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Do Now
 Withyour partner list as many
 types of forensic evidence as you
 can
  Think of all those CSI’s and L&O’s
   you’ve watched!
  Team with longest list gets bonus

   points!
Forensic Science
   An Introduction
What is forensic science?
 Science   in service to the law

   “…the application of science to
   those criminal and civil laws that
   are enforced by police agencies in
   the criminal justice system.”
                           Saferstein
What’s the key concept in FS?
 Locard’s   Exchange Principle
 (~1910)
   Whenever   a criminal comes in
   contact with a person or object
   there is a cross-transfer of
   evidence.
What are the consequences of
Locard’s Exchange Principle?
                 The perpetrator leaves
                  evidence behind and also
                  takes evidence away
                 The longer you wait
                  before collecting evidence
                  the less there is left
                 Every person at the crime
                  scene including police
                  investigators will
                  contaminate it
Realistic?
What is Forensic Science Trying to
               Do?
   The goal of Forensic Chemistry is to
    determine the provenance of a sample.
       Link it to a person, place or thing

prov·e·nance
   Pronunciation: 'präv-n&n(t)s, 'prä-v&-"nän(t)s
   Function: noun
   Etymology: French, from provenir to come forth, originate, from Latin
   provenire, from pro- forth + venire to come -- more at PRO-, COME
   1 : ORIGIN, SOURCE
   2 : the history of ownership of a valued object or work of art or literature
The Crime Lab
                                      Physical
                                      Science
                         Firearms                 Biology


                  Photography                         Documents
Pathologist
                                       Crime
                                                                    Odontologist
                                        Lab
                  Voiceprint
                                                       Polygraph
                   Analysis

                                                Latent
                        Toxicology Evidence
       Engineer                              Fingerprints       Psychiatrist
                                   Collection


                     Anthropologist              Entomologist
Activity Time!
   Assign each of the items in your evidence
    list to the proper department in the crime
    lab
   Feel free to add more types of evidence
   Populate your crime lab with your favorite
    TV characters
Anthrax Letters

                                       5 dead
                                    17 sickened




What types of evidence would you look for?
Anthrax Letters
   Trace hair and fibers in envelope
   Ink analysis may reveal manufacturer
   DNA from stamp or envelope seal
   Cellophane tape ends match over four letters
   Paper examination may identify manufacturer
   Fingerprints
   Photocopier toner may reveal manufacturer
   Handwriting analysis shows four letters written by same
    person
   Indented writing
   Bar codes for mail handling
Analytic vs. Forensic Chemistry
               Similarities
Analytic                 Forensic
 Wants to find           Wants to find

  composition of           composition of
  samples                  samples
       Compounds               Compounds
       Proportions in          Proportions in
        mixtures                 mixtures
   Uses same               Uses same
    instruments as           instruments as
    forensic                 analytical
Analytic vs. Forensic Chemistry
            Differences
Analytic                Forensic
 Known source           Need to determine

 Good idea of what the   source
  composition is likely  Little knowledge of

  to be                   composition
 Used for quality       Often complex

  control                 mixtures so hard to
 Well defined samples    find appropriate
  and controls            controls
Roles of the Forensic Scientist
 Analyze physical evidence
 Provide expert testimony

 Train evidence collection units in
  recognition, collection and
  preservation of evidence

Would you expect to see Gil Grissom
 collecting evidence at a crime scene?
The Expert Witness
 An  expert witness can testify as
  to his/her opinion of what the
  evidence indicates
 A lay witness can only testify as

  to fact
The Expert Witness
   Trial judge must be satisfied that the
    expert
       Has skill or knowledge that will aid the court
        in determining the truth
          Education (degrees, courses)
          Training (internship under experienced

           practitioner)
          Experience (years on the job, publications,

           professional societies)
   Trial judge is the gatekeeper
The Expert Witness
   Jury assigns weight to the expert’s
    opinions
   Jury looks at
       Credentials
       Demeanor
       Whether material is presented simply and
        clearly
   Jury is the trier of fact
And Now for Some Expert
                Testimony



