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04  functional neuroanatomy
04  functional neuroanatomy
The brain is formed of three general areas:
 the brain stem,
 the cerebellum,
 the cerebral cortex.
 The brain stem is involved with:
 autonomic control of processes like
  breathing and heart rate (panic
  attacks).
 conduction of information to and from
  the peripheral nervous system.
 The cerebellum is responsible for:
 balance and coordination of
  movement.
 Cognitive functions
 The cerebral cortex is divided into two
  hemispheres connected by the corpus
  callosum.
 The right side of the brain is the creative
  side
 The left hemisphere is involved more in
  analytical processing.
 The language—both Broca’s Area, an area
  important to language syntax, and
  Wernicke’s Area, a region critical to
  language content, reside on the left side of
  the brain.
   The occipital lobe, located at the back
    of the brain, is the seat of the primary
    visual cortex, the brain region responsible
    for processing and interpreting visual
    information.
   The temporal lobe is a major processing
    center for language and memory.
   The parietal lobe houses the
    somatosensory cortex and plays an
    important role in touch and spatial
    navigation.
 The frontal lobe,
 is the brain region that separates
  humans from our primate cousins. This
  lobe is the seat of executive function,
  with a hand in reasoning, decision-
  making, integration of sensory
  information, and the planning and
  execution of movement.
 Subcortical structures:
 The thalamus responsible for integrating
  sensory information
 The basal ganglia for processing risk and
  rewards
 Both are strongly connected to the
  neocortex (frontal lobe)and share
  information in both a bottom-up and
  top-down fashion.
 Current estimates suggest the brain has
  approximately 86 billion neurons.
 The brain is made up of two types of
  matter: gray and white.
   Gray matter consists of the cell bodies and
    dendrites of the neurons, as well as supporting
    cells called astroglia and oligodendrocytes.
   White matter, however, is made up of mostly of
    axons sheathed in myelin, an insulating-type
    material that helps cells propagate signals
    more quickly. It’s the myelin that gives the
    white matter its lighter color.
   Recent studies show that white matter
    architecture is important in processes like
    learning and memory.
04  functional neuroanatomy
 Functional imaging studies indicated
  functional deficits in frontostriatal
  networks,mainly the orbitofrontal leading
  to an imbalance in direct and indirect
  feedback loops and a disinhibition of
  thalamocortical activity.
 Neurochemical studies have shown that
  OCD is linked to changes in the serotonin
  and dopamine system.
   The primary parts of the limbic system include
    the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus,
    septal nuclei, and anterior cingulate gyrus.
    Also important in the function of the limbic
    system is the limbic striatum, which includes the
    nucleus accumbens, ventral caudate nucleus
    and the putamen . The nucleus accumbens
    (NA) has been implicated as an especially
    important structure of the brain reward
    pathway because drugs of abuse target it.
    Other structures important in brain reward
    include the amygdala and the ventral
    tegmental area (VTA).
04  functional neuroanatomy
Core Structures of the Reward System
 The core structures of the brain reward
  pathway is located in the limbic system
 Conceptually, the function of the limbic
  system is to monitor internal homeostasis,
  mediate memory, mediate learning, and
  experience emotion.
 It also drives important aspects of sexual
  behavior, motivation, and feeding
  behaviors .
04  functional neuroanatomy
04  functional neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy of depression
04  functional neuroanatomy
Decision making
04  functional neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy of ADHD
04  functional neuroanatomy
04  functional neuroanatomy
04  functional neuroanatomy
BPD patients demonstrated functional
  changes in the amygdala, fusiform gyrus,
  primary visual areas, superior temporal
  gyrus (STG), and premotor areas.
These findings suggest that BPD patients
  show greater amygdala activity and
  heightened activity of visual processing
  regions in the processing of negative
  social emotional pictures .
04  functional neuroanatomy
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Brain regions that play an important role in
  PTSD include hippocampus, amygdala,
  and medial prefrontal cortex.
Cortisol and norepinephrine are two
  neurochemical systems that are critical
  in the stress response
   The following are true about the trigeminal
    nerve:
   a. it supplies the muscle of mastication b. its
    ganglion lies on the apex of the petrous
    bone
   c. emerges from the brain stem between
    the pons and the medulla
   d. emerges from the brain stem as separate
    sensory and motor roots
   e. innervates all the teeth of the upper jaw
   6) A54 year-old man has become forgetful,
    preoccupied,
    withdrawn, irritable and dishevelled. His physical
    examination
    was normal. The patient had been with his company
    for
    twenty-two years and was considered an excellent
    employee.
    Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis:
    a) multi-infarct dementia
    b) hypothyroidism
    c) schizophrenia
    d) alcoholism
    e) major depression
04  functional neuroanatomy
 ______, which covers most of the axon, is
  important because it ______.
 Myelin; facilitates the release of
  neurotransmitter
 Synovial fluid; facilitates electrical
  conduction of nerve cells
 Membrane potential; increases
  conduction of nerve impulses
 Cerebrospinal fluid; increases
  conduction of nerve impulses
 Neurotransmitters can inhibit or excite
  neurons. ______, for example, is inhibitory
  whereas ______ is excitatory.
 Glutamate; GABA
 GABA; glutamate
 Serotonin; dopamine
 None of the above is correct
 occipital lobe of cerebral cortex has:
 a. Visual area.
 b. Auditory area.
 c. Motor area.
 d. Somatic sensory area.
 cerebellum controls the following
  function:
 a. Feeding.
 b. Sensation.
 c. Body posture and equilibrium.
 d. Sleep.
 sensory cortex has a large area for
  impulses from:
 a. Lips.
 b. Shoulder.
 c. Abdomen.
 d. Lower limbs.
