1. DENTAL IMPLANTS

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Terminology
 The science of Osseointegration
 Rationale for dental implants
 Merits over Fixed partial dentures
 Merits over removable prosthesis
 Uses
 Classification
 Clinical implant component
 Indications
 Contraindications
Pre operative considerations
Surgical procedure
Various implant system

3. terminology
DENTAL IMPLANT – A dental implant is a
prosthetic device made of alloplastic material(s)
implanted into the oral tissue beneath the mucosal
or/and periosteal layer, and on/or within the bone to
provide retention and support for a fixed or removable
dental prosthesis.

4. OSSEOINTEGRATION –
An apparent direct attachment
or connection of osseous tissue
to an inert, alloplastic material
without intervening connective
tissue.
OSTEOCONDUCTION –
The graft material act as a
passive matrix like a trellis or
scaffolding for new bone to
cover

5. DENTAL IMPLANT SYSTEM:-
dental implant components that are designed
to mate together.
• It consists of necessary parts and instrument
to complete the implant placement and
abutment components

6. The science of osseointegration
 In 1952 Dr. Per-Ingvar Branemark did extensive
experimental studies on the microscopic circulation of bone
marrow healing in rabbit. He found that hollow titanium
screw was irretrievable and he termed it as
“OSSEOINTEGRATED”.
 OSSEOINTEGRATION (earlier called as bone
fusing/ankylosis) was defined by BRANEMARK as a direct
contact of living bone with the surface of implant at the
light microscopic level of magnification.

7. Rationale for dental implants
• Aging population living longer.
• Consequences of fixed prosthesis failures.
• Anatomical consequences of edentulism.
• Poor performance of removable prostheses.
• Psychological aspects of tooth loss.
• Predictable long term results of implant-supported
prostheses.
• Increased public awareness.

8. MERITS over fixed partial DENTURE
Reasons for the failure
of FPD
 Fracture of the
endodontically treated
abutment tooth.
 Periodontal health of
abutment tooth is
compromised leading to
additional tooth loss.
 Caries & Endodontic
failure.
 Bone loss.
Single tooth implant
advantages
 High success rates above
97% for 10 yrs.
 Decreased risk of caries &
endodontic problems of
adjacent teeth.
 Improved esthetics of
adjacent teeth.
 Improved maintenance of
bone in edentulous site.

9. Merits over removable prosthesis
Removable dentures
 Accelerates bone loss.
 Poorly fitting prosthesis
greater bone loss.
 Requires relining every 5
years.
 No proprioception.
 Abutment loss.
 Poor masticatory
performance.
 Bulkier prosthesis.
Implant supported dentures
 Less bone loss.
 Regain proprioception.
 No Abutment loss.
 Improves masticatory
performance.
 Reduce the size of
prosthesis.
 Improves retention &
stability.

10. Uses of implants
• Individual tooth replacement.
• As abutment(s) for FPD with or without splinting to
natural teeth abutments.
• To construct either fixed(fully bone anchored)
complete dentures or removable complete dentures.
• Single complete denture.
• As Anchor in orthodontics.
• To retain maxillofacial prostheses.

11. indications
• Poor retention of dentures due to anatomical factors.
• Poor oral muscular coordination.
• Low tolerance of mucosal tissues.
• Para functional habits leading to constant soreness and
instability.
• Active or hyperactive gag reflex.
• Psychological inability to wear conventional removable
denture.
• Unfavorable number and location of natural tooth
abutments.
• Single tooth loss ( to avoid preparation of sound teeth
while constructing a fixed partial denture.
• Long span fixed partial denture.

12. contraindications
 Absolute
Drug abuse
Pregnancy
Bleeding disorder
Psychiatric disorder
Sever alcoholism
 Relative
Cancer
Controlled Hypertension
Controlled diabetes
Periodontal disease
Smoking habits

13. classification
• Depending on Anatomical site :
1. Subperiosteal
2. Transosteal
3.Endosteal- an endosteal implant is an alloplastic
material surgically inserted into residual bony ridge
primarily as a prosthodontic foundation.
a. Plate/blade form
b. Root form
c. Pin form
• Depending on the reactivity with bone :
1. Bioactive
2. Bioinert

17. • Depending on the implant
abutment interface :
1. External hex implant –
implant is connected to the
abutment by coupling which is
external about 2mm superior to
the coronal surface of the
implant.
2. Internal hex implant – the
abutment is internal to the
coronal surface of the implant
body.

18. • Depending on the design :
1. Cylindrical shaped/ Press fit type- uses the
friction between the implant surface and the
bone.
2. Screw shaped/Threaded form- uses thread
to establish primary stabilization of the
implant allowing the process of osseo
intergration to occur without mobilization.
3. Tappered screw shaped.

20. CLINICAL implant component
• Implant body
• Sealing screw /
Cover Screw- this
is placed in the
implant during the
healing phase
following stage 1
surgery. It prevents
the in growth of soft
tissue within the
implant body.

21. • Healing Screw- it is
dome shaped screw
that is placed after the
stage 2 surgery done
before prosthetic
placement. It allows for
the adaptation of the
surrounding mucosa
around the implant.
• Abutment- it is that
component of the
implant system that
screws directly into the
implants and serves to
support &/or retain
any fixed or removable
dental prosthesis.

22. • Impression Post- facilitates the transfer of
intra oral location of the fixture or the abutment
to a similar position in the lab cast.
• Laboratory Analogue- it is the component
machined to exactly represent either the implant
or the abutment in lab cast.(Not intended for
human implantation)
• Presurgical Implant Guide- Guides for proper
angulation and placement of implant.

