About Pronouns
 
The study of language
The study of languageThe study of language
The study of language
 
IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISHIMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
 
Methods of Philosophy
Methods of PhilosophyMethods of Philosophy
Methods of Philosophy
 
Persuasion and Argumentation Terms
Persuasion and Argumentation TermsPersuasion and Argumentation Terms
Persuasion and Argumentation Terms
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 

Logic

  • 2. LOGIC Logic comes from the word “LOGOS”, which means “REASON”. It is concerned with the methods and rules for correct thinking.
  • 3. LOGIC: The SCIENCE and ART of REASONING •Logic, as an ART, on one hand, direct reason. As an ART it guides man’s reason so that he can proceed with order and precision in the search for meaning.
  • 4. •Logic as a SCIENCE, on the other hand, “investigates, discovers, expresses, systematizes, demonstrates, and explains the laws of correct thinking.
  • 5. METHODS OF REASONING 1.INDUCTIVE METHOD – where we can obtain universal knowledge by considering the particular things. 2.DEDUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE – when we proceed from universal knowledge to particular cases.
  • 6. DIVISION OF LOGIC 1. Material Logic – this focuses on the study of the main philosophical problems taken up in logic such as problems of the universals, abstraction, or inductions. 2. Formal Logic – this is centered on the operation of the mind from the point of view of correct thinking.
  • 7. Material Logic : Acts/Level of the Mind • Simple Apprehension • Judging •Reasoning
  • 8. SIMPLE APPREHENSION It is the basic operation of the mind or “the mental process by which we grasp the general meaning of the thing without affirming or denying anything about it”.
  • 9. JUDGING It is the act of the mind by which we compare two, concepts, either they agree or not. If we put concepts together, the end result is called judgment or proposition.
  • 10. REASONING Is the act of mind by which we derive new truths from previously assumed truth. The mind combines several judgments or propositions in order to arrive at a previously unknown judgment, it is called syllogism.
  • 11. Levels of Expressions • Term •Proposition •Inference
  • 12. TERM A term is a word that denotes a particular object. By denoting a term brings us an object or idea.
  • 13. Types of TERM • Simple and Complex • Significant and Non-Significant • Distributive and Collective • Univocal, Equivocal and Analogical • Contrary and Contradictory
  • 14. Simple and Complex • Simple – when the term used consists of a word, for instance “Jesus” such is called a simple term. • Complex – composed of many term but standing one idea. Example, The lady in red walking down the street.
  • 15. Significant and Non-Significant • Significant – when a term is used to directly express a concept, it is called a significant term. •Non-Significant – when it is not points directly to the nature of a thing.
  • 16. Distributive and Collective • Distributive – a term is distributive when it shows the essence of entities singularity. • Collective – a term is collective when it shows the essence of entities as a group.
  • 17. Univocal, Equivocal and Analogical • Univocal – a term is said to be univocal when it has the same meaning. • Equivocal – a term is said to be equivocal when it is used in entirely different sense. • Analogical – a term is said to be analogical when it is used in distinct but related senses.
  • 18. Contrary and Contradictory • Contrary – terms are ones that represent two extremes of the same genus. • Contradictory – terms are ones that are totally opposed to each other.
  • 19. PROPOSITION A Proposition is a sentence in which the subject and predicate are combined in order to state something as true or false. A Proposition therefore either affirms or denies.
  • 20. The valid Propositional sentence excludes the Exclamatory, Interrogative, and the Imperative. • Exclamatory Sentence – express emotions. Example: Give me liberty or give me death! • Interrogative Sentence – ask questions. Example: Am I my brother’s keeper. • Imperative Sentence – give orders. Example: Send this Order to the Mayor.
  • 21. Parts of the Propositions • Subject – is a bout which something is affirmed or denied. • Predicate – is what affirmed or denied to the subject. • Copula – is either is (am, are) if affirmative or is not (am not, are not) if negative.
  • 22. Types of the Proposition • Singular • Particular • Universality
  • 23.  Proper nouns  Demonstrative  Article “THE”  Nouns modified by adjective in superlative degree  Personal Pronoun Singular (5 signs)
  • 24. Particular (4 signs)  Indefinite Pronouns  Article “A” and “AN” General Proposition  Use of numbers
  • 25. Universality (3 signs)  Universal idea  Universal expression  Article a, an, and the
  • 26. Classification of Proposition Positive Negative Universal or Singular A E Particular I O The symbols A, E, I, O indicate the classification of categorical proposition on the basis of quantity and quality.
  • 27. INFERENCE Inference is a process by which the mind draws new knowledge or insight from any given proposition or a set of proposition. Inference must follow the valid sequence of premises.
  • 28. Types of Inference  Immediate Inference – when there is no intermediary in deriving an opposite insight.  Mediate Inference – for instance the categorical syllogism, when there is an intermediary, i.e. . Middle term.
  • 29. THE END  Prepared by : Ma.Luz T. Sisbreño

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. khjghfhfh