                                                       My Cousin
                                                         Vinny



http://myafn.dodmedia.osd.mil/img/tv/criticschoice/cousinvin.jpg
A Big Driver in the Plot
 Can the evidence be admitted
 into court?
Admissibility: A Moving Target
   Frye v. US (1923)
       Scientific evidence is admissible only if it has
        gained general acceptance in the field
       Rejected polygraph opinions
   Historical Perspective
       Tennessee v. John Scopes (1925)
            The Monkey Trial
Admissibility: A Moving Target
   Coppolino v. State of Florida (1968)
       Doctor accused of poisoning his wife with
        succinylcholine chloride
       New and unique tests performed specifically
        for this case
       Detected by-products of metabolism of poison
        (succinic acid)
       Admissible if based on scientifically valid
        principles and techniques
Admissibility: A Moving Target
   Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (1975)
       Approved by Congress
       More flexible general relevance test for admissibility
        of opinion testimony by experts
       “If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge
        will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence
        or to determine a fact at issue, a witness qualified as
        an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
        education, may testify thereto in the form of an
        opinion or otherwise.”
Admissibility: A Moving Target
   Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993)
       When expert evidence based on “scientific
        knowledge” is offered at trial, the judge acts as
        gatekeeper to determine if the evidence is “reliable”
       Four suggested factors in determining reliability
            Testable using the scientific method
            Peer reviewed
            Error rates
            Acceptability to the scientific community
       Trial judge given lots of flexibility
       Muddy waters—what is scientific knowledge?
            What about other types of experts?
Admissibility: A Moving Target
   Why Daubert won on appeal
       When Congress passed Rule 702 it ignored
        the Frye general acceptability criterion
       Frye was no longer “good law”--
Admissibility: A Moving Target
   Kumho Tire Co v. Carmichael (1999)
       Daubert factors are extended to non-scientist
        expert witnesses.
       Daubert factors are not the only ones that can
        be considered
       Trial judge now has enormous flexibility
And it’s not settled yet…..
   Daubert and Kumho apply to federal cases
    only
   18 State Courts have adopted Daubert
    standards
   Other State Courts have rejected Daubert
    and still use a modified Frye standard
What’s driving the growth of FS?
   Miranda decision
       Fewer confessions
   Increase in drug seizures and arrests
       More testing
   DNA profiling
       More testing with sophisticated equipment
   Other new technologies
Miranda vs. Arizona (1966)

   Before questioning by the
    police, suspects must be
    informed that they have:
       The right to remain silent
       The right to consult an attorney
       If indigent an attorney will be
        provided for them
       Anything they say may be used
        against them in court              Arizona Department of
                                           Library Archives and Public
                                           Records)
Dickerson
   Dickerson vs US (2000)
       Congress passed law in 1968 saying voluntary
        confessions are exempt from Miranda
       Supreme Court overrules Congress in 2000
       Congress can’t overrule the Supreme Court on
        constitutionally guaranteed rights except by
        the amendment process
Results of Miranda
 Confessions  are less likely to hold
  up in court since the burden of
  proof of Miranda statement lies
  on police
 Police and prosecutors rely more

  independent (scientific) evidence
  to prove guilt
What is the most common task a
     forensic scientist performs?
   Take 5 minutes and discuss this in groups
    of 4 and then be ready to report out your
    reasoning.
Crime Wave or Better
    Enforcement?
Federal Drug Seizures
Arrests by Drug Type
The Economics of Drugs
   According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and
    Crime, "[T]he value of the global illicit drug market for
    the year 2003 was estimated at US$13 bn [billion] at the
    production level, at $94 bn at the wholesale level (taking
    seizures into account), and at US$322bn based on retail
    prices and taking seizures and other losses into
    account."
   This is larger than the total economies of 88% of the
    countries in the world!
   Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
    (UNODC), World Drug Report 2005 (Vienna, Austria:
    UNODC, June 2005), p. 127.
Average % THC in Marijuana
                Seizures




Recent seizures in Atlanta had plants with 18% THC content.


http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs11/18862/images/fig1.gif
The Forensic All Stars
   Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853)
       Father of toxicology
   Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)
       First system of personal identification
   Francis Galton (1822-1911)
       Classification of fingerprints
   Dr. Leon Lattes (1887-1954)
       Determination of blood groupings from dried
        blood stains
The Forensic All Stars
   Calvin Goddard (1891-1955)
     Father of ballistics
     Use of comparison microscope

