1. Card reader
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This article is about the hardware device. For the fortune-telling practice using a deck of cards,
see Cartomancy.
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A card reader is a data input device that reads data from a card-shaped storage medium. The first
were punched card readers, which read the paper or cardboard punched cards that were used during the
first several decades of the computer industry to store information and programs for computer systems.
Modern card readers are electronic devices that can read plastic cards embedded with either
a barcode, magnetic strip, computer chip or another storage medium.
A memory card reader is a device used for communication with a smart card or a memory card.
A magnetic card reader is a device used to read magnetic stripe cards, such as credit
cards.[1] A business card reader is a device used to scan and electronically save printed business cards.
Contents
[hide]
 1 Smart card readers
 2 Memory card readers
 3 Access control card reader
o 3.1 Barcode
o 3.2 Biometric
o 3.3 Magnetic stripe
o 3.4 Wiegand card
o 3.5 Proximity card
o 3.6 Smart card
 4 Banking card readers
 5 See also
 6 References
Smart card readers[edit]

2. See also: Contact smart card and Contactless smart card.
A smart card reader is an electronic device that reads smart cards and
can be found in the following forms:
 Some keyboards have a built-in card reader.
 External devices and internal drive bay card reader devices exist
for personal computers (PC).
 Some laptop models contain a built-in smart card reader and/or
utilize flash upgradeable firmware.
External devices that can read a Personal identification number (PIN) or
other information may also be connected to a keyboard (usually called
"card readers with PIN pad"). This model works by supplying
the integrated circuit on the smart card with electricity and communicating
via protocols, thereby enabling the user to read and write to a
fixed address on the card.
Communication protocols
Name Description
T=0 Asynchronous half-duplex byte-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3
T=1 Asynchronous half-duplex block-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3.
T=2 Reserved for future use.
T=3 Reserved for future use.

3. Contactless APDU transmission via contactless interface ISO/IEC 14443.
If the card does not use any standard transmission protocol, but uses a
custom/proprietary protocol, it has the communication protocol
designation T=14.[2]
The latest[which?] PC/SC CCID specifications define a new smart
card framework. This framework works with USB devices with the specific
device class 0x0B. Readers with this class do not need device
drivers when used with PC/SC-compliant operating systems, because
the operating system supplies the driver by default.[citation needed]
PKCS#11 is an API designed to be platform-independent, defining a
generic interface to cryptographic tokens such as smart cards. This
allows applications to work without knowledge of the reader details.
Memory card readers[edit]
Main article: Memory card reader
A USB card reader like this one, will typically implement the USB mass storage device
class.

4. A memory card reader is a device, typically having a USB interface, for
accessing the data on a memory card such as
a CompactFlash (CF), Secure Digital (SD) orMultiMediaCard (MMC).
Most card readers also offer write capability, and together with the card,
this can function as a pen drive.
Access control card reader[edit]
Access control card readers are used in physical security systems to read
acredential that allows access through access control points, typically a
locked door. An access control reader can be a magnetic stripe reader,
a bar code reader, a proximity reader, a smart card reader, or
a biometric reader.
Access control readers are classified by functions they are able to perform
and by identification technology:
Barcode[edit]
A barcode is a series of alternating dark and light stripes that are read by
an optical scanner. The organization and width of the lines is determined
by the bar code protocol selected. There are many different protocols,
such as the prevalentCode 39.[3] Sometimes the digits represented by the
dark and light bars are also printed to allow people to read the number
without an optical reader.
The advantage of using barcode technology is that it is cheap and easy to
generate the credential and it can easily be applied to cards or other items.
However the same affordability and simplicity makes the technology
susceptible to fraud, because fake barcodes can also be created cheaply
and easily, for example byphotocopying real ones. One attempt to reduce
fraud is to print the barcode using carbon-based ink, and then cover the
bar code with a dark red overlay. The barcode can then be read with an
optical reader tuned to the infrared spectrum, but can not easily be copied
by a copy machine. This does not address the ease with which barcode
numbers can be generated from a computer using almost any printer.
Biometric[edit]
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5. inappropriate external links. (April 2011)
IP access control
IP fingerprint reader
Media type Internet Protocol
Capacity 10000 templates
Developed by Suprema Inc.
Usage fingerprint identification, access control
There are several forms of biometric identification employed in access
control:fingerprint, hand geometry, iris and facial recognition. Biometric
technology has been promoted for its ability to significantly increase the
security level of systems. Proponents claim that the technology eliminates