 Inability to vocalize the words indicate
  lesion in:
 a. Brain stem.
 b. Broca's area.
 c. Motor area.
 d. Thalamus.
 hypothalamus controls:
 a. Water intake (thirst).
 b. Body temperature.
 c. Food intake (appetite).
 d. All of the above.
 Discuss the neural circuits involved in
  addiction
 How enviromental factors can affect
  gene expression of psychiatric disorders.
Thank YOU

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04 functional neuroanatomy

  • 3. The brain is formed of three general areas:  the brain stem,  the cerebellum,  the cerebral cortex.
  • 4.  The brain stem is involved with:  autonomic control of processes like breathing and heart rate (panic attacks).  conduction of information to and from the peripheral nervous system.
  • 5.  The cerebellum is responsible for:  balance and coordination of movement.  Cognitive functions
  • 6.  The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.  The right side of the brain is the creative side  The left hemisphere is involved more in analytical processing.  The language—both Broca’s Area, an area important to language syntax, and Wernicke’s Area, a region critical to language content, reside on the left side of the brain.
  • 7. The occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain, is the seat of the primary visual cortex, the brain region responsible for processing and interpreting visual information.
  • 8. The temporal lobe is a major processing center for language and memory.
  • 9. The parietal lobe houses the somatosensory cortex and plays an important role in touch and spatial navigation.
  • 10.  The frontal lobe,  is the brain region that separates humans from our primate cousins. This lobe is the seat of executive function, with a hand in reasoning, decision- making, integration of sensory information, and the planning and execution of movement.
  • 11.  Subcortical structures:  The thalamus responsible for integrating sensory information  The basal ganglia for processing risk and rewards  Both are strongly connected to the neocortex (frontal lobe)and share information in both a bottom-up and top-down fashion.
  • 12.  Current estimates suggest the brain has approximately 86 billion neurons.  The brain is made up of two types of matter: gray and white.
  • 13. Gray matter consists of the cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons, as well as supporting cells called astroglia and oligodendrocytes.  White matter, however, is made up of mostly of axons sheathed in myelin, an insulating-type material that helps cells propagate signals more quickly. It’s the myelin that gives the white matter its lighter color.  Recent studies show that white matter architecture is important in processes like learning and memory.
  • 15.  Functional imaging studies indicated functional deficits in frontostriatal networks,mainly the orbitofrontal leading to an imbalance in direct and indirect feedback loops and a disinhibition of thalamocortical activity.  Neurochemical studies have shown that OCD is linked to changes in the serotonin and dopamine system.
  • 16. The primary parts of the limbic system include the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei, and anterior cingulate gyrus.  Also important in the function of the limbic system is the limbic striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens, ventral caudate nucleus and the putamen . The nucleus accumbens (NA) has been implicated as an especially important structure of the brain reward pathway because drugs of abuse target it. Other structures important in brain reward include the amygdala and the ventral tegmental area (VTA).
  • 18. Core Structures of the Reward System
  • 19.  The core structures of the brain reward pathway is located in the limbic system  Conceptually, the function of the limbic system is to monitor internal homeostasis, mediate memory, mediate learning, and experience emotion.  It also drives important aspects of sexual behavior, motivation, and feeding behaviors .
  • 30. BPD patients demonstrated functional changes in the amygdala, fusiform gyrus, primary visual areas, superior temporal gyrus (STG), and premotor areas. These findings suggest that BPD patients show greater amygdala activity and heightened activity of visual processing regions in the processing of negative social emotional pictures .
  • 33. Brain regions that play an important role in PTSD include hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. Cortisol and norepinephrine are two neurochemical systems that are critical in the stress response
  • 34. The following are true about the trigeminal nerve:  a. it supplies the muscle of mastication b. its ganglion lies on the apex of the petrous bone  c. emerges from the brain stem between the pons and the medulla  d. emerges from the brain stem as separate sensory and motor roots  e. innervates all the teeth of the upper jaw
  • 35. 6) A54 year-old man has become forgetful, preoccupied, withdrawn, irritable and dishevelled. His physical examination was normal. The patient had been with his company for twenty-two years and was considered an excellent employee. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis: a) multi-infarct dementia b) hypothyroidism c) schizophrenia d) alcoholism e) major depression
  • 37.  ______, which covers most of the axon, is important because it ______.  Myelin; facilitates the release of neurotransmitter  Synovial fluid; facilitates electrical conduction of nerve cells  Membrane potential; increases conduction of nerve impulses  Cerebrospinal fluid; increases conduction of nerve impulses
  • 38.  Neurotransmitters can inhibit or excite neurons. ______, for example, is inhibitory whereas ______ is excitatory.  Glutamate; GABA  GABA; glutamate  Serotonin; dopamine  None of the above is correct
  • 39.  occipital lobe of cerebral cortex has:  a. Visual area.  b. Auditory area.  c. Motor area.  d. Somatic sensory area.
  • 40.  cerebellum controls the following function:  a. Feeding.  b. Sensation.  c. Body posture and equilibrium.  d. Sleep.
  • 41.  sensory cortex has a large area for impulses from:  a. Lips.  b. Shoulder.  c. Abdomen.  d. Lower limbs.
  • 42.  Inability to vocalize the words indicate lesion in:  a. Brain stem.  b. Broca's area.  c. Motor area.  d. Thalamus.
  • 43.  hypothalamus controls:  a. Water intake (thirst).  b. Body temperature.  c. Food intake (appetite).  d. All of the above.
  • 44.  Discuss the neural circuits involved in addiction  How enviromental factors can affect gene expression of psychiatric disorders.