   Albert S. Osborn (1858-1946)
       Fundamental principles of document
        examination
   Walter C. McCrone (1916-2002)
       Application of microscopy to analytic problems
The Forensic All Stars
   Hans Gross (1847-1915)
       First text detailing application of science to
        criminal investigation
   Edmond Locard (1877-1966)
       Locard’s Exchange Principle
          Thereis an exchange of materials whenever two
          objects come in contact
What is Science?
   An organized body of knowledge about
    nature
   A method for exploring nature and the
    order in it
   A set of tools for solving problems about
    nature
Coast Guard Drug Seizures

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Forensic chemistry introduction

  • 1. Do Now  Withyour partner list as many types of forensic evidence as you can  Think of all those CSI’s and L&O’s you’ve watched!  Team with longest list gets bonus points!
  • 2. Forensic Science An Introduction
  • 3. What is forensic science?  Science in service to the law  “…the application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system.” Saferstein
  • 4. What’s the key concept in FS?  Locard’s Exchange Principle (~1910)  Whenever a criminal comes in contact with a person or object there is a cross-transfer of evidence.
  • 5. What are the consequences of Locard’s Exchange Principle?  The perpetrator leaves evidence behind and also takes evidence away  The longer you wait before collecting evidence the less there is left  Every person at the crime scene including police investigators will contaminate it
  • 7. What is Forensic Science Trying to Do?  The goal of Forensic Chemistry is to determine the provenance of a sample.  Link it to a person, place or thing prov·e·nance Pronunciation: 'präv-n&n(t)s, 'prä-v&-"nän(t)s Function: noun Etymology: French, from provenir to come forth, originate, from Latin provenire, from pro- forth + venire to come -- more at PRO-, COME 1 : ORIGIN, SOURCE 2 : the history of ownership of a valued object or work of art or literature
  • 8. The Crime Lab Physical Science Firearms Biology Photography Documents Pathologist Crime Odontologist Lab Voiceprint Polygraph Analysis Latent Toxicology Evidence Engineer Fingerprints Psychiatrist Collection Anthropologist Entomologist
  • 9. Activity Time!  Assign each of the items in your evidence list to the proper department in the crime lab  Feel free to add more types of evidence  Populate your crime lab with your favorite TV characters
  • 10. Anthrax Letters 5 dead 17 sickened What types of evidence would you look for?
  • 11. Anthrax Letters  Trace hair and fibers in envelope  Ink analysis may reveal manufacturer  DNA from stamp or envelope seal  Cellophane tape ends match over four letters  Paper examination may identify manufacturer  Fingerprints  Photocopier toner may reveal manufacturer  Handwriting analysis shows four letters written by same person  Indented writing  Bar codes for mail handling
  • 12. Analytic vs. Forensic Chemistry Similarities Analytic Forensic  Wants to find  Wants to find composition of composition of samples samples  Compounds  Compounds  Proportions in  Proportions in mixtures mixtures  Uses same  Uses same instruments as instruments as forensic analytical
  • 13. Analytic vs. Forensic Chemistry Differences Analytic Forensic  Known source  Need to determine  Good idea of what the source composition is likely  Little knowledge of to be composition  Used for quality  Often complex control mixtures so hard to  Well defined samples find appropriate and controls controls
  • 14. Roles of the Forensic Scientist  Analyze physical evidence  Provide expert testimony  Train evidence collection units in recognition, collection and preservation of evidence Would you expect to see Gil Grissom collecting evidence at a crime scene?
  • 15. The Expert Witness  An expert witness can testify as to his/her opinion of what the evidence indicates  A lay witness can only testify as to fact
  • 16. The Expert Witness  Trial judge must be satisfied that the expert  Has skill or knowledge that will aid the court in determining the truth  Education (degrees, courses)  Training (internship under experienced practitioner)  Experience (years on the job, publications, professional societies)  Trial judge is the gatekeeper
  • 17. The Expert Witness  Jury assigns weight to the expert’s opinions  Jury looks at  Credentials  Demeanor  Whether material is presented simply and clearly  Jury is the trier of fact
  • 18. And Now for Some Expert Testimony My Cousin Vinny http://myafn.dodmedia.osd.mil/img/tv/criticschoice/cousinvin.jpg
  • 19. A Big Driver in the Plot  Can the evidence be admitted into court?
  • 20. Admissibility: A Moving Target  Frye v. US (1923)  Scientific evidence is admissible only if it has gained general acceptance in the field  Rejected polygraph opinions  Historical Perspective  Tennessee v. John Scopes (1925)  The Monkey Trial