6. such problems as lost, stolen or loaned ID cards and forgotten PINs.[citation
needed]
All biometric readers work similarly, by comparing the template stored in
memory to the scan obtained during the process of identification. If there
is a high enough degree of probability that the template in the memory is
compatible with the live scan (the scan belongs to the authorized person),
the ID number of that person is sent to a control panel. The control panel
then checks the permission level of the user and determines whether
access should be allowed. The communication between the reader and
the control panel is usually transmitted using the industry
standard Wiegand interface. The only exception is the intelligent biometric
reader, which does not require any panels and directly controls all door
hardware.
Biometric templates may be stored in the memory of readers, limiting the
number of users by the reader memory size (there are reader models that
have been manufactured with a storage capacity of up to 50,000
templates). User templates may also be stored in the memory of the smart
card, thereby removing all limits to the number of system users (finger-
only identification is not possible with this technology), or a
central server PC can act as the template host. For systems where a
central server is employed, known as "server-based verification", readers
first read the biometric data of the user and then forward it to the main
computer for processing. Server-based systems support a large number
of users but are dependent on the reliability of the central server, as well
ascommunication lines.
1-to-1 and 1-to-many are the two possible modes of operation of a
biometric reader:
 In the 1-to-1 mode a user must first either presenting an ID card or
enter a PIN. The reader then looks up the template of the
corresponding user in the database and compares it with the live
scan. The 1-to-1 method is considered more secure and is generally
faster as the reader needs to perform only one comparison. Most 1-
to-1 biometric readers are "dual-technology" readers: they either have

7. a built-in proximity, smart card or keypad reader, or they have an
input for connecting an external card reader.
 In the 1-to-many mode a user presents biometric data such as a
fingerprint or retina scan and the reader then compares the live scan
to all the templates stored in the memory. This method is preferred by
most end-users, because it eliminates the need to carry ID cards or
use PINs. On the other hand this method is slower, because the
reader may have to perform thousands of comparison operations until
it finds the match. An important technical characteristic of a 1-to-many
reader is the number of comparisons that can be performed in one
second, which is considered the maximum time that users can wait at
a door without noticing a delay. Currently most 1-to-many readers are
capable of performing 2,000–3,000 matching operations per second.
Magnetic stripe[edit]
See also: Magnetic stripe card
Magnetic stripe technology, usually called mag-stripe, is so named
because of the stripe of magnetic oxide tape that is laminated on a card.
There are three tracks of data on the magnetic stripe. Typically the data
on each of the tracks follows a specific encoding standard, but it is
possible to encode any format on any track. A mag-stripe card is cheap
compared to other card technologies and is easy to program. The
magnetic stripe holds more data than a barcode can in the same space.
While a mag-stripe is more difficult to generate than a bar code, the
technology for reading and encoding data on a mag-stripe is widespread
and easy to acquire. Magnetic stripe technology is also susceptible to
misreads, card wear, and data corruption. These cards are also
susceptible to some forms of skimming where external devices are placed
over the reader to intercept the data read.
Wiegand card[edit]
Wiegand card technology is a patented technology using
embedded ferromagnetic wires strategically positioned to create a unique
pattern that generates the identification number. Like magnetic
stripe or barcode technology, this card must be swiped through a reader
to be read. Unlike the other technologies, the identification media is

8. embedded in the card and not susceptible to wear. This technology once
gained popularity because it is difficult to duplicate, creating a high
perception of security. This technology is being replaced by proximity
cards, however, because of the limited source of supply, the relatively
better tamper resistance of proximity readers, and the convenience of the
touch-less functionality in proximity readers.
Proximity card readers are still referred to as "Wiegand output readers",
but no longer use the Wiegand effect. Proximity technology retains
the Wiegand upstream data so that the new readers are compatible with
old systems.
Proximity card[edit]
Access control
Proximity reader with keypad
Developed by Elko International
Usage access control
A proximity reader radiates a 1" to 20" electrical field around itself. Cards
use a simple LC circuit. When a card is presented to the reader, the
reader's electrical field excites a coil in the card. The coil charges
a capacitor and in turn powers anintegrated circuit. The integrated circuit
outputs the card number to the coil, which transmits it to the reader.
A common proximity format is 26-bit Wiegand. This format uses a facility
code, sometimes also called a site code. The facility code is a unique

