1. Energy Storage in the
Fleetwood Region
Preesall Salt Cavern Energy Storage Potential
20/08/2013

2. Presentation Outline
 Introduction
 Wyre Energy Ltd
 Compressed Air Energy Storage
 CAES Examples
 ADELE Adiabatic Project
 Huntorf CAES Plant
 McIntosh CAES Plant
 Preesall Salt Field
 Failed Proposals for Preesall
 Wyre Energy Proposal
 Conclusion
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3. Introduction
 Government plan to introduce many Gigawatts of
renewable power generation to the national grid by
2030.
 These renewable technologies are highly volatile and,
with the exception of tidal power, are virtually
unpredictable.
 The problem is that power is often generated when not
required, and vice versa.
 Only storage in the UK is Dinorwigg Hydro Pumped
Storage System.
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4. DREAMS Ltd
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5. Current Compressed-Air
Energy Storage (CAES) Technology
 When power is abundant, it’s drawn from the grid to
compress air into an underground geological structure.
 The air temperature rapidly increases in proportion with
the gas laws and hence it must be cooled before entering
the ground.
 When demand is high (peak load times), the stored air
is released back to the surface where it is heated and
expanded.
 In contrast, the decrease in pressure cools the air and
hence this must be heated before it enters the turbine.
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6. Current Compressed-Air
Energy Storage (CAES) Technology
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7. ADELE Adiabatic
Storage Project
 Problem:
 Temperature of the air following compression vastly increases, up
to around 600°C which must be dissipated.
 Conversely, thermal energy is lost following air expansion and
hence air must absorb heat before entering the turbine.
 RWE Power, General Electric, Züblin and DLR are currently
researching possible ways to absorb, store and then reuse the
thermal energy in the compressed air.
 They are proposing highly insulated thermal towers made up
stone, gravel and ceramics through which the newly compressed
air will travel, exchanging its thermal energy.
 Before the air from the ground passes into the turbine, it will pass
through this tower absorbing some of the thermal energy, in a pre-
heat operation.
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8. ADELE Adiabatic
Storage Project
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9. ADELE Adiabatic
Storage Project
 Estimated to increase efficiency up to 70%.
 Take the compressed air at 600°C and store the
thermal energy in towers up to 40m high.
 Now delayed pilot plant to be built capable of:
 Storing – 360MWh
 Generating – 360MW electricity
 The equivalent to 50 ultra-modern wind turbines spinning for
4 hours.
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10. Huntorf CAES Plant
 Built in 1978 in Huntorf, Germany as the first CAES
plant worldwide.
 Paired with a Nuclear plant and conventional Natural
Gas Turbine plant.
 Compressed air from cavern mixed with natural gas
and expanded through a turbine to produce electricity.
 One cavern operates diurnally while the other is a
‘Black start asset’, providing protection for a shut-down
of the Nuclear plant.
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11. Huntorf CAES Plant
 Facts and Figures
 Cavern volumes:
 ≈ 140,000m3
 ≈ 170,000m3
 Total ≈ 310,000m3
 Cavern Depth
 Top – 650m
 Bottom – 800m
 Air Flow Rates
 Turbine – 417 kg/s (Comparatively quick)
 Compressor – 108 kg/s
 Pressure
 Operational Pressure – 70 Bar
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12. Huntorf CAES Plant
 Facts and Figures
 Power output
 Power – 321,000kW
 Duration – 3 hours
 Energy Output – 963,000kWh
 Cycle efficiency
 46%
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13. McIntosh CAES Plant
 Built in 1992 in McIntosh, Alabama.
 Part of a factory consisting of two conventional gas
turbines.
 Start-up time of 14 minutes when first built.
 Dresser-rand now boast 10 minutes to full power
generation (5 minutes in emergency) and only 4 minutes
to full compression operation.
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14. McIntosh CAES Plant
 Facts and Figures
 Cavern volume:
 ≈ 580,000m3
 Cavern Depth
 Top – 450m
 Bottom – 750m
 Pressure
 Operational Pressure – 70 Bar
 Cost
 1991 - $65million = £43million
 Today ≈ $108million = £71million
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15. McIntosh CAES Plant
 Facts and Figures
 Power Output
 Power – 110MW
 Duration – 26 hours
 Energy Output – 2,860,000kWh
 Cycle Efficiency
 54%
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16. Preesall Salt Field
 Production began as a result of the British Army’s
exploration for water sources.
 As a result of the discovery, exploration wells were
sunk, with production beginning around the 1890’s
continuing for the next 100 years.
 Over 130 wells produced up to 3,500 tonnes of salt a
week in 1900, peaking at 140,000 tonnes in 1906,
making it the biggest salt producer in Britain.
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17. Failed Wyre CAES
Applications
 Cantaxx
 Lancashire County Council rejected enquires in 2003,
2004 and 2008.
 Opposition from local residents
 Unsatisfactory geological surveys, failing to prove the area
was suitable for high-pressure storage.
 Halite Energy Group (Cantaxx Ancestor).
 Further rejection in April, 2013 despite recommendation
of approval by the examining authority, the Planning
Inspectorate.
 Appeal currently underway.
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18. Cantaxx/Halite Proposal
 Construct 19 caverns of varying sizes via a leaching
process
 Total Volume of caverns:
 14,580,917m3
 Gas Capacity:
 Storage capacity: 900,000,000m3
 Working capacity: 600,000,000m3
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19. Wyre Energy’s
CAES Solution
• Due to the strong opposition from the public and
unsatisfactory geological surveys from Halite, Wyre Energy
plans to use compressed air as a means of energy storage,
CAES.
• This means there will not be a 1 million tonne gas bomb
stored underground, such that we will gain support of local
residents
• A feasibility study will be conducted, which will concentrate
on the geological study.
• This means of energy storage will provide clean, renewable
energy.
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20. Turbo-Expander Generators
 Atlas Copco
 Manufacturer of Turboexpander-Generators (TEG’s).
 Provided two TEG trains to Turkish energy company
Celikler Jeotermal Elektrik Uretim A.S, capable of
producing 45MW of clean energy in a Binary Geothermal
Plant.
 Currently analysing data provided by Wyre Energy Ltd in
order to determine available power from such a turbine.
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21. Energy figures
 Average volume of the 19 caverns: 0.767 Mm3
 Installed capacity per cavern: ~ 2990 MW
 Load factor: 70%
 Averaging at 2 hours peak generating per day, 365 days
per year
 Annual output per cavern: ~ 1528 GWh
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22. Expenditure Figures
 Cost of feasibility study –
 Cost of planning –
 Construction of 16 caverns over a
14 year period –
 Total Cost of installation –
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£1,000,000
£4,000,000
£224,000,000
£229,000,000

23. Profit Figures
 Year 4 –
 Year 10 –
 Year 20 –
 Year 30 –
 Year 40 –
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£95,930,321
£306,414,213
£970,776,365
£1,308,511,317
£1,762,398,851

24. Conclusions
 Energy storage is becoming a necessity for the United
Kingdom.
 Compressed air energy storage is being heavily
researched and will play a vital role in the energy
makeup of the grid in future years to come.
 Wyre Energy Ltd are proposing Compressed Air
Energy Storage with production capabilities of
1528GWh per cavern installed, at a cost of
£229,000,000.
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25. Thank you
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