23. PRE OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
• Patient’s selection
• Treatment planning for success- a well prepared
treatment plan is critical for the success of the
implant.
• General examination:- general health of the
patient.
Patient psychology and
motivation.
patients age.
Etiology of edentulism.

24. • Extra Oral Examination –
Smile line should be considered at the first
appointment.
• Intra Oral Examinations-
1. Jaw opening
2. Oral hygiene
3. Inter-arch relation
4. Presence of any pathology

25. • Radiographic Examination-
 Pre prosthetic imaging objectives
1. To identify disease
2. Determine bone quality
3. Determine bone quantity
4. Determine implant position
5. Determine implant orientation

26.  Imaging modalities
1.Periapical radiography
2. panoramic radiography
3. Cephalometric radiography
4. Computed tomography (denta scan
imaging)
5. CBCT
6. Interactive CT scan

29. Density of the available bone (MISCH in 1988)
D1- Dense cortical bone (anterior mandible).
D2- Thick dense to porous cortical bone on the crest and
coarse trabecular bone within (anterior maxilla)
D3- Thin porous cortical bone on the crest and fine
trabecular bone within (anterior maxilla & posterior
mandible)
D4- Fine trabecular bone (posterior maxilla)
*Bone density assist by radiographic technique by CT
scan and also by tactile sensation by drilling through
bone.

31. ANATOMICAL LIMITATION OF IMPLANT
PLACEMENT
Structure
• Buccal plate
• Lingual plate
• Maxillary sinus
• Inter implant distance
• Inferior alveolar canal
• Inter arch distance
Minimum distance between
implant and indicated structure
• 1mm
• 1mm
• 1mm
• 3mm between outer edge
of the implants
• 2mm from the superior
aspect of the canal
• 7mm

33. STEPS IN IMPLANT PLACEMENT
• Step 1- Create a full thickness crestal incision
& select the final implant location with a pre
surgical prosthetic guide so the site can be
marked with a round bur (1800-2000 rpm).
• Step 2-Use the pilot drill to appropriate
depth(700-1000 rpm)with copious irrigation.
• Step 3-A parallel pin is used to determine the
appropriate alignment with adjacent teeth
opposing occlusion or other implant.
A radiographic image is recommended.

34. • Step 4-When the final depth is reached with a
pilot drill the site is expanded with appropriately
sized implant bur at drill speed of 1000 rpm with
irrigation.
• Step 5-Irrigation is done to remove bone chip or
residue. The site is checked with appropriate trial
fit guage shoulder of the cone shaped position of
the guage should be flushed or just below the
crestal bone.
• Step 6-Impalnt is aseptically delivered directly to
the site using the delivery tooth. Implant is
pressed into the prepared site with manual
pressure & delivery tooth disconnected using
gentle rocking motion. Wrench torque (10-45N-
cm).

35. • Step 7- Cover screw is placed over the implant
to prevent gingival growth into the implant.
• Step 8-Flap margins are repositioned &
sutured.

37. Branemark’s Protocol
• Conventional loading:- 1st stage surgery
patient is made to wait for 6 months for
osseointegration.
• Healing period:- 12-16 weeks.
• Impression for loading:- 7-17 days are
required for the formation of gingival cuff
around the future abutment.

38. Immediate Implant Placement
• Occurs at the time of extraction.
ADVATAGES:-
 Reduction in healing time.
 Healing occurs similar as in case of extraction
which enhance bone to implant contact.
DISADVANTAGE:-
 Need for subsequent mucogingival surgery to
correct tissues moved by repositioned flap.
 Used of bone graft material to fill the socket.
Increase chance of infection and implant
rejection.

39. Implant placed
Primary stability achieved
Corresponding
restoration has full
centric occlusion
in max.
intercuspation &
placed with 48 hrs
post surgery >
immediate
occlusal loading
Corresponding
restoration not in
functional
occlusion >
immediate non
occlusion loading
Adequate
primary stability
achieved
Corresponding
restoration placed
under occlusal
load & prosthetic
functions within 2
months > early
loading.

40. Delayed Implant Placement
• Is performed 2 months after extraction.
ADVANTAGES:-
 Share same as immediate implant placement
 Allow soft tissue healing.
 More ossteogenesis adjacent to implant.
 No mucogingival flap advancement to correct
mucogingival discrepancies.
LIMITATIONS:-
 Lack of primary stability and limitation of bone
support.

41. POST OPERATIVE FOLLOWUP
Implant loading(minimum integration
time)
Region of implant placement
• Anterior mandible
• Posterior mandible
• Anterior maxilla
• Posterior maxilla
• Implant into bone graft
Minimum integration time
• 3 months
• 4months
• 6 months
• 6 months
• 6-9 months

42. SECOND STAGE SURGERY:
• Implant cover screw is exposed by the use of
tissue punch by conservative incision & then
removed.
• Healing abutment is placed with a finger
pressure on each implant & gingival
surgery.

43. Implant success criteria
• Immobile when tested clinically.
• No evidence of peri-implantitis.
• Mean vertical bone loss is < than 0.02mm
annually after the 1st year.
• No persistent pain, discomfort or infection is
attributable to implant.

44. Various implant systems
• Differ mainly in biomaterial, design and surgical
procedure.
• NOBLE BIOCARE
ITI STRAUMANN INTEGRAL
FRIDENT BIOMET
ZIMMER ASTRA
BIO HORIZON LIFE CORE
BIOTEK ADIN Implant
ENDOPORE Implant system

45. THANK YOU