  • 21. Admissibility: A Moving Target  Coppolino v. State of Florida (1968)  Doctor accused of poisoning his wife with succinylcholine chloride  New and unique tests performed specifically for this case  Detected by-products of metabolism of poison (succinic acid)  Admissible if based on scientifically valid principles and techniques
  • 22. Admissibility: A Moving Target  Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (1975)  Approved by Congress  More flexible general relevance test for admissibility of opinion testimony by experts  “If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact at issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”
  • 23. Admissibility: A Moving Target  Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993)  When expert evidence based on “scientific knowledge” is offered at trial, the judge acts as gatekeeper to determine if the evidence is “reliable”  Four suggested factors in determining reliability  Testable using the scientific method  Peer reviewed  Error rates  Acceptability to the scientific community  Trial judge given lots of flexibility  Muddy waters—what is scientific knowledge?  What about other types of experts?
  • 24. Admissibility: A Moving Target  Why Daubert won on appeal  When Congress passed Rule 702 it ignored the Frye general acceptability criterion  Frye was no longer “good law”--
  • 25. Admissibility: A Moving Target  Kumho Tire Co v. Carmichael (1999)  Daubert factors are extended to non-scientist expert witnesses.  Daubert factors are not the only ones that can be considered  Trial judge now has enormous flexibility
  • 26. And it’s not settled yet…..  Daubert and Kumho apply to federal cases only  18 State Courts have adopted Daubert standards  Other State Courts have rejected Daubert and still use a modified Frye standard
  • 27. What’s driving the growth of FS?  Miranda decision  Fewer confessions  Increase in drug seizures and arrests  More testing  DNA profiling  More testing with sophisticated equipment  Other new technologies
  • 28. Miranda vs. Arizona (1966)  Before questioning by the police, suspects must be informed that they have:  The right to remain silent  The right to consult an attorney  If indigent an attorney will be provided for them  Anything they say may be used against them in court Arizona Department of Library Archives and Public Records)
  • 29. Dickerson  Dickerson vs US (2000)  Congress passed law in 1968 saying voluntary confessions are exempt from Miranda  Supreme Court overrules Congress in 2000  Congress can’t overrule the Supreme Court on constitutionally guaranteed rights except by the amendment process
  • 30. Results of Miranda  Confessions are less likely to hold up in court since the burden of proof of Miranda statement lies on police  Police and prosecutors rely more independent (scientific) evidence to prove guilt
  • 31. What is the most common task a forensic scientist performs?  Take 5 minutes and discuss this in groups of 4 and then be ready to report out your reasoning.
  • 32. Crime Wave or Better Enforcement?
  • 35.
  • 36. The Economics of Drugs  According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, "[T]he value of the global illicit drug market for the year 2003 was estimated at US$13 bn [billion] at the production level, at $94 bn at the wholesale level (taking seizures into account), and at US$322bn based on retail prices and taking seizures and other losses into account."  This is larger than the total economies of 88% of the countries in the world!  Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), World Drug Report 2005 (Vienna, Austria: UNODC, June 2005), p. 127.
  • 37. Average % THC in Marijuana Seizures Recent seizures in Atlanta had plants with 18% THC content. http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs11/18862/images/fig1.gif
  • 38. The Forensic All Stars  Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853)  Father of toxicology  Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)  First system of personal identification  Francis Galton (1822-1911)  Classification of fingerprints  Dr. Leon Lattes (1887-1954)  Determination of blood groupings from dried blood stains
  • 39. The Forensic All Stars  Calvin Goddard (1891-1955)  Father of ballistics  Use of comparison microscope  Albert S. Osborn (1858-1946)  Fundamental principles of document examination  Walter C. McCrone (1916-2002)  Application of microscopy to analytic problems
  • 40. The Forensic All Stars  Hans Gross (1847-1915)  First text detailing application of science to criminal investigation  Edmond Locard (1877-1966)  Locard’s Exchange Principle  Thereis an exchange of materials whenever two objects come in contact
  • 41. What is Science?  An organized body of knowledge about nature  A method for exploring nature and the order in it  A set of tools for solving problems about nature
  • 42. Coast Guard Drug Seizures