My presentation "From Systems to Services: Creating a Service-oriented, Space-Based Infrastructure" during the Space Horizons 2014 Workshop at Brown University.

1. From Systems to Services:
Creating a Service-Oriented,
Space-Based Infrastructure
Dr. ing. Marco Lisi
European Space Agency
Special Advisor to the European Commission
Space Horizons 2014 Workshop
Brown University - February 19, 2014

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3. Objectives
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To recognize the importance of services in today’s
world economy;
To explain what a service-oriented, large and complex
system means;
To suggest the need for a radical conceptual paradigm
shift in the space business, moving from
technologies/products to capabilities and services;
To describe some success examples towards a worldwide, integrated, service-oriented space infrastructure;
To highlight some promising areas for further research
and development and potential issues to be resolved
along the way.

4. Towards a Knowledge-Based…
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5. …and Service-Oriented Economy
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6. What do we mean by "service"?
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By the term “service” we mean the guaranteed and
committed delivery of a capability to a community of
potential customers/users;
In the delivery of a service, the focus is more on the
“commitment” (continued over time) than on the
“technical performance” as such, which is though an
essential prerequisite (but not an objective);
NOTA BENE: services are not alternative to (or in
competition with) technology and goods production. On
the contrary, advanced, high value-added services need
state-of-the-art technological products and systems to
be provided. Examples:
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Internet
Wireless communication networks
Electric power distribution infrastructure

7. What is a Service System?
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Service (or service-oriented) systems are systems
meant to provide value-added services through the use
of technology (mainly communications and computer
technologies);
A “service system” has been defined as a dynamic
configuration of people, technology, organizational
networks and shared information (such as languages,
processes, metrics, prices, policies, and laws)
designed to deliver services that satisfy the needs,
wants, or aspirations of customers.

8. Characteristics of Service Systems
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Large and complex systems
Software intensive (several million lines of code)
Capabilities-based rather than platform-based
Organization and governance (human factor)
Technical performance is a prerequisite for production and
delivery of services, not a final objective
Requirements related to operations, in addition to technical
ones, assume a very high relevance:
Quality of Service (QoS)
Reliability, Availability, Continuity
Maintainability
Safety
Security
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Flexibility
Expandability
Interoperability
Resilience

9. Products vs. Services
 Cars
 Highways
 Trains
 Railways
 Stations
 Parking areas
 Aircrafts
 Airports
 Ships
 Etc.
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10. Large and Complex Systems (1/2)
• A large and complex system is a system composed of a
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large number of interconnected elements, often developed
and deployed worldwide, which interact dynamically, giving
rise to emergent properties
Examples of complex systems supporting services for civil
applications include:
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global satellite navigation systems
air traffic control systems
railway control systems
space systems such as the International Space Station or space
transportation and exploration vehicles
surveillance, Earth observation and Homeland security systems
electric power distribution systems
telecommunication systems
complex computer networks, including Internet.

11. Large and Complex Systems (2/2)
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A complex system often integrates existing systems (or
parts of them) in an overall large-scale architecture
containing a large number of interfaces and implementing
multiple modes of operation, in a highly dynamic
environment
Large and complex systems require extensive logistics and
maintenance support capabilities
Large and complex space-based systems (e.g. GPS,
Galileo) are conceived to be in service for a long time; in
this case the evolution of the system (up-grades and
modifications) has to be taken into account from the
beginning.

12. A Service-Oriented, Space-Based Infrastructure
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To achieve the goal of an effective service-oriented,
space-based infrastructure a radical (mostly conceptual)
paradigm shift is needed:
from a technology/mission focused approach
to
a service approach
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We need to start from the end, asking ourselves the
following questions:
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What capabilities do the users need?
How can we make an effective use of existing resources, on
ground and on orbit?
How can we plan for future more flexible and interoperable space
infrastructures?

13. Success Stories: TDRS (3rd Generation)
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14. Success Stories: ESA’s Artemis & EDRS
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15. Success Stories: TT&C Ground Networks
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16. Success Stories: NASA’s Interplanetary Internet
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17. Future Developments and Issues
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In order to achieve the goal of a truly interoperable,
service-oriented space infrastructure, some key areas
need further development:
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Some open issues have to be addressed and resolved:
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International cooperation, both in the public and the private
sector;
Standardization (interfaces, metrics, procedures, protocols);
Modularity (modular system architectures, modular
spacecraft design, plug-and-play subsystems, etc.);
Flexibility (optical inter-satellite links, SDR payloads, active
phased-array and reconfigurable antennas, etc);
Integration (wireless networks and technologies, Internet).
Security (encryption techniques, VPN approaches,
government and commercial confidentiality, ITAR, etc.);
Overall management & organization of shared resources;
Liability issues.

18. Conclusions
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Our economy is more and more depending on large,
strategic and complex service infrastructures, based on
large, strategic and complex systems;
The design of a complex service enterprise requires a
wide range of skills and expertise's, covering
organizational, engineering, social, legal and
contractual aspects;
The advent of an effective service-oriented, spacebased infrastructure imposes a radical conceptual
paradigm shift, focusing on capabilities rather than
technologies;
Research and developments in this area are well worth
being pursued, but results will not be easy to achieve.

19. The Global Systems of Systems Infrastructure
GNSoS
ATM
SoS
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GEOSS

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