9. number common to all of the cards in a particular set. The idea is that an
organization will have their own facility code and a set of numbered cards
incrementing from 1. Another organization has a different facility code and
their card set also increments from 1. Thus different organizations can
have card sets with the same card numbers but since the facility codes
differ, the cards only work at one organization. This idea worked early in
the technology, but as there is no governing body controlling card
numbers, different manufacturers can supply cards with identical facility
codes and identical card numbers to different organizations. Thus there
may be duplicate cards that allow access to multiple facilities in one area.
To counteract this problem some manufacturers have created formats
beyond 26-bit Wiegand that they control and issue to organizations.
In the 26-bit Wiegand format, bit 1 is an even parity bit. Bits 2–9 are a
facility code. Bits 10–25 are the card number. Bit 26 is an odd parity bit.
1/8/16/1. Other formats have a similar structure of a leading facility code
followed by the card number and including parity bits for error checking,
such as the 1/12/12/1 format used by some American access control
companies.
1/8/16/1 gives as facility code limit of 255 and 65535 card number
1/12/12/1 gives a facility code limit of 4095 and 4095 card number.
Wiegand was also stretched to 34 bits, 56 bits and many others.
Smart card[edit]
There are two types of smart cards: contact and contactless. Both have
an embedded microprocessor and memory. The smart card differs from
the proximity card in that the microchip in the proximity card has only one
function: to provide the reader with the card's identification number. The
processor on the smart card has an embedded operating system and can
handle multiple applications such as a cash card, a pre-paid membership
card, or an access control card.
The difference between the two types of smart cards is the manner with
which the microprocessor on the card communicates with the outside
world. A contact smart card has eight contact points, which must
physically touch the contacts on the reader to convey information between

10. them. Since contact cards must be inserted into readers carefully in the
proper orientation, the speed and convenience of such a transaction is not
acceptable for most access control applications. The use of contact smart
cards as physical access control is limited mostly to parking applications
when payment data is stored in card memory, and when the speed of
transactions is not as important.
A contactless smart card uses the same radio-based technology as the
proximity card, with the exception of the frequency band used: it uses a
higher frequency (13.56 MHz instead of 125 kHz), which allows the
transfer of more data, and communication with several cards at the same
time. A contactless card does not have to touch the reader or even be
taken out of a wallet or purse. Most access control systems only read
serial numbers of contactless smart cards and do not utilize the available
memory. Card memory may be used for storing biometric data (i.e.
fingerprint template) of a user. In such case a biometric reader first reads
the template on the card and then compares it to the finger (hand, eye,
etc.) presented by the user. In this way biometric data of users does not
have to be distributed and stored in the memory of controllers or readers,
which simplifies the system and reduces memory requirements.
Smartcard readers have been targeted successfully by criminals in what is
termed a supply chain attack, in which the readers are tampered with
during manufacture or in the supply chain before delivery. The rogue
devices capture customers' card details before transmitting them to
criminals.[4]
Banking card readers[edit]
This section requires expansion. (April
2011)

11. The Barclays PINsentryChip Authentication Programdevice
Some banks have issued hand-held smartcard readers to their customers
to support different electronic payment applications:
 Chip Authentication Program (CAP) uses EMV banking cards to
authenticate online transactions as a phishing countermeasure.
 Geldkarte is a German electronic purse scheme where card readers
are used to allow the card holder to verify the amount of money
stored on the card and the details of the last few transactions.
See also[edit]
 Access control
 Credential
 Memory card
 Physical security
 Punched card
 Unit record equipment
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Card readers.
1. Jump up^ "Mobile Credit Card Readers Grow with IOS as Foundation".
Macworld.com. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

12. 2. Jump up^ ISO/IEC 7816-3:2006 Identification cards — Integrated circuit
cards — Part 3: Cards with contacts — Electrical interface and
transmission protocols, clause 8.2.3
3. Jump up^ "Bar Code Basics". Online Conveyor Parts. Retrieved March
22, 2012.
4. Jump up^ Henry Samuel (2008-10-10). "Chip and pin scam 'has netted
millions from British shoppers'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
[hide]
 V
 T
 E
Memory cards
Main articles
 Memory card reader
 Comparison of memory cards
 SD Card and MultiMediaCard family comparison
Types
 CompactFlash (CF, CFast)
 Express Card
 JEIDA
 MultiMediaCard (MMC)
 Memory Stick (MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC)
 miCard
 Microdrive (MD)
 MiniCard
 P2 (MicroP2)
 PC Card (PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay)
 Secure Digital(SDSC, SDHC, SDXC)
 SmartMedia (SM)
 SxS
 Universal Flash Storage (UFS)
 USB
 xD-Picture
 XQD
Categories:

13.  Computer storage devices
 Smart cards
 Solid-state computer storage media
 USB
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