3. The brain is formed of three general areas:
the brain stem,
the cerebellum,
the cerebral cortex.
4. The brain stem is involved with:
autonomic control of processes like
breathing and heart rate (panic
attacks).
conduction of information to and from
the peripheral nervous system.
5. The cerebellum is responsible for:
balance and coordination of
movement.
Cognitive functions
6. The cerebral cortex is divided into two
hemispheres connected by the corpus
callosum.
The right side of the brain is the creative
side
The left hemisphere is involved more in
analytical processing.
The language—both Broca’s Area, an area
important to language syntax, and
Wernicke’s Area, a region critical to
language content, reside on the left side of
the brain.
7. The occipital lobe, located at the back
of the brain, is the seat of the primary
visual cortex, the brain region responsible
for processing and interpreting visual
information.
8. The temporal lobe is a major processing
center for language and memory.
9. The parietal lobe houses the
somatosensory cortex and plays an
important role in touch and spatial
navigation.
10. The frontal lobe,
is the brain region that separates
humans from our primate cousins. This
lobe is the seat of executive function,
with a hand in reasoning, decision-
making, integration of sensory
information, and the planning and
execution of movement.
11. Subcortical structures:
The thalamus responsible for integrating
sensory information
The basal ganglia for processing risk and
rewards
Both are strongly connected to the
neocortex (frontal lobe)and share
information in both a bottom-up and
top-down fashion.
12. Current estimates suggest the brain has
approximately 86 billion neurons.
The brain is made up of two types of
matter: gray and white.
13. Gray matter consists of the cell bodies and
dendrites of the neurons, as well as supporting
cells called astroglia and oligodendrocytes.
White matter, however, is made up of mostly of
axons sheathed in myelin, an insulating-type
material that helps cells propagate signals
more quickly. It’s the myelin that gives the
white matter its lighter color.
Recent studies show that white matter
architecture is important in processes like
learning and memory.
15. Functional imaging studies indicated
functional deficits in frontostriatal
networks,mainly the orbitofrontal leading
to an imbalance in direct and indirect
feedback loops and a disinhibition of
thalamocortical activity.
Neurochemical studies have shown that
OCD is linked to changes in the serotonin
and dopamine system.
16. The primary parts of the limbic system include
the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus,
septal nuclei, and anterior cingulate gyrus.
Also important in the function of the limbic
system is the limbic striatum, which includes the
nucleus accumbens, ventral caudate nucleus
and the putamen . The nucleus accumbens
(NA) has been implicated as an especially
important structure of the brain reward
pathway because drugs of abuse target it.
Other structures important in brain reward
include the amygdala and the ventral
tegmental area (VTA).
19. The core structures of the brain reward
pathway is located in the limbic system
Conceptually, the function of the limbic
system is to monitor internal homeostasis,
mediate memory, mediate learning, and
experience emotion.
It also drives important aspects of sexual
behavior, motivation, and feeding
behaviors .
30. BPD patients demonstrated functional
changes in the amygdala, fusiform gyrus,
primary visual areas, superior temporal
gyrus (STG), and premotor areas.
These findings suggest that BPD patients
show greater amygdala activity and
heightened activity of visual processing
regions in the processing of negative
social emotional pictures .
33. Brain regions that play an important role in
PTSD include hippocampus, amygdala,
and medial prefrontal cortex.
Cortisol and norepinephrine are two
neurochemical systems that are critical
in the stress response
34. The following are true about the trigeminal
nerve:
a. it supplies the muscle of mastication b. its
ganglion lies on the apex of the petrous
bone
c. emerges from the brain stem between
the pons and the medulla
d. emerges from the brain stem as separate
sensory and motor roots
e. innervates all the teeth of the upper jaw
35. 6) A54 year-old man has become forgetful,
preoccupied,
withdrawn, irritable and dishevelled. His physical
examination
was normal. The patient had been with his company
for
twenty-two years and was considered an excellent
employee.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis:
a) multi-infarct dementia
b) hypothyroidism
c) schizophrenia
d) alcoholism
e) major depression
37. ______, which covers most of the axon, is
important because it ______.
Myelin; facilitates the release of
neurotransmitter
Synovial fluid; facilitates electrical
conduction of nerve cells
Membrane potential; increases
conduction of nerve impulses
Cerebrospinal fluid; increases
conduction of nerve impulses
38. Neurotransmitters can inhibit or excite
neurons. ______, for example, is inhibitory
whereas ______ is excitatory.
Glutamate; GABA
GABA; glutamate
Serotonin; dopamine
None of the above is correct
39. occipital lobe of cerebral cortex has:
a. Visual area.
b. Auditory area.
c. Motor area.
d. Somatic sensory area.
40. cerebellum controls the following
function:
a. Feeding.
b. Sensation.
c. Body posture and equilibrium.
d. Sleep.
41. sensory cortex has a large area for
impulses from:
a. Lips.
b. Shoulder.
c. Abdomen.
d. Lower limbs.
42. Inability to vocalize the words indicate
lesion in:
a. Brain stem.
b. Broca's area.
c. Motor area.
d. Thalamus.
43. hypothalamus controls:
a. Water intake (thirst).
b. Body temperature.
c. Food intake (appetite).
d. All of the above.
44. Discuss the neural circuits involved in
addiction
How enviromental factors can affect
gene expression of psychiatric disorders.